Exercise Training In Patients Research Articles

Pulmonary Hypertension: Exercise Intolerance and the Benefits of Respiratory Muscle and Exercise Training

Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by significant remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, leading to raised pulmonary vascular resistance. Despite advances in medical therapy, decreased exercise tolerance remains a predominant symptom experienced by patients. Reduced exercise capacity has been shown to have implications on quality of life and prognosis. There is growing acknowledgment that the etiology of exercise tolerance is multifactorial with cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle contributors. There has been a shift in management approach with exercise training now included as a Class 1 recommendation indication in recent guidelines. In this review, we summarize the literature on the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in pulmonary hypertension and then describe the literature assessing the safety and efficacy of inspiratory muscle and exercise training in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Changes in left atrial function following two regimens of combined exercise training in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: a pilot study.

Left atrial dysfunction has shown to play a prognostic role in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and is becoming a therapeutic target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The effects of exercise training on the atrial function in patients with ICM have been poorly investigated. In the present study, we assessed the effects of a 12-week combined training (CT) program on the left atrial function in patients with ICM. We enlisted a total of 45 clinically stable patients and randomly assigned them to one of the following three groups: 15 to a supervised CT with low-frequency sessions (twice per week) (CTLF); 15 to a supervised CT with high-frequency sessions (thrice per week) (CTHF); and 15 to a control group following contemporary preventive exercise guidelines at home. At baseline and 12 weeks, all patients underwent a symptom-limited exercise test and echocardiography. The training included aerobic continuous exercise and resistance exercise. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare within- and inter-group changes. At 12 weeks, the CTLF and CTHF groups showed a similar increase in the duration of the ergometric test compared with the control (ANOVA p < 0.001). The peak atrial longitudinal strain significantly increased in the CTHF group, while it was unchanged in the CTLF and control groups (ANOVA p = 0.003). The peak atrial contraction strain presented a significant improvement in the CTHF group compared with the CTLF and control groups. The left ventricular global longitudinal strain significantly increased in both the CTHF and the CTLF groups compared with the control group (ANOVA p = 0.017). The systolic blood pressure decreased in the CTHF and CTLF groups, while it was unchanged in the control group. There were no side effects causing the discontinuation of the training. We demonstrated that a CT program effectively improved atrial function in patients with ICM in a dose-effect manner. This result can help with programming exercise training in this population.

Effects and long-term outcomes of endurance versus resistance training as an adjunct to standard medication in patients with stable COPD: a multicenter randomized trial

BackgroundComparisons between endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) have produced equivocal findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effectiveness and long-term outcomes of adding ET and RT to conventional medical treatment in patients with COPD. A secondary objective is to investigate the clinical improvements resulting from exercise training in patients with different disease severities.MethodsThe study was a multicenter, prospective trial in people with stable COPD. The cohort was randomized to three groups: individualized medical treatment group (MT), MT + endurance training group (MT + ET) and MT + resistance training group (MT + RT). Exercise was performed 3 times weekly over a 12-week period. The endpoints of exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, COPD symptoms, lung function, and anxiety and depression questionnaires were re-evaluated at baseline, at the completion of the intervention and at 6 and 12-month follow-up. According to the COPD assessment tool offered by GOLD guidelines, patients were stratified into GOLD A and B groups and GOLD C and D groups for further subgroup analysis.ResultsThe intention-to-treat (ITT) population included 366 patients, 328 of them completed the study protocol over 12 months (the PP-population). There were no significant differences in the primary outcome, quality of life, between patients who underwent medical treatment (MT) alone, MT + endurance training (MT + ET), or MT + resistance training (MT + RT) at the completion of the intervention, 6-, or 12-month follow-up. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between MT, MT + RT, or MT + ET groups concerning the primary outcome, exercise capacity (3MWD), after initial 3 months of intervention. However, a small statistically significant difference was noted in favor of MT + ET compared to MT + RT at 12 months (ITT: Δ3MWD in ET vs RT = 5.53 m, 95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 13.84 m, P = 0.03) (PP: Δ3MWD in ET vs RT = 7.67 m, 95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 16.27 m, P = 0.04). For patients in the GOLD C and D groups, improvement in quality of life following ET or RT was significantly superior to medical intervention alone. Furthermore, upon completion of the exercise regimen, RT exhibited a greater improvement in anxiety compared to ET in these patients (ITT: ΔHAD-A at 3-month: RT = -1.63 ± 0.31 vs ET = -0.61 ± 0.33, p < 0.01) (PP: ΔHAD-A at 3-month: RT = -1.80 ± 0.36 vs ET = -0.75 ± 0.37, p < 0.01).ConclusionsOur study presents evidence of the beneficial effects of ET and RT in combination with standard medical treatment, as well as the long-term effects over time after the intervention. While the statistically significant effect favoring ET over RT in terms of exercise capacity was observed, it should be interpreted cautiously. Patients in severe stages of COPD may derive greater benefits from either ET or RT and should be encouraged accordingly. These findings have implications for exercise prescription in patients with COPD.Trial registrationChiCTR-INR-16009892 (17, Nov, 2016).

