Exhaustive Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Concurrent Vibration During Muscle Contractions Acutely Reduces Following Central Arterial Stiffness

Whole body vibration has been shown to elicit vasodilation after intervention. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that concurrent local vibration while muscle contraction would reduce the vasoconstrictive response induced by exhaustive resistance exercise. METHODS: A total of 18 apparently young healthy males (age=22±1 yrs; BMI=23 ± 1kg/m2) were recruited. Following the maximal isometric voluntary contraction determination (MVC), participants were randomly assigned to perform 2 trials of isotonic knee extensor exercise (40%MVC×3 sets, 8 reps for the first 2 sets, exercise to exhaustion in the 3rd set, 1 min rest interval) with (KE+V) and without (KE) concurrent vibration (26Hz, 2-4mm in magnitude) on the customized motor-driven knee extensor device. Brachial blood pressure measured by sphygmomanometer, central and peripheral pulse wave velocity determined by photoplethysmography, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before and 5 mins after exercise. RESULTS: Heart rate, brachial blood pressure parameters significantly increased from baseline during exercise, and there was no difference between treatments. KE+V trial significantly reduced central pulse wave velocity after exercise, whereas KE did not elicit any changes on pulse wave velocity measures compared with the baseline. HRV analysis showed KE significantly increase low to high frequency ratio (LF/HF) and reduced RMSSD after exercise, whereas no significant changes were observed in KE+V trial. CONCLUSIONS: Local concurrent vibration with muscle contraction also exerts vasodilatory responses after exercise, which may be associated with relatively higher parasympathetic dominance induced by vibration.

Acute effect of multiple sets of fatiguing resistance exercise on muscle thickness, echo intensity, and extracellular-to-intracellular water ratio.

Resistance exercise (RE) causes an acute increase of the muscle thickness (MT) considered to relate to an increase in tissue water content. Segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S-BIS) is a tool used to noninvasively assess intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW, respectively) of a given limb segment. The purpose of the present study was to examine the change of MT, ultrasound echo intensity (EI), ICW, and ECW after 3 sets of exhaustive RE. Eighteen untrained young males (age, 25.4 ± 4.1 years) performed RE consisting of 3 sets of knee extension concentric and eccentric contractions with 80% of 1-repetition maximum to failure. The MT and EI of the quadriceps measured by ultrasonography, and ECW/ICW ratio of the thigh assessed by S-BIS before (baseline) and after each set of RE (PostEx1, 2, and 3). The changes (Δ) in MT, EI, and ECW/ICW ratio were calculated as values of PostEx minus baseline values. The values of MT, EI, and ECW/ICW ratio at PostEx3 were significantly higher than baseline (effect size: MT, 1.11; EI, 0.47; and ECW/ICW ratio, 0.45). In addition, ΔMT was significantly and moderately correlated with ΔECW/ICW ratio (r = 0.61). Integrated data showed weak but significant correlation between ΔEI and ΔECW/ICW ratio as well (r = 0.31). The present results suggest multiple sets of exhaustive knee extension RE induce the acute increase of EI and ECW/ICW ratio as well as MT. The acute increase of muscle size after exercise can be at least partly explained by relative ECW increase.

Exhaustive Resistance Exercise Alters Serum Creatine and Guanidinoacetic Acid in Active Men

