Exhausted Grape Marc Research Articles

Compost tea and bioslurry as plant biostimulants. Part 1: characterization and phytotoxicity testing

In the present study, the quality of aerated (A), non-aerated (NA) and bioslurry (B) as potential bio-fertilizers were evaluated. Aerated and non-aerated compost teas were brewed from two different compost: exhausted grape marc (G); and a mixture of residues (M): goat manure, grape marc, garden raking leaves and alfalfa cutting hay. Bioslurry was prepared from fresh organic material in anaerobic digestion, according to FAO. Aeration, with shorter extraction time, resulted in higher pH (8.25 and 7.44 regarding 7.32 and 6.98, respectively, for AM, NAM, AG and NAG), but in general with lower nutrient concentration than non-aerated. B presented higher nitrogen content (7.86 mg L−1 N-NO3 − and 40.77 mg L−1 N-NH4 +). No pathogens or phytotoxic effects were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first time that B has been evaluated, and our results suggest that the use of fresh organic matter may generate a high-quality product to be used as a biostimulant. Agricultural bio-inputs, elaborated from organic residues, represent a cheaper and safer alternative to traditional fertilizers, while residues are reduced and reused.

Hydrochar from winemaking industry wastes as solid biofuel: A thermal and kinetic analysis of pyrolysis and combustion

Pyrolysis and combustion behavior of the hydrochar (HY) from co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of vine pruning (VP) and exhausted grape marc (EGM) by using vinasse as wet catalytic vector was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For both raw- and co-HTC biomass, different iso-conversional methods were used for kinetic analysis, and the thermodynamic parameters were determined. Overall, even if HY exhibited a lower activation energy compared to EGM and VP during both pyrolysis and combustion, HTC has positive effects on the hydrochar’s structure, which achieved a more thermodynamically stable, structurally ordered, and energetically favorable state. The obtained kinetic and thermodynamic parameters would contribute to the development of biomass thermochemical conversion technologies and the application of hydrochar-based energy systems.

Substitution of Fossil Coal with Hydrochar from Agricultural Waste in the Electric Arc Furnace Steel Industry: A Comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis

The iron and steel industry remains one of the most energy-intensive activities with high CO2 emissions. Generally, the use of fossil coal as chemical energy in an electric arc furnace (EAF) makes up 40–70% of the total direct emissions in this steelmaking process. Therefore, substituting conventional fossil fuels with alternatives is an attractive option for reducing CO2 emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of EAF-produced steel were comprehensively assessed using pulverized hydrochar as the charged and injected material as a replacement for fossil coal. An environmental analysis was performed based on the LCA methodology according to the framework of ISO 14044. This study evaluated two different outlines: the use of fossil coal and its replacement with hydrochar from the winemaking industry as a carbon source in the EAF steelmaking process. The environmental impacts from the manufacturing of the hydrochar were calculated using different scenarios, including novel industrial ways to use vinasse as a moisture source for the co-hydrothermal carbonization of vine pruning and exhausted grape marc (EGM). The environmental impacts per unit of steel were reported as a function of the ratio between the fixed carbon of the injected material and the material amount itself. The results highlight the sustainability of the hydrothermal carbonization process and the use of the hydrochar in EAF steelmaking. Moreover, the electricity mix used for the EAF process has significant relevance. The main outline of the results might assist decision-makers to determine which technological route is most likely to be effective in reducing future CO2 emissions from the iron and steel industry.

Winemaking-derived by-products: In-depth characterization and sustainable, advanced pulsed electric field (PEF) processing to a zero-waste-based approach

This work aims to establish a novel zero-waste-based assessment for the winemaking-derived by-products grape stalks (GS), grape marc (GM), and exhausted grape marc (EGM). To this end, the application of sustainable, intensified technologies as pulsed electric fields (PEF) (3 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kg, 2 Hz, 100 ms) was firstly evaluated to recover biologically active compounds (BACs). In this regard, results from EGM should be mentioned, with an increased efficiency to up to 68 % above the conventional soaking. In addition, it was supposed the first PEF processing to this matrix, to the best of our knowledge. In parallel, with view to the desirable conditions of zero-waste, alternative valorization routes were proposed considering the in-depth characterization carried out. For instance, the exploitation of EGM towards bioenergy was firmly suggested according to its proximate and ultimate analyses, and higher heating value (HHV). Further, it was also noteworthy the amount of holocellulose and lignin present in all GS, GM, and EGM (28–35 % and 28–45 %, respectively), relevant to develop a wide range of fine chemicals as levulinic acid or furfural. Finally, the lipidic fraction, useful as food ingredient or for biodiesel production, was isolated and characterized by NMR, being remarkable the detected amount for GM (7 %).