Concurrent Resistance and Cardiorespiratory Training in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study.

Background: Exercise training in patients with HCM has evidenced benefits on functional capacity, cardiac function, and a reversion of adverse cardiac remodeling. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a concurrent resistance and cardiorespiratory training program on functional capacity, biochemical parameters, and echocardiographic variables in a pilot group. Methods: Two HCM patients were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of individualized concurrent training with two sessions/week. Pre- and post-training data were compared for each patient. Evaluations included a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), body composition, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and blood analysis. Results: Training promoted an increase in functional capacity (+4 mL·kg-1·min-1), ventilatory thresholds, and other CPET-derived variables associated with a better prognosis and long-term survival. Muscular mass was augmented (0.8 and 1.2 kg), along with a mean increase of 62% in upper and lower body strength. Echocardiographic features demonstrated the maintenance of cardiac function with signs of positive left ventricular remodeling and an improvement in diastolic function. Blood analyses, including cardiac troponins and NT-proBNP, displayed uneven changes in each patient, but the values fell into normal ranges in both cases. Conclusions: The available data suggest a positive effect of concurrent resistance and cardiorespiratory training on patients' functional capacity and cardiac function that may improve their functional class, quality of life, and long-term prognosis. The replication of this protocol in a larger cohort of patients is warranted to confirm these preliminary results.

The Historical Evolvement of Movement and Exercise Training in Patients with Severe Burns and Their Potential Effects on Grafts, Scars, and Function.

Exercise training for burn patients has become a major part of rehabilitation programs within the last decades. One of the main reasons for prolonged and long-term increased morbidity and mortality in this population is a persistent catabolic state with subsequent loss of lean body mass (LBM). A combination of resistance and aerobic exercises as well as stretching has shown to improve physical function by enhancing cardiopulmonary fitness, LBM, and strength and thus leading to ameliorated long-term outcomes of patients recovering from burns. In this literature review, we show an outline of the implementation of exercise training over the last decades into standardized care for patients with burns.

