Life In Exile Research Articles

Быт, нравы, образ жизни уголовных ссыльных в Восточной Сибири 80–90-х гг. XIX в.

Exile to Siberia during the late XIX century was a significant phenomenon in Russian history, particularly for convicted criminals. This article explores the daily experiences, cultural practices, and societal integration of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia during the 1880–1890s, shedding light on a neglected aspect of Russian social history. The mass exodus of individuals to Siberia, including criminals, was a prominent feature of Russia’s penal system in the XIX century. Despite its prevalence, scientific attention to the lived experiences of exiles, especially those with criminal backgrounds, has been limited. This article seeks to address this gap by examining the challenges and adaptations of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia. Penal exiles in Siberia encountered numerous challenges, including economic hardship, social stigma, and legal restrictions. The lack of financial resources often forced exiles into precarious living conditions, prompting many to resort to illicit activities or adopt a transient lifestyle. Moreover, the absence of familial support compounded the difficulties faced by exiles, highlighting the importance of social networks in adaptation and survival. The role of the family was crucial in the adaptation of penal exiles to Siberian life. However, familial ties were often strained by the challenges of exile, leading to familial fragmentation and isolation. Despite efforts to maintain familial cohesion, many exiles remained unmarried, further complicating their social integration and support networks. In conclusion, the study of the way of life, morals and lifestyle of penal exiles in Eastern Siberia during the 1880–1890s offers valuable insights into the complexities of Russia’s penal system and societal dynamics. By examining the experiences of exiles, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the human impact of punitive policies and the resilience of marginalized communities in adapting to adverse circumstances.

The transformation of UK Chilean diaspora space: new Chilean migrants and encounters across time

AbstractThe Chilean diaspora space in the United Kingdom has been transformed over its 50‐year existence. From its origins as a diaspora born of political conflict and the arrival of Chilean exiles during the dictatorship, it has evolved into an altogether more diverse arena. New migrants with different interests and agendas have unsettled the delicate balance of exile life, and the impact of the clash of different histories in this diaspora space remains unknown. Although the experience of Chilean exiles has been actively studied, new empirical data introduces the existence of a much broader diaspora than that portrayed in the literature. The UK space of the Chilean diaspora has been radically altered through the diverse interests that the new cohorts bring and the organizations that reflect these new forms of interaction, as well as the divisive issues of past and present conflict that highlight the unresolved nature of the long‐term experience of exile.

Life in a State of Limbo – Narratives of Place, Health, and Integration Among Later Life Female Migrants in Sweden

International migration is a prioritized domain of European aging research. Using a qualitative approach, the author has gathered accounts among Iranian later-life females in the Swedish city of Malmö, suffering from social isolation. The women in this article found themselves in a situation like that of other later-life migrants in Sweden. Several studies have shown how these groups are at risk of ending up in a social isolation which can be hard to break. The situation of the later-life migrant women discussed in this study is characterized by the loss of numerous deep-seated and natural social bonds connected to ethnicity, family, language, and culture. To cope with their exposed situation, the local Iranian-Swedish association provided some self-arranged activities, offering opportunities to social integration. The aim of the study is to demonstrate how the women described their life situation where a local day center made up the key foundation of their social life in a Swedish city in 2000–2008. Typical of that period was that solutions of the alarming situation of some foreign-born elderly citizens were discussed by local authorities, as well as volunteer organizations. Thus, the aim is not to describe the present situation among later life migrants. On the contrary, the perspective is retrospective. The theoretical inspirations used in the article derive from a broader backdrop of social-constructive assumptions that define narratives or accounts as explanations of the reality of everyday life and experiences. In the article the women’s stories are defined as small, local, erratic narratives, nevertheless explaining the reality of everyday life and experiences which in their turn reflect the state of illness, locally specific attachment and social isolation. Three salient themes emerge in the material: place bound experiences, illness and unsuccessful integration. The narratives are defined as small irregular accounts, contrasting larger narratives of later-life migration. The article shows how the women depicted their situation as a borderline between an Iranian life in exile and a Swedish society, leaving them in a state of Limbo. The women expressed ambitions of integrate into a Swedish community of senior citizens, providing privileges and civil rights. Thus, the narratives challenge common generalizing images of later-life migrants and their life conditions.