A preliminary multistep combination of pulsed electric fields and supercritical fluid extraction to recover bioactive glycosylated and lipidic compounds from exhausted grape marc

This article reports the first multistep combination of pulsed electric field (PEF; 3 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kg, 2 Hz, 100 ms) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 (10–20 MPa, 25 mL/min [10% EtOH], 50 °C, 60 min) for exhausted grape marc (EGM). This current protocol was mainly created to recover bioactive glycosylated and lipidic compounds. In this regard, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was enhanced up to 68% after PEF treatment compared to conventional soaking. However, re-extracting PEF-treated EGM after the application of SFE (PEF + SFE) boosted the efficiency by up to 87%. Several polyphenols (kaempferol, luteolin, scutellarin, and resveratrol, among others), together with other glycosylated structures, were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. The bioactive lipidic compounds extracted by SFE, along with the carbohydrate fraction (free sugars) favourably extracted by PEF pre-treatment (mainly glucose, but also fructose and sucrose), were concurrently detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. The remaining solid fraction after treatment was also characterised. Different microscopic morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on untreated, PEF, and PEF + SC–CO2–treated EGM. Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also suggested alternative and potential means for the valorisation of this matrix.

Grape stalks: From wastes to source of antioxidants and nutraceuticals

Wine production is one of the most significant agricultural activities worldwide. The winemaking process generates large amounts of by-products: grape marc, stalks, and exhausted grape marc. Until now, many studies have been focused on marc valorization, very few on stalks. The aim of this research was to deeply explore the potential of residual stalks in the wine industry from a circular economy perspective. Polyphenols were extracted from stalks with new sustainable technologies in the frame of “green chemistry” without the use of hazardous solvents. Extracts were analyzed for total phenolic compound content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity was determined. As polyphenols can have antimicrobial activity, the effect of the extracted polyphenols against wine-spoiling yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis was determined. The percent reduction of the culture optical density, in the presence or absence of polyphenols, was compared to assess the antimicrobial activity of the samples. The results obtained underline the importance of winemaking by-products (stalks) and their eco-friendly valorization to obtain molecules for food, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries.

Exhausted Grape Marc Derived Biochars: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Yield and Quality of Biochar for Soil Amendment

The present study focuses on the valorisation of winery industry wastes through slow pyrolysis of exhausted grape marc (EGM). The optimal pyrolysis parameters were firstly identified by small scale experiments carried out using thermogravimetric analysis. Nine pyrolysis temperatures were tested and their influence on the decomposition of the EGM residue and biochar yield was evaluated. Then, biochar production was conducted in a pilot plant at three chosen temperatures (450, 500 and 550 °C) at which the biochar was shown to be stable. The effects of biochar application to soil with respect to plant (ryegrass) growth was also evaluated. Pyrolysis of EGM at the 450–550 °C temperature range has been shown to generate thermally stable and nutrient-rich biochars, but only the biochar produced at 450 °C showed a marked benefit effect of ryegrass growth.