Cardiometabolic and immune response to exercise training in patients with metabolic syndrome: retrospective analysis of two randomized clinical trials.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by the presence of central obesity plus ≥two metabolic/cardiovascular risk factors (RF), with inflammation being a major disease-driving mechanism. Structured endurance exercise training (ET) may positively affect these traits, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak). We explore individual ET-mediated improvements of MetS-associated RF in relation to improvements in V̇O2peak and inflammatory profile. MetS patients from two randomized controlled trials, ExMET (n = 24) and OptimEx (n = 34), had performed 4- or 3-months supervised ET programs according to the respective trial protocol. V̇O2peak, MetS-defining RFs (both RCTs), broad blood leukocyte profile, cytokines and plasma proteins (ExMET only) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Intra-individual changes in RFs were analysed for both trials separately using non-parametric approaches. Associations between changes in each RF over the exercise period (n-fold of baseline values) were correlated using a non-parametrical approach (Spearman). RF clustering was explored by uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) and changes in RF depending on other RF or exercise parameters were explored by recursive partitioning. Four months of ET reduced circulating leukocyte counts (63.5% of baseline, P = 8.0e-6), especially effector subtypes. ET response of MetS-associated RFs differed depending on patients' individual RF constellation, but was not associated with individual change in V̇O2peak. Blood pressure lowering depended on cumulative exercise duration (ExMET: ≥102 min per week; OptimEx-MetS: ≥38 min per session) and baseline triglyceride levels (ExMET: <150 mg/dl; OptimEx-MetS: <174.8 mg/dl). Neuropilin-1 plasma levels were inversely associated with fasting plasma triglycerides (R: -0.4, P = 0.004) and changes of both parameters during the ET phase were inversely correlated (R: -0.7, P = 0.0001). ET significantly lowered effector leukocyte blood counts. The improvement of MetS-associated cardiovascular RFs depended on individual basal RF profile and exercise duration but was not associated with exercise-mediated increase in V̇O2peak. Neuropilin-1 may be linked to exercise-mediated triglyceride lowering.

Muscle hypertrophy in athlete training from a medical point of view - what do we know

Introduction&#x0D; Hypertrophy is the process of increasing the mass of a tissue. In this article, we focused on the impact of the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy, its effect on the human body, correlation with the course of diseases and tolerance of treatment. We considered the benefits of having well-developed, and also touched on the problems of underdeveloped muscle mass.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The main factors causing hypertrophy are resistance exercise training, mechanotransduction, metabolic pathways, ribosomal biogenesis, gene expression and the impact of hormones. The beneficial effect of high concentrations of testosterone and growth hormone, also IGF1, on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been proven. On the other side, the studies have shown that high concentrations of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol are associated with reduced muscle mass.&#x0D; There are many positive aspects of a well-developed muscle mass such as an impact on the prognosis in patients with cancers and sometimes reduces mortality among them. The problems of low muscle mass and sarcopenia are also mentioned. Low muscle mass can affect the poor prognosis of diseases such as cancer, hepatic cirrhosis and COVID-19. Postoperative complications are more common in patients with low muscle mass. One way to prevent this process may be to introduce resistance exercise training in patients struggling with problems of muscular atrophy.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Skeletal muscles have multiple functions in the human body. In addition to movement, they play a role in molecular processes like hormonal regulation. In addition, they can, when well developed, positively influence healing processes and the course of disease.

Exercise Training for Patients With Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease.

One-third of all persons with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) suffer from intermittent claudication. Exercise training under appropriate supervision is recommended in the pertinent guidelines, but physicians order it too rarely, and so-called vascular exercise groups are not available everywhere. This situation needs improvement in view of the impor - tance of walking ability and cardiorespiratory fitness for patients' quality of life and long-term disease outcome. We review the scientific evidence on exercise training and on ways to lower barriers to the ordering of exercise training and to patient participation, on the basis of pertinent articles retrieved by a search of PubMed and in specialized sports science journals. 10 meta-analyses, 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 7 cohort studies were considered for this review. Largescale cohort studies have shown that exercise is associated with a lower risk of death (relative risk 0.65-0.78 after 12 months of exercise training, compared to an inactive lifestyle). Exercise training also improves the maximal walking distance by a mean of 136 m (training at home) or 180-310 m (supervised training). An additional improvement by a mean of 282 m can be expected from a combination of exercise training and endovascular revascularization. Further behavior-modifying interventions, such as goal-setting, planning, and feedback, increase both the maximum walking distance and the weekly duration of exercise. Exercise improves walking ability and lowers mortality. To attract patients with intermittent claudication to exercise training, a broad assortment of analog, digital and telemetric tools and a dense network of vascular exercise groups should be made available, along with regular contact between physicians and patients.