『남천일록』의 문학적 고찰

Shim No-sung's Namcheonilrok , the subject of this study, is a vast amount of diary literature written every day for five years from the day of his exile as Gijang. However, beyond the general categories that the diary genre can handle, multiple historical, geographical, philosophical, and literary materials are intertwined vertically and horizontally. This study analyzed the stories that independently existed in the diary (i.e., stories within stories) as literary works created by Shim No-sung, and revealed the characteristics and identity of the stories. The stories that Simnosung witnessed, heard, processed, and completed in Gijang were similar to classical literary genres such as folk tales, virtuous women's tales, fairy tales, and fairy tales. Since what he heard and recorded from the listener's perspective was processed and completed using literary techniques, it can be considered a work that reflects his author's intention. The birth of this kind of narrative literature was due to his exile life, where he found comfort in listening to stories, and his writerly temperament to process and complete them in a literary way. Sim No-sung produced portraits, or character stories, of people who had a direct or indirect influence on his life in exile. Some characters are mentioned several times, and when the references are collected and combined, a single character story is completed, which is the case in Heungsam's portrait painting. The portrait of Heungsam that the reader drew at the first meeting is reversed into a completely opposite portrait at the last meeting. The ability to consistently and persistently record a person in such detail comes from the writer's temperament to explore humanity. Parakho Kim Saeng's character story is a story that strangely combines the scene where the story is made and the nature of the fun of storytelling. Delicious food is prepared with care and enjoyed, while at the same time listening to Kim Saeng's story about his difficult life. The story was made even more vivid by the real-time nature of the gathering, where the people gathered at the event also joined in, asked questions, joked, and had fun. This shares its characteristics with well-processed folk tales.

The Union of Russian Emigrants in Paris: Adaptation and Pro-Russian Activities (with Reference to the Sûreté Générale)

This article presents the results of the examination of the activities of the Union of Russian Workers of France / Union of Soviet Citizens in France in Paris which existed from 1925 to 1929 and acted as one of the most numerous unions of Russian emigrants. Drawing on materials from the archive of the Historical Service of the French Ministry of Defence, prepared by Sûreté Générale in the name of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, the author of the article identifies the purpose of creation and the tasks that the participants of the associations set themselves. The microhistorical approach and the study of the everyday life of Russian emigrants demonstrates that the primary goal was to help compatriots in adapting their life in exile. An analysis of the activities of the members of the union to improve the lives of compatriots made it possible to identify a number of successful examples of the help of the members of the union in solving urgent problems of emigrants. Additionally, the article demonstrates various ways of providing material assistance to those in need, as well as attempts to develop the intellectual culture of Russian emigrants and increase their competitiveness for employment in France. The measures taken by the members of the unions were aimed, among other things, at encouraging Russian emigrants to return to Russia. According to the author, such actions were soft cultural propaganda in favour of the Soviet Union, and these attempts to return emigrants to their homeland yielded results. The article also presents examples of the activities of the members of the union that did not contribute to the successful stay of Russian emigrants in France. The paper presents an example of the activity of the members of the union in appropriating the property of St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, inciting emigrants to rebellion and organising demonstrations demanding the transfer of the church to the USSR Embassy. The result of this activity was a more thorough supervision of the activities of the organisation by the employees of the Sûreté Générale and the repatriation of a few active members of the union. It is concluded that this activity hindered the life of the Russian colony in Paris and did not contribute to its security in France.