Exhaustive exercise adversely affects biomarkers of creatine metabolism yet it remains unknown when the values back toward pre-disturbance conditions. PURPOSE: To evaluate a 24-hour post-exercise response in serum guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), creatine and creatinine in young active men subjected to a single session of exhaustive resistance exercise and matched it with exercise-induced changes in serum cortisol, interleukin 6 (IL-6), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). METHODS: Twelve healthy active men (age 22.7 ± 0.8 years; weight 79.8 ± 7.3 kg; height 182.4 ± 4.9 cm; weekly exercise 5.1 ± 1.6 hours) were subjected to a single session of bench press exercise until volitional exhaustion, with venous blood sampled before, immediately after exercise (~2 min), and after 15 min, 60 min and 24 h after the end of exercise. RESULTS: Baseline values for serum GAA, creatine and creatinine were 2.2 ± 0.5 μmol/L, 18.9 ± 3.6 μmol/L, and 72.4 ± 6.0 μmol/L, respectively. Serum GAA significantly dropped for 9.6 ± 7.3% immediately after bench press exercise (95% CI, 5.0 to 14.2; P < 0.001), while both creatine and creatinine increased immediately after the test for 5.0 ± 2.5% (95% CI, 3.4 to 6.6; P < 0.001) and 11.9 ± 4.3% (95% CI, 9.2 to 14.6; P < 0.001), respectively. GAA and creatine levels recovered to the baseline values after 24 hours post-exercise, yet creatinine remained significantly higher at 24-hour period as compared to the baseline values for 2.5 ± 2.3% (95% CI, 1.0 to 4.0; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A single session of exhaustive resistance exercise induces transient alterations in biomarkers of creatine metabolism, with serum creatinine outlined as a most persistent marker of exhaustion. Exercise-induced changes in creatine metabolism poorly corresponded to perturbations in inflammation and muscle fatigue biomarkers following exercise. This project was partly supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (175037 and 179011), the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research (142-451-2473 and 114-451-710) and the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad (2018 Annual Award).

24-hour dynamics for serum biomarkers of creatine metabolism after an acute session of exhaustive resistance exercise in active men

Summary Introduction Exhaustive exercise adversely affects biomarkers of creatine metabolism yet it remains unknown when the values back toward pre-disturbance conditions. Here, we evaluated a 24-hour post-exercise response in serum guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), creatine and creatinine in young active men subjected to a single session of exhaustive resistance exercise and matched it with exercise-induced changes in serum cortisol, interleukin 6 (IL-6), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Summary of facts and results Twelve healthy active men (age 22.7 ± 0.8 years; weight 79.8 ± 7.3 kg; height 182.4 ± 4.9 cm; weekly exercise 5.1 ± 1.6 hours) were subjected to a single session of bench press exercise until volitional exhaustion, with venous blood sampled before, immediately after exercise (∼ 2 min), and after 15 min, 60 min and 24 h after the end of exercise. Baseline values for serum GAA, creatine and creatinine were 2.2 ± 0.5 μmol/L, 18.9 ± 3.6 μmol/L, and 72.4 ± 6.0 μmol/L, respectively. Serum GAA significantly dropped for 9.6 ± 7.3% immediately after bench press exercise (95% CI, 5.0 to 14.2; P 0.05). Conclusion A single session of exhaustive resistance exercise induces transient alterations in biomarkers of creatine metabolism, with serum creatinine outlined as a most persistent marker of exhaustion. Exercise-induced changes in creatine metabolism poorly corresponded to perturbations in inflammation and muscle fatigue biomarkers following exercise.

The Effect of an Exhaustive Aerobic, Anaerobic and Resistance Exercise on Serotonin, Beta-endorphin and BDNF in Students

Background and Study Aim: Sport exercises play a major role in many hormonal factors which related to happiness in human. Therefore, the short-term effects of three anaerobic, aerobic and resistance exercises on (BDNF) and hormones related to happiness such as serotonin and beta-endorphin has been studied in young men in this research. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two students (19 to 25 years old) who did not have regular physical activity were randomly divided into four groups, after the subjects were eaten the same breakfast, the blood of them were taken before and after the various short aerobic exercises (Exhaustive exercise with 70% of maximum heart rate) and anaerobic (Exhaustive exercise with maximum intensity) and exhaustive resistance exercise (with 8 stations). Control group did not practice any activity. Specific kits and ELISA method have been used to determine their values. Data were analyzed using ANOVAand ANCOVA method at a significant level of 5%. Results: Beta-endorphins showed a significant increase in resistance and aerobic training sessions compared to control group. However, serotonin and BDNF had a significant intra-group change in the aerobic group. Conclusion: It seems that aerobic exercises are the best practice for increasing some of the hormones associated with happiness.

Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on plasma lymphocytes count after exhaustive resistance exercise

Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on plasma lymphocytes count after exhaustive resistance exercise

Influence of training on markers of platelet activation in response to a bout of heavy resistance exercise

Recent connections between platelet activity and cardiovascular disease have raised questions of whether platelet function varies in exercising individuals. Resistance training has been linked to a possible reduction in hyper-aggregability of platelets, especially following acute strenuous exercise. The present investigation was designed to explore the effects of an acute resistance exercise test on the primary hemostatic system in both resistance-trained (RT) and untrained (UT) individuals. Ten RT (five men and five women; age, 26.0 ± 4.5 years; height, 175.12 ± 8.54 cm; weight, 79.56 ± 13.56 kg) and ten UT (five men and five women; age, 26.4 ± 6.2 years; height, 170.31 ± 7.45 cm; weight 67.88 ± 16.90 kg) individuals performed an Acute Exhaustive Resistance Exercise Test (AERET; six sets of ten repetitions of squats at 80 % of the 1-Repetition Maximum (RM)). Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after, and at 15, 60, and 120 min following the AERET. Blood samples were analyzed for platelet count, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), beta-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and platelet factor 4 (PF4). B-TG showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between RT and UT at +15 and +60 min. Both groups showed a main effect for time in platelet count, vWF, and β-TG following the AERET, whereas PF4 remained unchanged. All blood variables returned to baseline 120 min after exercise. Compared with UT, RT demonstrated reduced platelet activation in response to an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise. Reduced platelet activation may be attributed to training status, as shown by a reduction in plasma concentrations of B-TG in the RT group.

Beneficial effects of habitual resistance exercise training on coagulation and fibrinolytic responses

BackgroundA sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and thrombotic complications. While habitual endurance activity will reduce the risk of these adverse events, the influence of habitual resistance exercise is less clear. This study examined coagulation and fibrinolytic responses to an acute exhaustive resistance exercise test (AERET) in both resistance-trained (RT, min 2yr, 5 men and 5 women) and untrained (UT, 5 men and 5 women) subjects. MethodsThe AERET consisted of six sets of 10 repetitions of squats at 80% of 1-repetition maximum. Venous blood was collected pre-exercise, immediate post exercise (IP), and +15, +60, and +120minutes post exercise. ResultsCompared to UT, RT exhibited a lower capacity to form a clot as seen by activated partial Thromboplastin time (aPTT) integrated area under the curve over time (iAUC) levels, lower pre-exercise and 120min post-exercise plasminogen activator inhibitor −1 (PAI-1) activity, and higher tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity immediately post-exercise. There were no significant differences between RT and UT for fibrinogen, prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PTF 1+2), and thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT). ConclusionThese results suggest that habitual resistance exercise training may provide an enhanced fibrinolytic state.

The Effect of Acute Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation Following Exhaustive Resistance Exercise in Trained Females

Protein synthesis is increased following resistance training. However, protein degradation is also increased which may result in a net loss of muscle tissue following resistance training, if not attenuated with proper post-exercise nutritional intake. This scenario could lead to a delayed recovery from fatigue and a prolonged soreness response. It is unclear of the ability of an acute administration of a carbohydrate-protein beverage or carbohydrate only beverage to enhance recovery compared to no supplementation in the 24 hours immediately post-exercise. PURPOSE: To examine the recovery capabilities and soreness responses of nine resistance-trained females (ages 19-35) following three sets to failure for eight exercises without supplementation (CON), with post-exercise consumption of a carbohydrate-protein (CP) or a carbohydrate-only (CHO) beverage. METHODS: Recovery was measured as the group mean number of repetitions (REPS) performed using the 10-repetition maximum (10RM) for each exercise at baseline compared to the total following CON, CP or CHO. Soreness (SORE) was also measured using a 100mm visual analog scale. Twenty-four hours of passive recovery was observed between each baseline trial and the follow-up session with a seven-day washout period between each set of trials. RESULTS: After 24 hours, REPS for CP (10.5 1.6 reps) was similar (p > 0.05) to CHO (11.3 2.0 reps) and CON (10.0 1.1 reps). For all conditions, CON, CP, and CHO, soreness was significantly higher than baseline (p < 0.05). Mean soreness for the treatments was not significantly different during CP, CHO, or CON (33.6 21.7mm vs. 25.8 15.9mm vs. 32.3 18.3mm, respectively, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Large inter-subject variability existed across all treatments for all variables. The findings suggest that acute supplementation with CHO or CP do not enhance 24-hour recovery compared to CON. Women were able to perform similarly to baseline in each scenario despite experiencing a significant level of soreness.

