Exercise-related Interventions Research Articles

The relationship between exercise-related expectancies and exercise behaviour in adolescent athletes

ABSTRACT Background In recent years, a decline in sports behaviour among adolescents was observed, even though it is generally known that sports contribute to healthy development. According to the social cognitive theory of Bandura, outcome expectancies play an important role in the practice of health behaviour. Methods This study analysed the relationship between exercise-related outcome expectancies (EOEs) and exercise behaviour among adolescent athletes, and the differences of EOEs according to age, gender and type of sport played. In an online survey N = 223 (female = 140, male = 83) athletes between the age of 10–19 (Mage = 14.27, SD = 3.21) completed the Exercise-related Outcome Expectancies Questionnaire for Adolescents (EOEQ-A), as well as questions about their sociodemographic background and training behaviour. Results A small positive correlation of psychological EOEs with the overall amount of training was discovered while expectancies about negative consequences of sports were associated with lower training efforts. Athletes between 14 and 16 years reported significantly stronger negative EOEs than younger or older participants. Regarding gender, no significant differences were found. Furthermore, a positive correlation between social EOEs and participation in team sports, as well as training in a group was found. Conclusion These results could help with adapting exercise-related interventions so that the positive expectancies of the athletes can be fulfilled and exercise behaviour among adolescents can be promoted. Future studies should investigate the relationship between changes in expectancies and changes in exercise behaviour.

The effects of myosteatosis on skeletal muscle function in older adults.

Myosteatosis, or the infiltration of fatty deposits into skeletal muscle, occurs with advancing age and contributes to the health and functional decline of older adults. Myosteatosis and its inflammatory milieu play a larger role in adipose tissue dysfunction, muscle tissue dysfunction, and increased passive muscle stiffness. Combined with the age-related decline of sex hormones and development of anabolic resistance, myosteatosis also contributes to insulin resistance, impaired muscle mechanics, loss of force production from the muscle, and increased risk of chronic disease. Due to its highly inflammatory secretome and the downstream negative effects on muscle metabolism and mechanics, myosteatosis has become an area of interest for aging researchers and clinicians. Thus far, myosteatosis treatments have had limited success, as many lack the potency to completely rescue the metabolic and physical consequences of myosteatosis. Future research is encouraged for the development of reliable assessment methods for myosteatosis, as well as the continued exploration of pharmacological, nutritional, and exercise-related interventions that may lead to the success in attenuating myosteatosis and its clinical consequences within the aging population.

The effect of weighted blankets on sleep and related disorders: a brief review.

Sleep disorders such as insomnia can lead to a range of health problems. The high risk of side effects and drug abuse of traditional pharmacotherapy calls for a safer non-pharmacotherapy. To examine the use and efficacy of weighted blankets in improving sleep and related disorders in different populations and explore the possible mechanisms. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and CNKI databases. Eligible studies included an intervention with weighted blankets and outcomes covering sleep and/or related disorders (behavioral disturbance, negative emotions and daytime symptoms). Studies using other deep pressure, compression, or exercise-related interventions were excluded. Most of the included studies showed that weighted blankets could effectively improve sleep quality and alleviate negative emotions and daytime symptoms in patients with sleep disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other related disorders, with a possible mechanism of deep pressure touch. Weighted blankets might be a promising tool for sleep interventions among individuals with sleep disorders in clinical settings. More high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to further validate the safety and efficacy of weighted blankets and explore precise mechanisms.