Prostitution in the Account of Joseph (Józef) Feliks Zieliński in Exile in France in 1832

Abstract The aim of the article is to present the issue of entertainment in the account of the Polish military and independence activist Józef Feliks Zieliński, from his first months in exile in France in 1832. He was one of the tens of thousands of Polish refugees (the Great Emigration) who, after the collapse of the Independence Uprising (1830–1831) (aimed at freeing the Kingdom of Poland from Russian rule), left their native country. A few thousand came to France, where they received money in the first few months. His observations are unique and of great value to a historian studying everyday life in exile in France. Compared to other diaries of the insurgents, they are distinguished by the description of intimate life. He presented the taboo subject of the use of prostitutes by representatives of the Great Emigration.

Walking with Bhekizizwe Peterson: The shadows and afterlives of exile

Zwelidumile “Dumile” Feni’s affecting journey unfolds as he flees South Africa in 1968, seeking political exile in England until 1978, and subsequently relocating to the United States, where he painted and sculpted until his passing in 1991. The spectral echoes of his life find resonance in his daughter’s narrative within Ramadan Suleman and Bhekizizwe Peterson's film ʻZwelidumile’. This article argues that we must situate this documentary in context by examining the emotional toll and narrative accounts of the longer history of displacement brought about by colonialism and apartheid. The analysis begins by listening to the haunting signs within the documentary, revealing three moving themes. The first theme peels back the layers of secrecy, spotlighting the revelation of Marriam’s biological father – drawing attention to the spectral and melancholic imbrication. The narrative then explores Feni’s life in exile, examining his deliberate silence on familial matters in South Africa. The last of the three themes looks into Marriam’s acknowledged but bewildering loss, exploring its implications for a sense of self and continuity. Zwelidumile exemplifies Bhekizizwe Peterson’s steadfast commitment to shedding light on the complex nuances of the black experience and emphasising narrative’s vital role as an essential component of what makes us human.

Здравоохранение и народная медицина на Тобольском Севере: взгляд политических ссыльных конца XIX в.

This article, based on memoirs, correspondence and works of political exiles, examines the specifics of medical practice and traditional medicine in the Tobolsk North at the end of the 19th century. The point of view of patients, the dynamics of relations between them and their attending physicians in the context of the harsh natural and climatic conditions of the North and a different sanitary and hygienic culture are analyzed. The problems of alcoholism of doctors, lack of medical personnel, the negative influence of local officials and the neglectful attitude of the tsarist government are studied. Based on historical sources, the features of traditional medicine, witchcraft and shamanism, their significance in the worldview of the local population are considered. In conclusion, the general state of health care and its importance in the daily life of political exiles, the role of provincial authorities in the system of political exile in the North of Western Siberia are assessed.

Analyzing Bei Dao's late poetry based on the expressions of exile

Bei Dao and the Misty Poetry group are defining events in world literary history, not only because of their early politically opposing compositions but also because of their progress in poetry abroad. Bei Dao experienced a harsh wander, and his poetry guidelines turned to personal and depoliticalized. However, the research proportion of Bei Dao’s later compositions is decreasing today, and many researchers and readers only summarize the invariable aspects of Bei Dao’s whole poetry span or interpret his later compositions with political ideas. This research mainly focuses on one aspect of Bei Dao’s later compositions, the unique expression of foreignness, homesickness, and loneliness, by collecting and analyzing a few poems Bei Dao wrote during his exile period. Consequently, this research excavates Bei Dao’s special recognition in his poems during his exile. He records his pointless, painful, and homesick feelings amid his unstable exile life. Besides, Bei Dao expresses many realizations, for example the unstoppable journey, identity separation, and the distance from the world. Moreover, the author raises a new concept, “native language aphasia”, to describe his identity separation through the deprivation of the native language.

