Exhaust Emission Limits Research Articles

Selection of a Particulate Filter for a Gasoline-Powered Vehicle Engine in Static and Dynamic Conditions

Current challenges in terms of exhaust emission limits are related to the reduction of the particle numbers in spark ignition direct injection engines. The article concerns the analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of engine operation, allowing the selection of the particulate filter configuration and its technical parameters. The designed system consisting of an internal combustion engine and an exhaust system with an exhaust gas treatment system should be sufficient to meet ecological requirements in the form of reducing particulate matter emissions. The analysis of particulate matter emissions for the system without a filter and with a filter installed in the engine exhaust system was carried out for the mass, number and dimensional distribution of particulate matter. The result was an assessment of filtration efficiency for the entire spectrum of particulate diameters in the identified engine operating ranges. As a result, it was found that the particulate filter used in the engine exhaust system effectively reduces the particle number due to the greater filtration efficiency of large particles. The summary of the work related to the analysis of the ecological parameters of a spark ignition engine with direct fuel injection was a simulation of road tests of a vehicle with the proposed modified vehicle exhaust system equipped with a particulate filter. For this configuration, the analysis of particulate number emissions in the parameterized engine operating areas showed that it is possible to meet the particulate number emission limits, and the obtained road emission results are fully acceptable in terms of the obtained absolute values.

Investigation of Burn Parameters and Cyclic Variations of a Spark Ignition Engine With Different Combustion Chambers

Abstract The tightening of the exhaust emission limits and the desire to reduce fuel consumption determine the direction of research on internal combustion engines. As it is known, the leaning of the mixture in spark ignition engines generally decreases fuel consumption and NOx emission together. Due to this fact, many researchers are focusing on lean combustion. The main purpose of this study is to compare the effect of different chamber geometries on combustion parameters of a spark ignition engine operated at lean and stoichiometric mixtures. One of the most important parameters of the combustion process is cyclic variations. It defines the stability of a spark ignition engine in operating conditions. Cyclic variations are increased with the leaning of the mixture in spark ignition engines. For lean mixture, a new combustion chamber was designed and manufactured for accelerating flow motions through its sickle and bowl shape. This chamber called MAN-Ricardo (MR) type decreased burn durations in the combustion process. While the start of the ignition for MR was later, the burn duration is shorter than that of the other two geometries. Therefore, MR type reduced the cyclic variations compared to other geometries in homogenous and lean mixtures. As a result, the combustion chamber must be designed to increase the turbulence intensity for a spark ignition engine to operate stably in lean mixtures, unlike the stoichiometric mixture.

Cost of supply and ventilation concepts in shield-driven tunnelling in due consideration of the engine type and drive technology

Supply logistics as a supporting sub-process of tunnel driving is significantly responsible for a smooth construction process and, thus, for the desired project success. The main task of supply logistics is to provide the required logistical goods for the tunnel-boring machine. Available are track-bound and tyre-bound systems, which are driven by conventional diesel engines or alternatively by hybrid or electric motors. A multitude of regulations set exhaust emission limits, which can only be met by sufficiently dimensioned ventilation. In particular, the use of diesel engines can result in high costs for ventilation, which must not be neglected for an economic optimization of the supply concept. In order to compare the economic efficiency of different systems, a calculation concept is presented, which shows possible economic, but also ecological and logistical advantages of the individual systems by quantifying relevant factors. The costs for the different types of vehicles are examined separately for chassis and drive train, as well as for ventilation. The information and results obtained with the calculation provide a basis for the decision-making process when choosing an optimal logistics concept. Due to the quantities of logistical goods involved, the focus is on supply logistics in shield tunnelling.

Effect of hybrid blends of raw tyre pyrolysis oil, karanja biodiesel and diesel fuel on single cylinder four stokes diesel engine

Recycling is the need of time and tyre pyrolysis is a process of recycling waste tyre to yield oil. A lot of research has been conducted on blending of diesel to produce oil but due to higher sulphur content and higher exhaust emission limits, use of tyre pyrolysis oil can be very beneficial. In the present study, our focus is on hybrid blends of oil generated, karanja biodiesel and diesel. One of the major problems with biofuel is the lower calorific value, but pyrolysis oil has higher calorific value. Hence the decision was made to blend karanja biodiesel and pyrolysis oil. The blends prepared are tyre pyrolysis (TP) 10%, karanja biodiesel (KB) 20% and diesel 70% called as TP10KB20. Similarly, TP20KB10 was also done. Further, equivalent blends of individual fuel source (TPO30 and KB30) are done and compared. Experimental investigation of hybrid blends (TP10KB20, TP20KB10) and equivalent source blend (TPO30, KBD30 and diesel) fuel are done on single cylinder CI engine. It was observed that performance and combustion of TP10KB20 and TP20KB10 were superior than any other individual blend and diesel. However, emission of TP20KB10 limits it use. Further, TP10KB20 has given superior performance, combustion and emissions characteristics compared to diesel and other blends.