Use of Agri-Food Composts in Almond Organic Production: Effects on Soil and Fruit Quality

The objective of this work was to study the agronomic effects of the application of agri-food composts in almond trees (Prunus dulcis L.) cultivated in two different areas with different almond varieties (cv. Guara and cv. Ferraduel), with both in organic farming conditions throughout two cropping cycles. To reach this objective, almond production and quality issues (seed production, kernel yield, nutrient contents and kernel quality), as well as several physico-chemical and biological properties of the amended soils at the beginning and at the end of each campaign were studied. The four composts used (C1, C2, C3 and C4) were elaborated mainly using exhausted grape marc (EGM) and other wastes (waste from orange juice production, OW; waste from tomato soup production, TW; cattle manure, CM; and sheep manure, SM). Two treatments were used as control treatments, one based on sheep manure and another without any amendment. The composts used produced similar results in kernel yield and production compared to the traditional treatment (sheep manure). However, the thickness of the kernel was higher in the treatments using composts with exhausted grape marc and sheep manure or tomato soup waste. In relation to the almond quality, few differences related to the effect of treatments were observed, except for the content of proteins, sucrose, some fatty acids and vegetal sterols.

Production of a biofertilizer from exhausted grape marc waste: agronomic and environmental impact on plant growth

Biochars produced from exhausted grape marc waste were considered a potential source for agriculture biofertilization. Results indicated that the biochar application did not show a significant effect on ryegrass fresh weight increase. The pyrolysis temperature influenced the fresh and dry matter yield since it interferes with phosphorus bioavailability for plant growth. Potassium intakes were positively affected but not statistically significant. The % of soil stable aggregates decreased after 60 days. In the short term, there is no significant effect on soil structural stability. Biochar incorporation led to domination of large macro-aggregates, which are instables compared with small macro-aggregates. A dose of 15 t ha−1 considerably reduced the leached soil and thus improved water retention by changing soil porosity. Soil pH and electric conductivity markedly increased for all treatments after 60 days of incubation. Biochar extract had a significant inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora sp. The use of exhausted grape marc waste to produce a biochar has shown a good potential for carbon and water sequestration in soil.

Nutrient retention and release from raw exhausted grape marc biochars and an amended agricultural soil: Static and dynamic investigation

Biochar is the solid by-product of biomass thermochemical conversion via pyrolysis technique. Biochar addition to croplands as an organic amendment can improve soil properties and increase agricultural productivity. However, these positive effects depend largely on biomass feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. In this study, nutrient release from biochars derived from the slow pyrolysis of exhausted grape marc (EGM) at 300, 400 and 500 °C (EGM300, EGM400 and EGM500) was investigated through five successive leaching assays in batch mode for a total duration of 10 days. Then, nutrient leaching/retention kinetics of an agricultural soil amended with EGM500 (1% and 5% w/w) was assessed under dynamic conditions in columns. The batch experiments showed that with the exception of P, the nutrient release efficiency from the three biochars significantly increased with the increase of the number of leaching trials. The highest released amounts were observed at the fifth leaching cycle for K, Ca, P and Mg, which were about 45.5%, 41.5%, 229.5% and 48.9% higher than those registered during the first leaching assay. Regarding the column release experiments, a biochar content of 5% in the agricultural soil resulted in an increase of water leached NO3− and K+ by about 181.4% and 521.3%, respectively, and a significant reduction in Na+ and Ca2＋ transport as compared to unamended soil. In a second phase, outcomes of column feeding with a nutrient solution showed that PO43− and NO3− retention by biochar-amended soils is low. Thus, the use of EGM biochar as a slow release biofertilizer could be considered as a promising agricultural practice and a sustainable solution for biowaste management.

Eco-friendly vermitechnological winery waste management: a pilot-scale study

Enormous quantities of winery wastes are generated in grape-growing regions around the world. The aim of this study was to gather key pilot-scale data on the use of different winery wastes in a vermitechnological system to produce commercially viable soil organic amendments. Exhausted grape marc (G), lees cake mixed with exhausted grape marc (LG), and biosolid vinasse mixed with vine shoots (SV) were tested as substrates for vermicomposting. Changes in earthworm development, enzyme activities, chemical properties, organic matter fractions, and phytotoxicity were assessed along 6 months of vermicomposting and after a subsequent maturation period of 2 months. The organic matter composition of the three produced vermicomposts was also characterized using pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC). During vermicomposting, earthworm number increased significantly in both LG and SV, with earthworm biomass peaking after 2 months. By contrast, G failed to provide adequate nourishment for earthworms. Dehydrogenase and hydrolytic enzyme activities peaked after 2 months and then declined as available organic compounds diminished. Overall, hydrolytic enzyme activities tended to stabilize during maturation. After vermicomposting and maturation, total organic carbon, soluble carbon, phytotoxicity, electrical conductivity, C/N ratios, and polyphenol content decreased, whereas pH, phosphorus, micronutrients, and humification ratios increased. Using Py-GC, the vermicompost from SV was found to contain the most evolved organic matter in view of its higher degree of humification and lower mineralization index. Nevertheless, all the different winery wastes could be biotransformed, by using vermitechnology, into high value-added soil organic amendments with a degree of stability and maturity adequate to be marketed.