The Northern Borderland and Eastern Kujawy – Parallels: The Construction of Narrative Identity in the Cycle of Stories “Konopnicka’s Desk” by Maria Danilewicz Zielińska

Maria Danilewicz Zielińska was a writer from the region of Kujawy, but she spent her entire adult life in exile. Her autobiographical stories collected in the volume entitled Biurko Konopnickiej [Konopnicka’s Desk] are an example of constructing a narrative identity based on people rooted in their homelands and related events. The first of the local homelands is Kujawy: the author was born in Aleksandrów Pograniczny (today: Aleksandrów Kujawski) and lived there for the first twenty-one years of her life; the second one is the northern Borderland (Kresy) of the former Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. Danilewicz had close family ties with the latter, as well as a living memory of its poets and writers. The family, historical and literary parallels connecting but also separating both geographical and cultural areas form pairs. The first one is Kujawy with its towns, nature, inhabitants and their customs, and, on the other hand, the Vilnius and Navahrudak regions, their poets, such as Adam Mickiewicz and Władysław Syrokomla, and ordinary people with their dramatic fate of being displaced. The second pair are rivers and stories related to them: the Vistula and the Nemunas. All these components are places of memory which constitute a hybrid identity of the émigré author from a historical and cultural borderland, an identity constructed by autobiographical memory. Weaving these parallels, she endows them with familiarity, avoiding pathos and mythologisation. Nevertheless, the overwhelming longing for the lost homeland is coupled with its idealisation, especially apparent in the descriptions of nature.

Archiwum w Domu Generalnym Zgromadzenia Zmartwychwstania Pana Naszego Jezusa Chrystusa w Rzymie

The Archives at the General House of the Congregation of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Rome is the central historical archives of the congregation. Bogdan Jański should be considered its founder, as he instructed to gather his entire legacy in Rome in 1840. Since 1886 the documentation has been housed in the General House of the Resurrectionists in via San Sebastanello 11. The first works organizing the archival records were undertaken by Father Paweł Smolikowski, at the turn of the 20th century. The current state of the archives has been most influenced by Father John Iwicki, who has catalogued nearly 70,000 file records, dividing the collection into 11 series. Between 2017 and 2023, Father Paweł Szymanowski, the congregation’s archivist, succeeded in signing an agreement with the Head Office of the State Archives to digitize and restore the letters of Adam Mickiewicz and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. Moreover, the Integrated Archival Information System (Zintegrowany System Informacji Archiwalnej – ZoSIA) has been implemented in the archives, thanks to which the inventory descriptions of archival items and their scans are successively uploaded. While the Roman Resurrectionist Archives does not have a statute, since October 30th, 1996, it has been operating on the basis of regulations approved by Father Sutherland MacDonald CR, the General of the Congregation. The archives have an inventory of more than 80,000 records. It collects the documentation heritage generated by the congregation’s central institutions, Resurrectionist houses and the legacy of the clergy. The Resurrectionist Archives includes very precious documentary resources, which, by their sheer size and informational value, make this institution one of the most important outside Poland. Its significance is not limited only to the knowledge of the history of the Polish Church in exile in the 19th and 20th centuries, but also the life of Polish exiles. Particularly valuable are the materials concerning the activity of the Great Emigration, cultural and political life of Poles in exile in the era of national captivity.

Interpretation of the World by Aleksander Bregman, a Far-Sighted Commentator on International Affairs in Exile, in the London-Based "Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza"

The article presents the views and journalistic activities of the foreign-educated doctor of political science, émigré Polish journalist, correspondent, anti-communist Aleksander Bregman, a pioneer of Polish-German reconciliation, who preached the unpopular post-World War II views of German reunification, and the creation of an economic community of European states. This international relations expert was one of the few publicists in exile who managed to make a name for himself outside the circle of the Polish diaspora. Gifted with Benedictine diligence, he left behind countless articles scattered in the émigré press, English, French, Swiss and German journals, as well as many books whose contents are still relevant today. He was also a contributor to Radio Free Europe. Throughout all of his wartime and subsequent exile life in the UK, he was particularly associated with the London-based Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza, where he served as editor-in-chief from 1959 to 1962. In Poland, the magazine was completely banned from printing until 1989. Methods used in writing the article: qualitative press content analysis, press, heuristic, historical-critical microbiography.