Gene Expression Analysis Of Peripheral Blood Following Resistance Exercise

PURPOSE: Phenotypic studies suggest a strong correlation between exhaustive resistance exercise and affects on the immune system. The goal of this study was to characterize the gene expression changes using Affymetrix microarrays during these exercise regiments and determine whether these expression changes correlate to standard differential blood counts or other immunophenotyping data. METHODS: Ten resistance-trained male collegiate athletes between 20-24 yr of age (22.30 ± 1.25 yr) with at least 2 yr resistance training experience (5.00 ± 2.31 yr) performed an acute bout of RE for 30.59 min (± 0.59). The RE included the back parallel squat and the leg press each at 45% & 55% of 1-RM for first 2 sets, and 65% of 1-RM for the remaining 4 sets. All exercises were performed with a 2:2 cadence followed by 2 min rest periods. Following a 12 hr fast, blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately following exercise, and at 2 hr postexercise. RNA was prepared by combining 3.75 ml of TriReagent BD to 1 ml of whole blood containing EDTA immediately after sampling and frozen at -80°C. RNA was extracted using the standard blood method outlined by the manufacturer, analyzed for quality, and prepared for hybridization to an Affymetrix U133a 2.0 GeneChip using the NuGEN Ovation WB system. RESULTS: Initial results of our microarray data indicate that, with high statistical significance, gene expression features are highly correlated with blood counts. Differentially expressed genes were statistically significantly associated with immune system function. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that an acute bout of RE induced substantial changes in immune system function that was reflected in differential gene expression. Support made possible by the Vermont Genetics Network through Grant Number P20 RR16462 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NCRR or NIH.

Carbohydrate Supplementation and Immune Responses after Acute Exhaustive Resistance Exercise

This investigation sought to study changes in leukocyte subsets after an acute bout of resistance exercise (ARE) and to determine whether ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) could attenuate those immune responses. Nine male track-and-field athletes (21.1 +/- 1.4 yr, 177.2 +/- 5.5 cm, 80.9 +/- 9.7 kg, 8.7% +/- 3.8% fat) and 10 male ice hockey athletes (21.0 +/- 2.2 yr, 174.3 +/- 6.2 cm, 79.6 +/-11.1 kg, 13.9% +/- 3.73% fat) participated in 2 different ARE protocols. Both experiments employed a counterbalanced double-blind research design, wherein participants consumed either a CHO (1 g/kg body weight) or placebo beverage before, during, and after a weight-lifting session. Serum cortisol decreased (p < .05) at 90 min into recovery compared with immediately postexercise. Plasma lactate, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte concentrations increased (p < .05) from baseline to immediately postexercise. Lymphocytes decreased significantly (p < .05) from baseline to 90 min postexercise. Lymphocytes were lower (p < .05) for the CHO condition than for placebo. The findings of this study indicate the following: ARE appears to evoke changes in immune cells similar to those previously reported during endurance exercise, and CHO ingestion attenuates lymphocytosis after ARE.