Improved lignocellulolytic enzyme production and antioxidant extraction using solid‐state fermentation of olive pomace mixed with winery waste

AbstractOlive pomace is characterized by its low nutritional value and high phenolic content, which hinders its direct use as animal feed, fertilizer, or as a substrate in bioprocesses such as solid‐state fermentation (SSF). A possible strategy for bioprocessing olive pomace by SSF is the mixture of olive mill wastes with other wastes produced in the same region, such as winery wastes. This may improve the production of bioactive compounds like enzymes and antioxidant phenolics. A simplex‐centroid design was used to evaluate the use of olive mill and winery wastes alone or in combination as a substrate for SSF with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ibericus. Synergistic effects of combinations of crude olive pomace (COP), exhausted olive pomace (EOP), vine trimming shoots (VTS), and exhausted grape marc (EGM) were observed in the production of xylanases, cellulases, β‐glucosidases, and in the variation in total phenolics and antioxidant activity of SFF extracts. A multiple response optimization was carried out, leading to the following optimal mixture of substrates: for A. niger, 23% (w/w) COP, 30% EGM, 33% VTS, 14% EOP; for A. ibericus, 30% EGM, 36% VTS, 34% EOP. The scale‐up to tray bioreactor with optimal substrate made it possible to achieve the maximum xylanase, cellulase, and β‐glucosidase production of 189.1 ± 26.7, 56.3 ± 2.1 and 10.9 ± 0.8 U/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of fermented wastes was also improved 2.2‐fold as compared with unfermented wastes. Thus, a combination of olive mill and winery wastes in SSF is a potential strategy to increase their value and to develop a circular strategy in these industries. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Exhausted grape marc and organic residues composting with polyethylene cover: Process and quality evaluation as plant substrate

In Argentina, wine production is one of the most important economic activities, producing a large quantities of organic wastes. Composting is a viable alternative to treat these residues, with the possibility to obtain high-quality products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of goat manure, leaves from garden raking and alfalfa to exhausted grape marc and the influence of plastic cover on the composting process and the quality of the finished product. Composting was carried out in turned piles in a total randomized design. Temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, micro and macro elements, biological parameters, stability and structure were determined with the goal to assess product quality. Mixture compost presented higher macro and micro elements content (especially P, Mn and Zn) than grape marc compost. Plastic cover showed no significant effect on physico-chemical parameters, while microorganisms were affected, with higher cellulolytic and nitrifying content in uncovered piles. In all composts, parameters indicated stability and no pathogens (Salmonella sp.) were detected. Pot assay with Lactuca sativa suggested that all compost revealed adequate substrate quality, with higher plant biomass values than commercial substrate and sand (Control), even with fertilization. Mixture compost showed significantly higher biomass and nutrient absorption values relative to the remaining evaluated substrates, suggesting that the use of goat manure and leaves added to exhausted grape marc, as raw material resulted in higher compost quality. All together indicated that the use of polyethylene cover negatively affect microorganisms content and a higher diversity of organic residues composted would result in higher microbiological activity and nutritional grade product.