Supervised exercise training in patients with cancer during anthracycline-based chemotherapy to mitigate cardiotoxicity: a randomized-controlled-trial.

Exercise training (ET) has been shown to mitigate cardiotoxicity of anthracycline-based chemotherapies (AC) in animal models. Data from randomized controlled trials in patients with cancer are sparse. Patients with breast cancer or lymphoma receiving AC were recruited from four cancer centres and randomly assigned to 3 months supervised ET. Primary outcome was change in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) from baseline (before AC) to post AC (AC-end) compared between the EXduringAC group, who participated in an exercise intervention during AC including the provision of an activity tracker, and the control group EXpostAC, who received an activity tracker only. Secondary outcome parameters were changes in high sensitivity Troponin T (hsTnT), NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and objectively measured physical activity (PA) during this same time-period. All assessments were repeated at a 12-week follow-up from AC-end, when also the EXpostAC group had completed the ET, that started after AC. In exploratory analyses, robust linear models were performed to assess the association of PA with changes in echocardiographic parameters and biomarkers of LV function. Fifty-seven patients (median age 47 years; 95% women) were randomized to EXduringAC (n = 28) and EXpostAC (n = 29) group. At AC-end, GLS deteriorated in both study groups (albeit insignificantly) with 7.4% and 1.0% in EXduringAC (n = 18) and EXpostAC (n = 18), respectively, and hsTnT and NT-proBNP significantly increased in both groups, without difference between groups for any parameter. Change in peak VO2 (-1.0 and -1.1 ml/kg/min) at AC-end was also similar between groups as was duration of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with a median of 33 [26, 47] min/day and 32 [21, 59] min/day in the EXduringAC and EXpostAC group, respectively. In the robust linear model including the pooled patient population, MVPA was significantly associated with a more negative GLS and lesser increase in hsTnT at AC-end. In this small scale RCT, supervised ET during AC was not superior to wearing a PA tracker to mitigate cardiotoxicity. The dose-response relationship between PA and cardioprotective effects during AC found in our and previous data supports the notion that PA should be recommended to patients undergoing AC. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03850171.

Bone mineral density after exercise training in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 5: a sub-study of RENEXC-a randomized controlled trial.

We evaluated the effects of 12 months of exercise training on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5 not on kidney replacement therapy (KRT). A total of 151 patients were randomized to 12 months of either balance or strength training, both together with endurance training. Some 112 patients completed and 107 (69 men, 38 women) were analysed, with a mean age 66±13.5 years and 31% having diabetes. The exercise training was self-administered, prescribed and monitored by a physiotherapist. Total body, hip and lumbar BMD, T score and Z score were measured at baseline and after 12 months using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both groups showed increased physical performance. The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was unchanged. The strength group (SG) decreased total body BMD (P<.001), the balance group (BG) increased total body T score (P<.05) and total body Z score (P<.005). Total body ΔT score was negative in the SG and unchanged in the BG (P<.005). Total body ΔZ score was negative in the SG and positive in the BG (P<.001). The proportion of progressors measured by ΔT (P<.05) and ΔZ scores (P<.05) was significantly lower in the BG compared with the SG. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, belonging to the BG was the only factor with a lower risk of deterioration of total body BMD, T and Z scores. Twelve months of balance training together with endurance training seemed to be superior to strength training in maintaining and improving BMD in patients with CKD not on KRT.

Abstract 13736: Whole Body versus Small Muscle Mass Exercise Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Impact on Peripheral Responses to Exercise