Only half of the authors of overviews of exercise-related interventions use some strategy to manage overlapping primary studies—a metaresearch study

ObjectivesThe conduct of systematic reviews (SRs) and overviews share several similarities. However, because the unit of analysis for overviews is the SRs, there are some unique challenges. One of the most critical issues to manage when conducting an overview is the overlap of data across the primary studies included in the SRs. This metaresearch study aimed to describe the frequency of strategies to manage the overlap in overviews of exercise-related interventions. Study Design and SettingA systematic search in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, and other sources was conducted from inception to June 2022. We included overviews of SRs that considered primary studies and evaluated the effectiveness of exercise-related interventions for any health condition. The overviews were screened by two authors independently, and the extraction was performed by one author and checked by a second. We found 353 overviews published between 2005 and 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. ResultsOne hundred and sixty-four overviews (46%) used at least one strategy to visualize, quantify, or resolve overlap, with a matrix (32/164; 20%), absolute frequency (34/164; 21%), and authors' algorithms (24/164; 15%) being the most used methods, respectively. From 2016 onwards, there has been a trend toward increasing the use of some strategies to manage overlap. Of the 108 overviews that used some strategy to resolve the overlap, ie, avoiding double or multiple counting of primary study data, 79 (73%) succeeded. In overviews where no strategies to manage overlap were reported (n = 189/353; 54%), 16 overview authors (8%) recognized this as a study limitation. ConclusionAlthough there is a trend toward increasing its use, only half of the authors of the overviews of exercise-related interventions used a strategy to visualize, quantify, or resolve overlap in the primary studies’ data. In the future, authors should report such strategies to communicate more valid results.

Strategies used to manage overlap of primary study data by exercise-related overviews: protocol for a systematic methodological review

IntroductionOne of the most conflicting methodological issues when conducting an overview is the overlap of primary studies across systematic reviews (SRs). Overlap in the pooled effect estimates across SRs may...

Association between weekly exercise minutes and resting IL-6 in adults with chronic spinal cord injury: findings from the fracture risk after spinal cord injury exercise study.

Cross-sectional study. To assess associations between weekly aerobic exercise minutes and resting interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), or leptin levels in adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Three hundred and forty-four community-dwelling men and women with SCI duration of > 1 year. CRP, IL-6, and leptin levels were quantified by ultra-sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. Smoking, medication use, comorbidities, and aerobic exercise minutes per week were assessed by self-reported questionnaire. Body composition was determined by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations. In multivariable modeling, resting IL-6 levels were 0.001 pg/mL lower for every 1 min of weekly aerobic exercise. IL-6 levels increased with increasing android-to-gynoid fat ratio, in active/ever smokers compared to never smokers, and in individuals with skin pressure injuries compared to those without. IL-6 levels were lower in active ibuprofen users compared to nonusers. We found no association between weekly exercise minutes and CRP or leptin when designing similar models. Increasing aerobic exercise minutes is associated with lower IL-6 levels in adults with chronic SCI when considering body composition, smoking, skin pressure injuries, and ibuprofen use. CRP and leptin did not demonstrate an association with exercise when considering the similar variables. The use of these biomarkers in assessing the therapeutic value of future exercise-related interventions will be paramount for meaningful health improvement among those with SCI. Although a large, prospective dataset, this cross-sectional study cannot assign causation. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The effectiveness of the implementation of deep breaths on psychosocial problems in the family during the pandemic

Background: Outcome expectancy could mediate the psychological effects of exercise-related interventions, which implies that part of the psychological benefits of physical activity could be ascribed to placebo effects. (Szabo & Kocsis, 2017)
 Purpose: Knowing the effects of relaxation breathing on Anxiety in patients with psychosocial problems in the family during the pandemic
 
 Methods: The type of research used is quantitative quasi experimental, non-equivalent, control group pretest and posttest design. The population in this study was some family members who have anxiety problem with the sample of 39 respondents. Samples were taken using purposive sampling technique.
 
 Results: The average levels a score before 61,08% and after 60,82% deep breath of relaxation with p value = 0.043 (<0.05). It can be concluded that deep breathing relaxation techniques has effects on the reduction of anxiety in some of family member
 
 Conclusion: Deep breathing relaxation techniques can reduce reduction in effects on the reduction in some of family member. Recommendation to reduce management to be applied a deep breathing relaxation techniques as standard of operational procedures (SOP) in the context of nursing care, especially to effects on the reduction in some of family member especially at pandemic

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Nepali version of the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale: a methodological study