Literature, Feminism, and Activism in Rojhelat and the Diaspora

Abstract In this conversation, Essmat Sophie (author of the novel and animation film Dancing Amid Fire, Rising Above Ruins), talks with Wendelmoet Hamelink (researcher on gender, migration, activism, and conflict at the University of Oslo), about her interest in literature, about the creation of her novel and film, and about feminist life in the Diaspora. We discuss the fragmented lives of people who left Iran and can never return, and the history of the city Sine/Sanandaj. The conversation shows the complexity of Kurdish Iranian women’s triple struggle to escape political oppression, state violence, male dominance, as well as enduring a life of exile and marginalization. Essmat remembers the literature gatherings she attended in Sine, where women writers made a deep impact on her life as a young woman. Arguably, activist lives can be found in unexpected places and through creative strategies developed by women on the margins.

The role of school-based creative expression interventions in the aftermath of migration: A qualitative exploration of parents' and teachers' perspectives

This study explored supportive relational processes for immigrant children's well-being between peers, teachers, and parents in the development of school-based creative interventions in European multi-ethnic societies. Within the present study, we integrated the perspectives of teachers and parents to broaden the dominant focus on the assessment of individual symptomatology within the existing body of studies of school-based interventions studies. As a part of a larger multi-method study on the implementation of a creative expression program for immigrant children ages 8–12 years in three schools in Belgium, we conducted focus group discussions to learn parents' and teachers' perspectives on the role of school-based creative interventions in children's coping with histories of migration and life in exile. Parents and teachers identified the need for the intervention to foster emotional expression impacting children's self-esteem and social connectedness with peers and to foster emotional connections between parents, teachers, and children. Parents also stressed the importance of the intervention within society as a forum to engage with social conditions, promote cultural belonging, and social integration. Results identified the importance of school-based interventions in terms of individual benefits as well as connectedness and coherence in entire communities, thereby strengthening the development of transcultural research evidence for school-based interventions in multi-ethnic societies.

Analisis Struktur dan Nilai Kehidupan Yang Terdapat Pada Novel TERUSIR Karya Hamka

This study aims to: (1) Describe the intrinsic elements in Hamka's novel Exile. (2) Describe the values of life in Hamka's novel Exile. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this study is Hamka's 125-page novel Terusir, published in Jakarta by Gema Insani in 2020. The data collection is carried out by documentation techniques. The results showed; 1) themes of struggle, romance and betrayal; 2) characters and characterizations: Mariah a loyal, loving and patient woman, Azhar is a hardworking but careless man, Haji Abdul Halim is so wise and patient, Sofyan is a loyal, intelligent and wise person, Emi is a good girl, intelligent and loyal, pakcik wife is jealous, Wirja has a vengeful and spiteful nature; 3) The setting is in the house of Mariah's uncle, the house of Mr. and Mrs. Van Oost, the Elephant Building, the Sofyan Office, the prison and the airport. The setting of the events in this novel takes place around the 1900s during the Dutch colonial period. The setting is depressing, romantic and emotional; 4) The plot contained in this novel is a forward plot; 5) The point of view is an all-knowing third-person point of view. In addition to the above elements, the novel Exile has value, namely: teaching about modesty, so that we remain grateful and surrender to the creator and do not slander.

Uloga ruske vojne elite u Oktobarskoj revoluciji 1917.

Based on unpublished archival materials, memoirs and relevant literature, the paper analyses the attitude of officers of the Russian General Staff towards the fall of the Provisional Government of A. F. Kerensky and the rise of the Bolsheviks, which ended with a coup d’état on October 25 (November 7), 1917. New archival data was found in the unpublished memoirs of Lieutenant General Vladimir Vladimirovich Marushevsky (1874–1952), the last Chief of the General Directorate of the General Staff of Russian Army at the time of the October Revolution, who ended his life in exile in Yugoslavia.