Background: Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have reduced peak aerobic power (VO 2 ) during whole body exercise due in part to smaller increases in blood flow (BF) and arterial-to-venous oxygen difference (Δa-vO 2 ). We recently demonstrated that 8wks of single leg knee extension (SLKE) exercise training was effective in improving whole body VO 2 by increasing Δa-vO 2 in HFpEF; whether SLKE training induces greater peripheral adaptations compared to traditionally prescribed whole-body (i.e., cycle) training is unknown. Hypothesis: SLKE training will result in larger improvements in peak leg VO 2 , leg BF, and Δa-vO 2 during a SLKE peak exercise test vs cycle training. Methods: We recruited 16 patients with HFpEF (71 ± 6yr, 5 males) and randomized them to cycle or SLKE training 3-4 days/wk for 16wk. Before and after the intervention we quantified leg BF (ultrasound), femoral venous O 2 partial pressure (PvO 2 ) and saturation (IV catheter) during incremental SLKE peak exercise to determine peak leg VO 2, Δa-vO 2, and skeletal muscle diffusive conductance (DMO 2 ; leg VO 2 /[2x leg PvO 2 ]). Results: SLKE (n=9) and cycle (n=7) groups were matched for age and sex. Both groups increased peak workload during the SLKE exercise test (34±8%; mean ± SE; p=0.005). There was a main effect of training such that peak DMO 2 improved in both groups (cycle: 45±19%; SLKE: 12±3%; see Figure 1 ). Peak Δa-vO 2 also improved (main effect of training, p=0.002); however, this was greater in response to cycle compared to SLKE training (12±3% vs 3±2%; interaction effect, p=0.035). Conclusion: These preliminary data indicate that both types of training improve leg DMO 2 ; however, greater improvements in O 2 extraction occurred with cycle training. The differences in the peripheral adaptations may be attributed to a larger exercise “dose” in the cycle trained group. This data highlights that both modalities are effective components of exercise prescription for patients with HFpEF.

Abstract 14294: Effect of Atrial Fibrillation on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Secondary Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Exercise Training in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: HF-ACTION Trial

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) both significantly impact morbidity and mortality, and also account for impaired quality of life. Patient-reported outcomes represent the most direct measurement of quality of life, without influence of interpretation by the clinician. We sought to evaluate the effect of AF on patient-reported outcomes using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) enrolled in HF-ACTION trial. Methods: This was an exploratory post-hoc analysis of the HF-ACTION trial. Patients with reported KCCQ at randomization were included in this analysis. KCCQ was collected at randomization, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 months. Mixed effects regression modeling was used to explore the effect of AF status at the time of randomization on longitudinal changes in the KCCQ- overall symptom score (OSS) over the duration of follow-up. Covariates adjusted for included age, BMI, sex, race, ejection fraction (EF), NYHA class, HF etiology, smoking, revascularization, MI, and use of Beta blockers, Digoxin, Diuretics, or ACEIs/ARBs. Results: A total of 2129 patients (mean age 58.5±12.6 years, males 71.9%) with available KCCQ-OSS at baseline were included and AF was prevalent in 443 (20.8%) patients. AF patients were more likely to be older white males and had lower BMI; with higher prevalence of NYHA classes III/IV, prior MI, revascularization, and ischemic etiology for HF. AF Patients had significantly lower KCCQ-OSS at 3 years (59.9±22 vs. 67.6±19.9, p= 0.002) compared to those without AF. There was a significant time by AF status interaction (p=0.045), suggesting that KCC-OSS changed differently overtime based on the AF status. Conclusion: Among patients with HFrEF from HF-ACTION trial, prevalent AF at baseline was associated with lower quality of life and lower KCCQ-OSS over 3 years of follow-up, suggested by the significant interaction between AF status and time of follow-up.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism does not impact training-induced adaptations in exercise capacity in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Systematic exercise training effectively improves exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but the magnitude of improvements is highly heterogeneous. We investigated whether this heterogeneity in exercise capacity gains is influenced by the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. Patients with CAD (n = 169) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of exercise training or standard care, and 142 patients completed the study. The ACE polymorphism was determined for 128 patients (82% males, 67 ± 9 years). Peak oxygen uptake was measured before and after the 12-week intervention. The ACE I/D polymorphism frequency was n = 48 for D/D homozygotes, n = 61 for I/D heterozygotes and n = 19 for I/I homozygotes. Baseline peak oxygen uptake was 23.3 ± 5.0 ml/kg/min in D/D homozygotes, 22.1 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min in I/D heterozygotes and 23.1 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min in I/I homozygotes, with no statistical differences between genotype groups (P = 0.50). The ACE I/D polymorphism frequency in the exercise group was n = 26 for D/D, n = 21 for I/D and n = 12 for I/I. After exercise training, peak oxygen uptake was increased (P < 0.001) in D/D homozygotes by 2.6 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min, in I/D heterozygotes by 2.7 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min, and in I/I homozygotes by 2.1 ± 1.3 ml/kg/min. However, the improvements were similar between genotype groups (time × genotype, P = 0.55). In conclusion, the ACE I/D polymorphism does not affect baseline exercise capacity or exercise capacity gains in response to 12 weeks of high-intensity exercise training in patients with stable CAD.Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04268992).