The use of exhausted grape marc to produce biofuels and biofertilizers: Effect of pyrolysis temperatures on biochars properties

The wine industry represents an important economic sector in the Mediterranean countries. Currently, grape marc is valorized for ethanol production by distillation process generating a second residue called exhausted grape marc (EGM) that should be properly managed in order to avoid any related negative impacts onto the environment. In the present investigation, an innovative strategy was proposed to convert EGM into biofuels and biofertilizers through thermochemical conversion process such as carbonization/pyrolysis technique. In order to select the appropriate operating parameters, the impact of the slow pyrolysis temperatures of EGM (from 300 to 700 °C) on biochar production yields as well as their physico-chemical characteristics were assessed. The experimental results showed that the biochars yields production decrease with increasing the pyrolysis temperature and reach a plateau above 500 °C. The biochar yield at 500 °C is around 33%, which is amongst the highest values obtained for food processing residues. The biochar physico-chemical characterization showed a higher surface area (253.4 m2/g) was obtained for the char prepared at 600 °C. However, the maximum nutrients contents, namely potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus were registered at 500 °C. Based on the biochar yields and characteristics, it seems that EGM biochar produced through slow pyrolysis at 500 °C could be considered as a promising biofertilizer for agricultural purposes.

Improving green waste composting by addition of sugarcane bagasse and exhausted grape marc

The composting of lignocellulosic waste into compost is a potential way of sustainably disposing of a waste while generating a useful product. The current study determined whether the addition of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) (at 0, 15, and 25%) and/or exhausted grape marc (EGM) (at 0, 10, and 20%) improved the two-stage composting of green waste (GW). The combined addition of SCB and EGM improved composting conditions and the quality of the compost product in terms of temperature, water-holding capacity, particle-size distribution, coarseness index, pH, electrical conductivity, water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen, microbial numbers, enzymatic activities, polysaccharide and lignin content, nutrient content, respiration, and phytotoxicity. The optimal two-stage composting and the best quality compost were obtained with the combined addition of 15% SCB and 20% EGM. With the optimized two-stage composting method, the compost matured in only 21days rather than in the 90–270days required for traditional composting.

Winery and distillery derived materials as phosphorus source in calcareous soils

The depletion of phosphate rock reserves makes necessary the finding and characterization of new phosphorus (P) sources to ensure a sustainable P fertilization. This research deals with the effect of the application of organic materials derived from the winery and distillery industries on P availability in two calcareous soils. Soils were treated with five organic materials providing different amounts of P: two raw wastes (exhausted grape marc and grape stalk) and three composts made with different proportions of these materials or including cake lees as well. The soils were incubated for 16weeks determining soil pH, dissolved organic carbon and Olsen P in five samplings with time. At the end of the incubation, inorganic P was fractionated to NaOH–NaCl–P, citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite–P (CBD–P), and HCl–P and the P sorption index (PSI) was also determined. The increment in Olsen P was firstly positively related to the amount of P applied, being higher in the composted materials, but along time the effect of other factors such as the organic matter incorporation influenced these changes. After 16weeks of incubation, the enhancement of Olsen P produced by the different materials equalized (8.9mgkg−1 on average), despite of the different amounts of P applied with each one. Increasing the P applied with the organic materials in these soils enhanced P retained in the sparingly soluble P fraction (HCl–P) whereas the addition of raw materials slightly released P from this fraction, recovering more P in the most labile pool (NaOH–NaCl–P). It can be concluded that the winery and distillery derived materials had a positive effect on soil P availability and that P in excess would be retained due to the calcareous nature of these soils, avoiding contamination risks.

Enhancing the Bioconversion of Winery and Olive Mill Waste Mixtures into Lignocellulolytic Enzymes and Animal Feed by Aspergillus uvarum Using a Packed-Bed Bioreactor.

Wineries and olive oil industries are dominant agro-industrial activities in southern European regions. Olive pomace, exhausted grape marc, and vine shoot trimmings are lignocellulosic residues generated by these industries, which could be valued biotechnologically. In the present work these residues were used as substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases through solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus uvarum MUM 08.01. For that, two factorial designs (3(2)) were first planned to optimize substrate composition, temperature, and initial moisture level. Subsequently, the kinectics of cellulolytic enzyme production, fungal growth, and fermented solid were characterized. Finally, the process was performed in a packed-bed bioreactor. The results showed that cellulase activity improved with the optimization processes, reaching 33.56 U/g, and with the packed-bed bioreactor aeration of 0.2 L/min, reaching 38.51 U/g. The composition of fermented solids indicated their potential use for animal feed because cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and phenolic compounds were partially degraded 28.08, 10.78, 13.3, and 28.32%, respectively, crude protein was increased from 8.47 to 17.08%, and the mineral contents meet the requirements of main livestock.