Essop Pahad

Whilst many will speak today of the historic and invaluable contributions of Essop Pahad to our country’s liberation struggle and at the dawn of democracy, it is often forgotten that this came at great pain for him to live a life in exile, isolated from family and friends. Such was the often silent struggle that happened parallel to the struggle for freedom. Though this was an immensely politically active time for him, it was also incredibly taxing. It was in this time that Essop clung to the promise of a free and democratic South Africa. As the Greek tragedian Aeschylus once said: ‘I know how men in exile feed on dreams.’ So desperate was his dream for a better tomorrow that he worked tirelessly with members of the international community to bring attention to the plight of those he left behind. Throughout his life, he continued to cling onto this dream as he fought for justice and equity long beyond the advent of democracy. He once said: ‘Our march to a better life requires that each and every South African should put shoulders to the wheel – all of us as partners in transforming ours into a society that cares. We must know our rights and exercise them, in the same measure as we take on our collective responsibility to build South Africa into a nation of our dreams.’

Salvemini's antifascist exile in London: attracting the attention of a British audience

AbstractIn 1925 the Fascist dictatorship forced Gaetano Salvemini to leave Italy and begin a new life in exile. Salvemini understood he could find political and financial support in London to achieve two main aims: to live a decent life as an antifascist exile and fight the Fascist dictatorship from abroad. Thanks to a network encompassing intellectuals, academics, journalists, and politicians, London provided Salvemini with a platform for sharing antifascist stances outside Italy. This essay will develop research on this topic by taking into account Salvemini's conference speeches, articles, books, and essays written while in Britain, from 1925 to 1934. The corpus of the selected texts will show that Salvemini carefully singled out topics that were able to attract the attention of a foreign audience, particularly British public opinion. Therefore, the analysis of Salvemini's intellectual production during this period and the reaction of the press will contribute to cast a new light on his antifascist strategies; in other words, it will lead to a consideration of the extent to which being part of a British intellectual network transformed his approach to the antifascist struggle.

Spolek československých advokátů v zahraničí během druhé světové války

The article deals with the Association of Czechoslovak Advocates Abroad in Exile in Great Britain during the Second World War, its rights and aspects of life in exile. Attention is paid to the tasks arising from cooperation with the Czechoslovak government in exile.

A Life in Exile: An Analysis of the Uncanny and National Identity in Yaşar Kemal’s Look, the Euphrates River is Flowing Blood

Having a preliminary place and paramount significance among Yaşar Kemal’s historical fiction novels, Look, the Euphrates River is Flowing Blood is the first book of his quartet entitled “An Island Tale” that was published in 1997. Dealing with the ordeal and uncanny feelings of the Anatolian people after the First World War, Yaşar Kemal recounts the material and spiritual destruction caused by the phenomenon of migration both within and beyond the borders in this work. As a result of the Exchange Agreement signed between Turkey and Greece in 1923, the inhabitants of Ant (Mirmingi) Island, were forced to migrate to lands they never knew. With the population exchange decision taken in Lausanne, the Greeks were sent to Greece and it was decided to settle the people who lost their homeland in the wars on this island in the Aegean. With this news, the people of the island experience some stages of queer, uncanny emotions, such as grief, anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and ultimately acceptance, and step into the Greek lands as an exchange. Vasili Atoynatanoğlu, who is a veteran of the Sarıkamış operation, however, did not participate in this forced migration. People from various origins who take refuge on the island, with the support of Poyraz Musa, launch a new life despite all the pain they have experienced. Predominantly based on Freud, Bhabha, and Kristeva’s theories of the uncanny, the paper handles the issues of forced migration between Turkey and Greece and its profound impacts on migrants and local people in the nation-building process of the new Turkish state. The purpose of this paper is to analyse Yaşar Kemal’s Look, the Euphrates River is Flowing Blood through the theories of the “uncanny” and nationalism by highlighting the uncanny presence of characters within the novel.