Effect of resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress

Some research studies have produced data indicating that resistance exercise induces oxidative stress, despite minimal increases in VO2. These studies have primarily relied on oxidative stress markers with low sensitivity and debatable reliability. However, F2-isoprostanes as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry are considered to be a reliable and precise indicator of oxidative stress. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is associated with reduced levels of stress hormones, which may influence oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of carbohydrate ingestion during resistance training on F2-isoprostanes and plasma antioxidant potential. Thirty strength-trained subjects were randomized to carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) groups that lifted weights for 2 h. Subjects received 10 ml kg− 1 h− 1 CHO (6%) or PLA beverages during the exercise. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise and analyzed for cortisol as a marker of general stress, F2-isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant potential, and for muscle glycogen, respectively. Decreases in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and PLA. Cortisol and FRAP increased significantly in CHO and PLA (P = 0.008 and 0.044, respectively), but the pattern of change was not different between groups. F2-isoprostanes were unaffected by exercise. These results indicate that exhaustive resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion have no effect on oxidative stress or plasma antioxidant potential in trained subjects.

The Acute Immune Response to Exhaustive Resistance Exercise

Ten young male adults (mean age 46.9 +/- 1.2 yrs) with 9.2 +/- 1.4 years of weight training experience and the ability to parallel squat at least 1.5 times their body mass were selected as subjects. The exercise session consisted of sets of 10 repetitions at 65% 1-RM of the parallel leg squat, with a cadence of one rep every 6 sec and 3 min rest between sets, to muscular failure. The average subject lifted a total of 9711 +/- 1576 kg during 98 +/- 14 reps for a total work output of 72.5 +/- 10.5 kJ before muscular failure occurred. Mean oxygen consumption during exercise was 1.58 +/- 0.06 l/min at 42.5 +/- 2.0% peak VO2. A strong leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, and lymphocytopenia, similar to what has been reported following high-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise, were measured following leg squat exercise. Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation (unadjusted) rose 50% above preexercise levels (p = 0.07), but when these data were adjusted on a per T cell (CD3+) basis, no change from rest was observed. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA), when adjusted on a per NK cell (CD56+) basis, was decreased about 40% below preexercise levels for at least 2 h post-exercise. No significant increase in cortisol was seen after exercise, although norepinephrine and epinephrine increased moderately (465% and 133%, respectively), immediately following exercise. The data demonstrate that leg squat exercise to muscular failure results in a very similar immune response to that associated with intense endurance exercise, despite a lower mean oxygen consumption and only a moderate hormonal response.

Acute Immune Response to Exhaustive Resistance Exercise

Acute Immune Response to Exhaustive Resistance Exercise

Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance

Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance

1086 EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION ON EXHAUSTIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE PERFORMANCE

Six weight trained males were studied prior to, during, and in recovery from exhaustive resistance exercise, 105 min after ingesting 300 mg.kg-1 of either a placebo or NaHCO3. The exercise test consisted of four sets of 12 repetitions with a fifth set to volitional fatigue on a Universal leg press machine at a resistance equaling approximately 70% of the subjects 1-repetition maximum. Arterialized venous blood was analyzed for lactate concentration, blood gas, and acid-base parameters. The ingestion of NaHCO3 produced a significant increase in resting pH (7.39 to 7.46), HCO3- (22.9 to 28.3 mEq.l-1), and oxygenated base excess (-1.3 to 4.4 mEq.l-1). With the completion of each exercise set, a progressive decline in the acid-base status of both groups was observed (pH set 1-5: NaHCO3, 7.40 to 7.31; placebo, 7.34 to 7.25; HCO3- set 1-5: NaHCO3, 25.3 to 17.9; placebo, 21.7 to 15.3 mEq.l-1; base excess set 1-5: NaHCO3, 3.7 to -7.1; placebo, -1.4 to -10.7 mEq.l-1); however, the NaHCO3 condition was significantly more alkaline than the placebo condition. Blood lactate concentration [La] progressively increased with the completion of each exercise set ([La] set 1-5: NaHCO3, 1.37 to 11.15; placebo, 1.31 to 9.81 mM); but were not significantly different between treatments. Repetitions performed in the final exercise set were not significantly different between groups (NaHCO3: 19.6 +/- 1.6, placebo: 18.2 +/- 1.1 repetitions).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)