Chemical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Methods to Assess Biodegradation of Winery-Distillery Wastes during Composting

The objective of this work was to study the co-composting process of wastes from the winery and distillery industry with animal manures, using the classical chemical methods traditionally used in composting studies together with advanced instrumental methods (thermal analysis, FT-IR and CPMAS 13C NMR techniques), to evaluate the development of the process and the quality of the end-products obtained. For this, three piles were elaborated by the turning composting system, using as raw materials winery-distillery wastes (grape marc and exhausted grape marc) and animal manures (cattle manure and poultry manure). The classical analytical methods showed a suitable development of the process in all the piles, but these techniques were ineffective to study the humification process during the composting of this type of materials. However, their combination with the advanced instrumental techniques clearly provided more information regarding the turnover of the organic matter pools during the composting process of these materials. Thermal analysis allowed to estimate the degradability of the remaining material and to assess qualitatively the rate of OM stabilization and recalcitrant C in the compost samples, based on the energy required to achieve the same mass losses. FT-IR spectra mainly showed variations between piles and time of sampling in the bands associated to complex organic compounds (mainly at 1420 and 1540 cm-1) and to nitrate and inorganic components (at 875 and 1384 cm-1, respectively), indicating composted material stability and maturity; while CPMAS 13C NMR provided semi-quantitatively partition of C compounds and structures during the process, being especially interesting their variation to evaluate the biotransformation of each C pool, especially in the comparison of recalcitrant C vs labile C pools, such as Alkyl /O-Alkyl ratio.

Winery–distillery composts as partial substitutes of traditional growing media: Effect on the volatile composition of thyme essential oils

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of the use of three different types of winery–distillery composts as substrate components for thyme (Thymus vulgaris) cultivation on the yield and composition of the essential oils present in this herb. A major component of the composts was exhausted grape marc combined with different quantities of one of the following co-composting wastes: citrus juice waste (for compost C1), tomato soup waste (for compost C2) or cattle manure (for compost C3). The substrates were prepared by mixing traditional peat–perlite mixture (PP) with increasing proportions of each respective compost (0%, 25%, and 50% by volume) and the physical and physico-chemical properties of the substrates were analyzed. The best results for the cultivation of thyme were obtained with the growing media prepared using composts derived from exhausted grape marc mixed with citrus juice waste (C1) or cattle manure (C3). Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC–MS and GC–FID. Forty-six volatile compounds were tentatively identified, with thymol, p-cymene, carvacrol, linalool and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) being the major compounds. The total concentration of volatiles in the control samples (29.6gkg−1) was significantly increased in treatment B (to 34.6gkg−1), consisting of compost C1 at the proportion 50% by volume, and treatment E (to 37.6gkg−1), made from compost C3 at the proportion 25% by volume, showing that the characteristics of the composts used as components of the growing media strongly affected the production of essential oils in the thyme plants.

Screening of winery and olive mill wastes for lignocellulolytic enzyme production from Aspergillus species by solid-state fermentation

Wastes from olive oil and wine industries (as exhausted grape marc, vineshoot trimmings, two-phase olive mill waste, vinasses, and olive mill wastewater) were evaluated for lignocellulolytic enzyme production (as endocellulases, endoxylanases, and feruloyl esterases) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ibericus, and Aspergillus uvarum. To study the effect of different solid medium composition and time in enzyme production, a Plackett–Burman experimental design was used. Variables that had a higher positive effect in lignocellulolytic enzyme production were urea, time, and exhausted grape marc. The maximum values of enzymatic activity per unit of substrate dry mass were found with A. niger for feruloyl esterase. Enzymatic extracts from SSF with A. niger achieved maximum feruloyl esterase activity (89.53 U/g) and endoxylanase activity (3.06 U/g) and with A. uvarum for endocellulase activity (6.77 U/g). The enzyme cocktails obtained in the SSF extracts may have applications in biorefinery industries.