BackgroundThe Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS) is a commonly used outcome tool, which helps to identify the adherence rate of exercises and reasons for adherence and non-adherence. There is no evidence of the availability of any measurement tools to assess exercise adherence in the Nepalese context and cultural background. Therefore, we conducted a cross-cultural adaptation of the EARS into the Nepali language and investigated its reliability and validity.MethodsCross-cultural adaptation of the EARS was done based on Beaton guidelines. Psychometric properties were evaluated among 18 participants aged 18 years or older with pre-diabetes or confirmed diagnosis of any disease who were prescribed with home exercises by physiotherapists. Any disease that limited participants from doing exercise and individuals unwilling to participate were excluded. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency, using Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to explore construct validity and confirm its unidimensionality. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was analyzed to identify cut-off score, sensitivity and specificity of the tool.ResultsThe Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 for EARS-adherence behavior. The EFA of 6-items adherence behavior revealed the presence of one factor with an eigenvalue exceeding one. The scree-plot suggested for extraction of only one factor with strong loading (75.84%). The Area Under the Curve was 0.91 with 95% confidence interval 0.77–1.00 at p = 0.004. The cutoff score was found 17.5 with 89% sensitivity and 78% specificity.ConclusionsThe EARS was cross-culturally adapted to the Nepali language. The reliability and construct validity of the Nepali version of the EARS were acceptable to assess exercise adherence in Nepali-speaking individuals. This validated tool might facilitate the evaluation of exercise-related interventions. Future studies could investigate other psychometric properties of the Nepali EARS.

Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status

Abstract Introduction: The negative effects of unemployment are significant, and the potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public health challenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behavior change and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mental health benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This study examines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies by unemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise, especially social exercise, provides health benefits. Methods: Gender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimated using data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American Time Use Surveys to test how own and partner employment status are associated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with a partner, and with others. Results: Unemployed and OOLF men spend significantly more time in exercise alone (3-9 minutes, p<.05) and with others (about 13 minutes, p<.001) compared to employed men. Unemployed women spend significantly more time in exercise with others (6 minutes, p<.05), and OOLF women in all types of social exercise (1-9 minutes, p<.05), compared to employed women. Conclusions: Unemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more social exercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties and improve health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negative health consequences of unemployment. Keywords: physical activity, employment, American Time Use Survey

Impact of water therapy on pain management in patients with fibromyalgia: current perspectives.

Exercise-related interventions have been recommended as one of the main components in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Water therapy, which combines water's physical properties and exercise benefits, has proven effective in improving the clinical symptoms of FMS, especially pain, considered the hallmark of this syndrome. However, to our knowledge, the mechanisms underlying water therapy effects on pain are still scarcely explored in the literature. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to present the current perspectives on water therapy and the physiological basis for the mechanisms supporting its use for pain management in patients with FMS. Furthermore, the effects of water therapy on the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuroendocrine systems and inflammation are also addressed. Taking into account the aspects reviewed herein, water therapy is recommended as a nonpharmacologic therapeutic approach in the management of FMS patients, improving pain, fatigue, and quality of life. Future studies should focus on clarifying whether mechanisms and long-lasting effects are superior to other types of nonpharmacological interventions, as well as the economic and societal impacts that this intervention may present.

Regular exercise improves the well-being of parents of children with cancer.

Parents of children with cancer describe impaired physical and social functioning, sleep disturbance and poor mental health. Exercise-related interventions impact positively on these quality of life domains, but have not been examined in this population. The aim of this longitudinal pilot study was to explore the feasibility of a 12-week pedometer-monitored walking intervention among parents of children with cancer, assessing adherence to a set activity target of 70,000 steps per week, and to explore the benefits of physical activity on mental and physical health. Parents were provided with a pedometer and requested to achieve a daily step count of 10,000 steps per day for 12 weeks. Mood, well-being and psychological distress were examined using validated questionnaires (Profile of Mood States 2nd edition [POMS-2], Distress Thermometer for Parents [DT-P] and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales [DASS-42]) at baseline, midpoint (6 weeks) and endpoint (12 weeks) to identify changes in these domains with increased activity. Fifteen parents were recruited. The majority increased their counts during the first 4 weeks of the study and maintained this to week 8 (n = 12). Time-dependent improvements were identified in the following psychometric test outcomes at week 12: DT-P score (likelihood ratio test [LRT] P= 0.02), POMS-2 total mood disturbance (LRT P = 0.03), fatigue inertia (LRT P = 0.009), tension anxiety (LRT P = 0.007) and vigour activity (LRT P = 0.001). Mental health benefits of a pedometer-based exercise intervention for parents of children with cancer were identified. Such programs should be included in a holistic approach to improve the psychological outcomes of parents whose children are receiving treatment for cancer.

Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles for the Individual With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles for the Individual With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Psychological effects of deep-breathing: the impact of expectancy-priming

Outcome expectancy could mediate the psychological effects of exercise-related interventions, which implies that part of the psychological benefits of physical activity could be ascribed to placebo effects. In this framed field-experiment, 89 healthy participants were studied in three groups, (1) breathing-primed (deep-breathing with an exercise-related expectancy), (2) breathing-unprimed (deep-breathing with no exercise-related expectancy), and (3) control (no intervention). Deep-breathing lasted for three minutes. Before and after deep-breathing, or sitting quietly in the control group, participants completed two questionnaires assessing their positive- and negative affect (NA) and subjective well-being (WB). In contrast to the control group, both the breathing-primed and breathing-unprimed groups showed decreased NA and increased subjective WB. The breathing-primed group reported larger changes in WB than the breathing-unprimed group, in addition to also exhibiting significant increases in positive affect. These findings support the hypothesis of the work that expectations mediate the psychological effects of deep-breathing beyond the intervention’s specific effects. Therefore, future research should control for expectations related to an intervention when gauging psychological changes.

Attitudes Towards Physical Activity and Exercise Participation – a Comparison of Healthy-Weight and Obese Adolescents

Background: Physical activity and exercise are important in the prevention and treatment of adolescent obesity. The goal of non-stationary obesity treatment is to encourage long-lasting sport participation. From the motivational perspective, positive attitudes towards physical activity and exercise are a key and should be considered when developing obesity interventions. This study examined potential differences in attitudes towards physical activity and exercise between adolescents with body mass indices in obese and healthy-weight ranges. Methods: A questionnaire measuring attitudes toward, and current levels of physical activity and exercise was completed by 395 adolescents recruited from schools and 16 adolescents recruited from a non-stationary obesity treatment program. This one year obesity treatment program combined dietary, psychological and physical activity and exercise-related interventions administered under medical supervision. Results: Compared to adolescents in the healthy-weight range, obese peers showed less positive attitudes towards intensive exercise/sporting and risky sporting activities. Additionally, in both weight ranges an active lifestyle is attended by a higher value of and plus experiences in sports. Independent from weight status, more positive attitudes in training and competition and social contacts were related to physical and sport activity. Conclusions: These results suggest that training, competitive and risky activities offer a lower incentive for obese adolescents than for healthy-weight peers. Suggestions for joint physical and sport activities (e.g. in Physical Education) and sport relating interventions within the therapy of obesity are discussed.

Predicting Exercise Capacity Through Submaximal Fitness Tests in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis

Kuspinar A, Andersen RE, Teng SY, Asano M, Mayo NE. Predicting exercise capacity through submaximal fitness tests in persons with multiple sclerosis. Objective To estimate, for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), the extent to which peak oxygen consumption (V o 2peak) can be predicted by the results on submaximal tests. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Three MS clinics in the Greater Montreal region, Canada. Participants A center-stratified random sample of 135 women and 48 men was drawn (N=183). A subgroup of 59 subjects with MS, who were able to perform the step test, was selected from this sample to complete the maximal exercise test. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure V o 2peak. Results In this sample (mean age ± SD, 39 ± 9y; median Expanded Disability Status Scale=1.5), the mean V o 2peak ± SD was 27.6 ± 7.3mL·kg −1·min −1. This value is considerably low when compared with healthy persons, ranking below the 25th percentile for both men and women. In a multivariate regression analysis, the step test and grip strength were identified as the only significant predictors of V o 2peak. When combined with body weight, grip strength and the step test explained 74% of the variance in V o 2peak. Conclusions Patients with MS with a mild degree of disability exhibit marked reductions in exercise capacity. Also, in persons with MS, submaximal tests are good predictors of exercise capacity. These measures may be used in clinical settings to help assess and monitor maximum oxygen consumption and in research to evaluate the effect of exercise-related interventions. Furthermore, they will allow people with MS to self-monitor their exercise capacity and be more actively engaged in taking charge of their fitness level.