Functional rehabilitation based on therapeutic exercise training in patients with postacute COVID syndrome (RECOVER)

Introduction and objectivesPostacute COVID syndrome (PACS) is common after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the most frequent and disabling symptoms is exercise intolerance (EI). Recent evidence suggests that EI in PACS has a peripheral (metabolic-neuromuscular) origin, suggesting that exercise training may be an effective treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the role a therapeutic physical exercise program (TPEP) in PACS with EI. MethodsThis single-center, open-label, randomized clinical trial compared an exercise training program (intervention group) with regular physical activity recommendations (control group) in patients with PACS and EI. The intervention group underwent an 8-week TPEP. The primary endpoint was improvement in functional capacity, assessed as the change in peak VO2. ResultsWe included 50 participants with PACS (73% women, mean age 47±7.1 years). The intervention group showed a 15% improvement in peak VO2 (peak VO2 pre- and postintervention: 25.5±7.7mL/kg/min and 29.3±4.7 mL/kg/min; P <.001) and a 13.2% improvement in predicted values (92.1±14.3% and 108.4±13.4%; P <.001). No significant changes in VO2 values were observed in the control group. Unlike the control group, the intervention group also showed improvements in all secondary outcomes: quality of life scales, muscle power, maximum inspiratory power, metabolic flexibility, and body fat percentage. ConclusionsThe program improved functional capacity in patients with PACS and EI.

ThTP6.4 A systematic review of the impact of postoperative aerobic exercise training in patients undergoing surgery for intra-abdominal cancers

Abstract Introduction Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes which advocate early mobility after surgery have improved immediate clinical outcomes for patients undergoing abdominal cancer resections with curative intent. However, the impact of continued physical activity on patient-related outcomes and functional recovery is not well-defined. This review aims to assess the impact of postoperative aerobic exercise training, either alone or in conjunction with another exercise modality, on patients who have had surgery for intra-abdominal cancer. Methods A literature search was performed of electronic journal databases. Eligible papers needed to report an outcome of aerobic capacity in patients &amp;gt;18 years of age, who underwent cancer surgery with curative intent and participated in an exercise programme (not solely ERAS) that included an aerobic exercise component starting at any point in the postoperative pathway up to twelve weeks. Results Ten studies were deemed eligible for inclusion consisting of one inpatient, one mixed inpatient/outpatient and eight outpatient studies. Meta-analysis of 4 outpatient studies, each reporting change in 6-minute walk test (6MWT), showed a significant improvement in 6MWT with exercise (MD: 74.92 m, 95% CI: 48.52 to 101.31m). The impact on health-related quality of life was variable across studies. Conclusion Postoperative exercise confers benefits in improving aerobic function post-surgery and can be safely delivered in various formats (home-based or group/supervised).

Effects of low vs. moderate intense resistance exercise training combined with endurance exercise training in patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial†.

Effects of low vs. moderate intense resistance exercise training combined with endurance exercise training in patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial†.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Exercise Training Concomitant with Re-Assessment of Medical Therapy in Patients with Heart Failure Receiving Intravenous Inotropes.