Assessing the Impact of the Implementation of Regulatory Measures in Transport on the Transport Service of the City Center

The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of the regulatory measure’s implementation on vehicles, based on real data of vehicles covering supplementation of chosen city center, especially with freight transport. The first chapter will deal with possible regulatory measures, which are meant especially low-emission zones, or noise reduction measures. Their implementation may affect carriers providing supplementation in the city center, given the need to operate vehicles with certain exhaust emission and noise limits in the area. Researching vehicles that currently provide transport services, we will also get an overview of their current status, particularly in terms of environmental impact. Especially good air quality is very important in areas with high pedestrian intensity at present. The paper also provides an answer, for example, to the question of what proportion of vehicles with a specified emission class would influence the implementation of a low-emission zone in the area. This would make it possible to quantify the costs for carriers in case of the regulatory measure’s implementation in the area and to try to find the optimum center between the economic costs of regulatory measures and the provision of supplementation of the area.

Comparison of motor coach exhaust emissions in real operating conditions for different testing procedures

The article discusses the results of applying real driving emissions (RDE) testing methods in measuring the exhaust emissions of a passenger rail vehicle. Portable Emissions Measuring Systems (PEMS) were used to measure the exhaust emissions from a motor coach in real operation, performed on a test track for selected drive cycle parameters. The road emission values of exhaust components have been calculated and compared to road vehicles and road exhaust emission limits based on the legal norms. The assessment was concluded with a comparison of the environmental cost, in terms of exhaust emissions, of transporting passengers using the tested rail vehicle relative to alternative road transport, based on measurements in real operating conditions.

Investigating fuel dosage non-repeatability of low-pressure gas-phase injectors

The advancement of the means of transport, having its origins in the increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits, forces a better and more accurate fuel dosage to the engine. The increased computing power of the engine ECUs has led to a more precise analysis of the process. A problem arose of the adaptation of engines to LPG fueling. The uneven fuel dosage to the cylinders is partly adjusted by the injection timing. Therefore, in search for other reasons for engine inappropriate operation, the author decided to determine the cycle-by-cycle non-repeatability of fuel dosage of gas-phase injectors. To this end, an original research stand including all necessary equipment was applied. By recording the air pressure at the outlet of the nozzles of different injectors, individual cycles were analyzed. Based on the average pressure values in the cycles, the non-repeatability rate of the fuel dosage was determined. As a result of the performed research on randomly selected low-pressure gas-phase injectors, it was observed that brand new injectors have a non-repeatability rate of approx. 0.3%. For the injectors already in operation an approx. 36% non-repeatability rate was observed compared to the brand new ones. When comparing the brand new and the end-of-life (high mileage) injectors, a 1.5 times increment of the non-repeatability of the fuel dosage was determined. The determined parameter is significant because of the narrowing of the combustible mixture control window in modern engine control systems. As a result, this may lead to detecting errors when the fuel dosage repeatability is poor.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BERBAGAI MACAM MERK OLI TERHADAP TEMPERATUR MESIN YAMAHA VIXION 150CC

This study aims to determine the effect of various brands of oil against temperature, exhaust emissions, and performance on the engine yamaha vixion 150cc. This study was conducted by taking temperature data, exhaust emissions, and engine performance yamaha vixion 150cc. This research uses three different types of oil, namely super yamalube sport oil, ax7 advanced shell, and pertamina enduro. Temperature testing is performed at engine speed of 1,500 rpm, 4000 rpm and 10,500 rpm using neutral gear, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Performance tests are performed using a dyno test for one test of each type of oil. Once the data in can and in the past compared the results of temperature data, exhaust emissions, and the performance of each type of oil. The best oil temperature test result is using yamalube oil. Testing the lowest exhaust gas emission gas emissions are advanced Ax7 shell oil. Ax7 shell oil produces the lowest exhaust emissions among other oils while enduro oil exceeds the standard exhaust emission limits of CO at 10,500 rpm to 5.42% while the standard is 4.50%. Testing the best performance is using enduro oil because enduro oil can produce the greatest power 13.55 Hp.