The Evidence Regarding Exercise Training in the Management of Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review

To conduct a systematic review of the evidence regarding the efficacy of exercise training in the management of cystic fibrosis (CF). Articles were found by searching PEDRO, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases. Included articles involved exercise-related interventions for long-term adaptations (ie, not acute effects of exercise). Articles were excluded if the language was other than English or if other non-exercise interventions were used. Date of publication was not a factor for exclusion. Two independent reviewers evaluated the included articles using Sackett's levels of evidence and select scoring criteria. Twelve articles were eligible for inclusion. Interventions studied included various aspects of exercise training: anaerobic, aerobic, or resistance training. Study end-points included pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, strength, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Exercise training in individuals with CF is beneficial, with aerobic and resistance training having the greatest support in the literature for improved aerobic capacity and strength, respectively. Exercise training does not appear to have an effect of improving pulmonary function, but may have a preservation effect. Strong conclusions about improvement in HQRL from exercise training cannot be made. However, greater consistency in measuring this outcome is needed in future trials. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the role of exercise training in reducing hospitalization and health care utilization, and questions raised by this review should be considered in the design of future trials.

Are skinfold measurements suitable to compare body fat between children with spastic cerebral palsy and healthy controls?

The aim of this study was to assess whether percentage of body fat (BF) can be predicted adequately from skinfold measurements in comparative studies of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy control children. The deuterium dilution technique (D2O) was used as a reference method. In contrast with what was expected, %BF predicted from skinfold measurements was considerably lower than that determined by the D2O method in children with CP, whereas in the controls this was not seen. A proportionally large internal fat deposit and a different distribution of subcutaneous fat in children with CP may be responsible for this. It was concluded that skinfold measurements are not suitable for predicting %BF in comparative studies of children with CP and control children. For evaluation of diet- or exercise-related interventions in children with CP, the use of skinfold measurements seems to be justified. However, it may be more appropriate to use skinfold thicknesses without converting them to BF.

Geriatric rehabilitation: state of the art.

To provide a clinically useful conceptual framework for the evaluation and treatment of disability in older persons, to review the rehabilitation of common conditions affecting function in older persons, and to discuss the effects of the ongoing changes in the healthcare system on geriatric rehabilitation. MedLine search and review of relevant texts for information on (1) geriatric disability and its treatment, (2) recent high quality research, guidelines, and review articles relevant to the rehabilitation of conditions commonly causing geriatric disability, (3) effects of recent changes in the healthcare system on geriatric rehabilitation. Several pertinent models for geriatric disability were identified. These are explicated, along with information on the epidemiology of geriatric disability and its causes and relevant clinical applications. Rehabilitation is reviewed for musculoskeletal disorders, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, amputation, cardiopulmonary disorders, hip fracture, and deconditioning. Changes in the healthcare system appear to be affecting geriatric rehabilitation, especially the advent of managed care; relevant articles and opinions are reviewed, along with strategies to accommodate these changes. Our understanding of the causes of disability in the older population has improved significantly over the last decade. There has also been noteworthy progress in our knowledge about the effects of selected rehabilitation interventions, especially exercise-related interventions. However, the cost-effectiveness of many rehabilitative interventions remains unclear, particularly for differing patient groups across the continuum of care. More research will be needed to evaluate the effects of managed care on rehabilitation outcomes in older persons.