Exercise training in addition to re-assessment of medical treatments is recommended for patients with advanced heart failure. However, the feasibility and efficacy of exercise training in patients with heart failure receiving intravenous inotropes remains uncertain.Clinical data were analyzed from consecutive patients with stabilized hemodynamics receiving intravenous inotropes for more than 1 week and undergoing cardiac rehabilitation at our institute between February 2020 and May 2022. All patients received re-assessment of guideline-directed medical therapy and non-pharmacological treatment, in addition to the exercise therapy. The intensity of exercise training was determined based on the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing.A total of 10 patients receiving intravenous inotropes (median age 60 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 23%) were included. All patients received low-dose dobutamine and 4 patients received concomitant milrinone. Exercise training was continued for 112 days on median without any critical complications. Intravenous inotropes were continued for 41 days on median and weaned off in all patients. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide decreased slightly from 291 (129, 526) to 177 (54, 278) pg/mL (P = 0.070) and peak oxygen consumption increased from 10.0 (8.3, 15.3) to 15.2 (10.9, 17.2) mL/kg/minute (P = 0.142) during the 6-month observational period following the initiation of exercise intervention.Exercise training might be feasible and effective in patients with advanced heart failure receiving low-dose intravenous inotrope support concomitant with re-assessment of medical treatment.

Effects of Exercise Training on Circulating Biomarkers of Endothelial Function in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

In stable patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an effective, safe and cost-effective non-pharmacological treatment. However, the effects of PR on vascular function have been poorly explored. This study aimed to compare the amounts of circulating progenitor cells (PCs) and endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) in patients with PAH before and after 8 weeks of endurance exercise training as markers of vascular competence. A prospective study of 10 consecutive patients with PAH that successfully finished a PR program (8 weeks) was carried out before and after this intervention. Levels of circulating PCs defined as CD34+CD45low progenitor cells and levels of EMVs (CD31+ CD42b-) were measured by flow cytometry. The ratio of PCs to EMVs was taken as a measure of the balance between endothelial damage and repair capacity. All patients showed training-induced increases in endurance time (mean change 287 s). After PR, the number of PCs (CD34+CD45low/total lymphocytes) was increased (p < 0.05). In contrast, after training, the level of EMVs (CD31+ CD42b-/total EMVs) was reduced. The ratio of PCs to EMVs was significantly higher after training (p < 0.05). Our study shows, for the first time, that endurance exercise training in patients with stable PAH has a positive effect, promoting potential mechanisms of damage/repair in favor of repair. This effect could contribute to a positive hemodynamic and clinical response.

Systemic Lupus, Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiac Disease, and Peripheral Artery Disease

Systemic Lupus, Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiac Disease, and Peripheral Artery Disease

Cardiac hemodynamic responses to exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background In coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, tailored training programs are strongly recommended to decrease cardiovascular mortality but factors responsible for a positive response to training remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare cardiac hemodynamic parameters changes after a training program in CHD patients, according to the training responder’s status. Methods 72 CHD patients (78% males, 63±9y) were recruited to perform a 12-week training consisting in a combination of endurance and endurance sessions. Patients underwent 2 cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using a ramp protocol (10 to 15 W/min) on a cycle ergometer pre- and post-training. Hemodynamic parameters (e.g., cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR)) were measured by bioimpedance, and CPET parameters (e.g., peak oxygen uptake (O2peak)) were also measured pre- and post-training. Results Patients were divided in 2 groups (responders-R and non-responders-NR) according to the median change in O2peak. In the R group, O2peak (+16.8%, p &amp;lt; 0.001), CO, CI and SV increased by16.6%, 16.8% and 13.0%, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.01) after the training program. In the NR group, O2peak, CO, CI and SV increased by 0.48%, 5.12%, 8.07% and 5.75%, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.01). The SVR decreased in both groups (-19.0% in R and -11.4% in NR, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion The R group of CHD patients showed better improvement in cardiac hemodynamic and CPET parameters after a 12-week training program than NR. Further studies are needed to determine the best way to individualize training programs for the non-responders.