A novel configuration of natural gas diffusion burners to enhance optical, thermal and radiative characteristics of flame and reduce NOx emission

A novel, simple and feasible method was proposed for increasing intermediate soot concentration and enhancing thermal and radiative characteristics of natural gas flame. In the method, based on pyrolysis technique, a portion of natural gas, as the secondary gas injection rate, was directly injected into the flame to create high temperature and emissive intermediate soot particles. The portion of the fuel dedicated to secondary injection rate varied in the range of 20–55%. The flame structure, axial temperature, soot concentration and radiation flux were examined and compared with those resulted from a prevalent burner. Also, the optical properties of intermediate soot particles were studied by BOMEM FTIR, IR flame photography and TES-1332A digital luminance meter. The results indicated that natural gas molecules injected into the flame were dominantly pyrolyzed into soot particles. These highly luminous emissive particles enhance the total flame emissivity and radiation. Moreover, considering exhaust emission limits, there was an optimum secondary injection rate (40%), which, besides enhancing the radiation of flame, maintained the emission of CO pollutant and UHC lower than the standard values. Furthermore, in the pyrolysis process absorption of heat from flame reduces maximum flame temperature and consequently NOx emission by 35% in the optimum case.

Detection of Changes in Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations via Entropy

Ground-level ozone concentration is a key indicator of air quality. Theremay exist sudden changes in ozone concentration data over a long time horizon, which may be caused by the implementation of government regulations and policies, such as establishing exhaust emission limits for on-road vehicles. To monitor and assess the efficacy of these policies, we propose a methodology for detecting changes in ground-level ozone concentrations, which consists of three major steps: data transformation, simultaneous autoregressive modelling and change-point detection on the estimated entropy. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, the methodology is applied to detect changes in ground-level ozone concentration data collected in the Toronto region of Canada between June and September for the years from 1988 to 2009. The proposed methodology is also applicable to other climate data.

Air Pollution by the Exhaust Emissions from Construction Machinery under Actual Operating Conditions

The paper discusses the problem of exhaust emissions from non-road vehicles. In many cities there are low emission zones for vehicles. Unfortunately non-road engines are excluded from this restriction e.g. construction machinery operates on construction sites, including those located in the said zones. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the exhaust emission tests from an excavator under actual operating conditions. For the tests the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors for the measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and SEMTECH LAM for the measurement of the emission of Particulate Matter. The analyzers provide an on-line measurement of the concentrations of the exhaust components under actual operating conditions. The tests performed under actual traffic conditions provide invaluable information regarding the emission during actual operating conditions. In the paper the authors analyzed the relations between the engine operating parameters, vehicle parameters, road conditions (traffic congestion) and the exhaust emissions. The authors, despite differences in the methodology, also presented a comparison of the obtained results with the currently applicable exhaust emission limits in order to draw attention to this issue in urban areas.

Effects of Open-Valve and Close-Valve Injections on the Performance of a Port Injection Methane Engine

Increasing concerns over energy security and stricter legislation on automotive exhaust emission limits have triggered greater efforts in utilizing alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is one of the promising candidates in terms of emissions and price. In this paper, methane, the major constituent of natural gas (NG), in used to fuel a Ricardo E6 engine and run in a port injection operation with open-valve and close-valve injection. The compression ratio is set at 10.5:1. Methane at 30 bar was supplied to the injector and injection length was adjusted to achieve the desired air fuel ratio (AFR). The minimum advance for best torque (MBT) was determined for 1100 rpm speed by measuring the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) for combustion at spark advance between 14°CA and 35°CA BTDC. The result is clearly demonstrated that the performance of the open valve port injection (OVPI) is superior to the one of the close valve port injection (CVPI) with better IMEP, fuel conversion efficiency, indicated power and volumetric efficiency. The observation indicates that OVPI shows steadiness of peak pressures shifts toward top dead centre (TDC) as spark ignitions were advanced compared to CVPI. In terms of combustion characteristics, the OVPI operation yields shorter ignition delay and overall burning duration even at the same phasing angle. Therefore, the open valve operation is preferable for NG port injection due to the fact that injections take place while intake valve is open. It accelerates the charge flow into the cylinder causing higher volumetric efficiency and avoiding the back pressure that happen when high pressure methane is injected while intake valve closes.

The new generation of the Audi 3.0 L V6 TDI engine

The new 3.0 I V6 TDI engine with four valves per cylinder, piezo injectors, common rail fuel injection system, turbocharging with variable turbine geometry (VTG), swirl action control and dual coolant circuit with intelligent thermal management and integrated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooling develops — depending on the intended application — between 150 kW and 184 kW and has a maximum torque of between 400 Nm and 550 Nm. It complies with Euro 5 exhaust emission limits and has very low CO2 emissions. In the following thermodynamics, application and exhaust emission control of the new engine are described. The first part of the article in MTZ 10 already depicted the design and the mechanics of the new engine.

A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units

The studies for hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) have attracted considerable attention because of the necessity of developing alternative methods to generate energy for vehicles due to limited fuel based energy, global warming and exhaust emission limits in the last century. HEV incorporates internal composition engine, electric machines and power electronic equipments. In this study, overview of HEVs with a focus on hybrid configurations, energy management strategies and electronic control units are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of each configuration are clearly emphasized. The existing powertrain control techniques for HEVs are classified and comprehensively described. Electronic control units used in HEV configuration are also elaborated. The latest trends and technological challenges in the near future for HEVs are discussed.

Simulation of friction in valve trains

The reduction of fuel consumption and compliance with exhaust emission limits are central development objectives in the automotive industry. The obligation to reduce CO2 emissions for the whole range of new vehicle registrations in years to come (to 140g/km in the MVEG cycle from 2008) is compelling automotive manufacturers not only to develop new fuel-efficient combustion processes but also to improve the mechanical efficiency of engines through a reduction in friction losses. In order to meet the challenges of the competitive situation and in the face of every shorter development lead times, the Volkswagen Group has been set the task by its executive management team of achieving significant improvements in the maturity level achieved during early stages of the product creation process.

Injection systems of high-speed diesel engines and development trends

Current development of automotive industry is conditioned by the minimization of negative effects in relation to the environment. It results from the restrictions regarding exhaust emission limits which are introduced by the consecutive standards but it also guarantees market success of a given vehicle. Research carried out regarding customer preferences in UE countries have confirmed that during the purchase of a car they make decisions based on vehicle’s ecological properties and the safety of use in road conditions. Next such criteria follow as performance and durability which has so far been dominant. The analysis of the development trends of internal combustion engines clearly shows that the dominant engines are direct injection compression-ignition VGT engines. These engines have better work indices, significant values of total efficiency and most favorable ecological properties as opposed to spark-ignition engine. The obtainment of desirable utilization indices by diesel engine depends to a high degree from the injection systems applied in these engines. In the article characteristics of injection systems which are fitted in modern high-speed diesel engines as prime vehicle drive unit have been discussed. Systems with distributor injection pumps, with individual injection units and with pressure accumulators have too been presented. The requirements from injection systems have been qualified herein.

The new Audi V6 TDI engine

Part 1 dealt with the design and mechanical features of the V6 TDI engine [1]. This second part describes the thermodynamic development work that was necessary to comply with the extremely stringent Euro 4 exhaust emission limits in a large luxury car. The ambitious target of a power output of 132 kW from a displacement of 2.5 litres while remaining within the Euro 4 limits was achieved by adopting new or further optimised exhaust emission reduction techniques.

Long-Term Efficiency of Catalytic Converters Operating in Mexico City

ABSTRACT A 1999 ordinance by the Government of Mexico City bans 1993 model-year vehicles from on-road operation if their catalytic converters are not replaced with new ones. To validate the benefits of this action, we examined three issues related to exhaust emissions of vehicles equipped with catalytic converters. After selecting representative fleets of in-use vehicles, a comparison between emissions and catalyst efficiency in cars with two categories of exhaust emission limits was carried out. For that purpose, two fleets were selected, each made up of 10 vehicles run under similar conditions. A third, larger fleet with emissions control systems was used to evaluate and simulate real-world conditions of vehicles in a controlled laboratory. Finally, the aging effect on the catalytic converter was studied on vehicles run for 100,000 km, replacing their old emission control devices for new ones. The 1991-1992 model-year vehicles showed a high percentage of compliance with the corresponding emissions standard (90%) in comparison with 1993 model-year and later vehicles (Tier 0). However, NOx emissions were higher for the newer vehicles. Fifty percent of the 1991-1992 model-year vehicles evaluated under the official inspection/maintenance (I/M) procedure did not meet the regulated emissions standard when the results were compared with those of the U.S. Federal Test Procedure

Worldwide diesel emission standards, current experiences and future needs

The tightening of future exhaust emission limits for diesel engines and diesel vehicles require more and more extraordinary development efforts with respect to reducing both engine-out emissions by improved combustion processes and tailpipe emissions by new exhaust gas aftertreatment systems (EGAS). Today, the main EGAS activities in engine application as well as in research and development concentrates on oxidation catalysts, particulate traps, and DENOX catalysts. This paper deals with 1. a general overview on the development directions of different EGAS and typical emission reduction examples for various diesel engine and vehicle applications; 2. the interaction between legislative emission test cycles, combustion system development and the kind of EGAS used. Based on current development work and test results, ranking considerations with regard to the application and development probability of EGAS are given.