Exercise Interventions For People Research Articles

Evaluating the efficacy of wearable biofeedback on the outcomes of exercise interventions in people with chronic non-specific spinal pain: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionWearable neuromuscular and biomechanical biofeedback technology has the potential to improve patient outcomes by facilitating exercise interventions. We will conduct a systematic review to examine whether the addition of wearable...

The social and organisational factors shaping acceptability of a self-management education and exercise intervention for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis in Greenland

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of people with osteoarthritis attending the “Osteoarthritis School” (OA School) in Nuuk, Greenland to generate insights and lessons that can inform the development of self-management education and exercise interventions for people with other lifestyle conditions in a Greenland context. We conducted a qualitative interpretive description (ID) study based on ten semi-structured interviews with people with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Using ID, we identified three themes: 1) perceptions and experiences of how the OA School intervention was organised (time and place); 2) perspectives and experiences of the education and exercise components (social factors, motivation, and education); and 3) significant change stories (physical and mental improvements and increased knowledge of OA). Social and organisational factors, such as working out with peers and the time and place of the intervention, influenced the participants’ acceptance of the OA School intervention. Knowledge from this study will help us gain insight into what to address when developing future self-management education and exercise interventions in the Greenlandic healthcare system.

EXERCISE TRAINING IMPROVES GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS IN PEOPLE WITH A DISORDER OF THE GUT BRAIN INTERACTION (DGBI): SYSTEMIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION & AIMS Approximately 40% of the global population has criteria that meets at least one Disorder of the Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI). DGBIs are characterised by the absence of structural abnormalities, with chronic symptoms, such as pain, altered bowel movements, and nausea. Current therapy options focus on treating the major symptoms, which can involve pharmacological and lifestyle advice (diet, exercise, and stress management). The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy of exercise for improving gastrointestinal symptoms in people with a DGBI. METHODS A search of relevant databases was completed in February 2023, for randomised controlled trials that applied an exercise intervention in people with DGBI. Comparator groups included usual care, pharmacological therapy, or diet advice. A pairwise random-effects meta-analysis estimated the standardised mean difference (SMD) (Hedges’ g) between exercise and comparator groups for changes in gastrointestinal symptoms. Risk of bias was analysed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RESULTS Ten studies published between 2004–2023 were included. Participants (n=653) were mostly female 77.6%. Eight studies included participants with irritable bowel syndrome and two included individuals with functional dyspepsia. Exercise interventions lasted an average duration of 8 weeks. The modes included yoga (n=5), low intensity (n=1) and moderate intensity aerobic exercise (n=4). Studies ranged from low to high-risk bias. Meta-analysis showed exercise interventions improved gastrointestinal symptoms (SMD=1.2, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.8; p<0.001). The effect was moderated by the intensity of exercise with moderate intensity aerobic exercise having a significant impact (SMD=1.6, 1.2 to 2.0; p<0.001) not evident with yoga and low intensity exercise interventions (SMD=0.9, -0.01 to 1.7; p=0.053). CONCLUSION Exercise interventions in people with DGBIs improve gastrointestinal symptoms. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise is more efficacious than yoga and lower intensity exercise.

The effects of telerehabilitation in adults with complex biventricular congenital heart conditions: protocol for a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial—CH-FIT

BackgroundAccumulated evidence suggests that exercise training exerts beneficial effects on people with congenital heart conditions. These findings are predominantly derived from small, single-centre exercise trials conducted in outpatient rehabilitation facilities. In recent years, the delivery of exercise interventions remotely has increased through digital communications technology (telerehabilitation). However, very little research to date has been conducted into the efficacy of telerehabilitation in people with a congenital heart condition.AimsTo evaluate the effects of a telehealth-delivered exercise intervention in people with a history of a surgical biventricular repair due to a congenital heart condition.MethodsOne hundred eligible adolescent (≥ 16 years) and adult participants living with a complex biventricular congenital heart condition will be recruited from four Australian sites and randomised to either (1) a 16-week telehealth-delivered combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise training programme of moderate-to-vigorous intensity or (2) usual care (control group), in a 1:1 allocation, with an 8-month follow-up.Outcomes of interestThe primary outcome will be the change in aerobic capacity expressed as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Secondary outcomes will include changes in vascular function, muscle oxygenation, metabolic profile, body composition and musculoskeletal fitness, neurohormonal activation, neurocognitive function, physical activity levels, dietary and nutritional status, and quality of life. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 16 weeks, and 12 months (to determine longer-term maintenance potential).DiscussionIf found to be efficacious, telerehabilitation may be an alternative option for delivering exercise, improving health outcomes, and increasing accessibility to exercise programmes. Efficacy data is required to quantify the clinical significance of this delivery mode of exercise.Trial registrationACTRN12622000050752Trial registration date: 17 January 2022Trial registration URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=382635&showOriginal=true&isReview=trueTrial registry name: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry

Blood Flow Restriction and Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis and Advanced Disability: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study will be to determine the efficacy of low intensity lower extremity resistance training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on quadriceps muscle strength and thickness in veterans with advanced multiple sclerosis (MS). This will be an assessor-blinded, 2-group (1 to 1 allocation) randomized controlled trial targeting an enrollment of 58 participants with advanced MS as defined by Patient-Determined Disease Steps scale levels 4 to 7. Both groups will complete 10weeks of twice weekly low-load resistance training (20%-30% of 1-repetition max) targeting knee and hip extension, knee flexion, and ankle plantarflexion. The intervention group will perform all training using BFR, with limb occlusion pressures between 60% and 80% of maximal limb occlusion pressure. Primary outcomes will be quadriceps muscle strength and thickness. Secondary outcomes will include knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion strength, functional mobility, physical activity, and patient-reported measures. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and at a 2-month follow-up assessment. The change between groups postintervention and after the 2-month follow-up will be reported for all outcomes. All analyses will assume a 2-sided test of hypothesis (α = .05). There is very little evidence for the efficacy of exercise interventions in people with MS who have advanced mobility disability. Resistance training with BFR may be an important approach for people with advanced MS who may not tolerate more conventional, moderate-to-high intensity resistance training. The results of this study will inform clinicians regarding exercise decisions for people with advanced MS and future investigations on the role of BFR in people with MS.

Development and validation of the Spanish version of the PADEX checklist to promote adherence to physical exercise in people with long-term health conditions and older adults

Purpose To develop and assess the validity of a simple and potentially useful tool with measures to enhance adherence to exercise programs to be used by researchers and exercise professionals when designing exercise interventions in people with long-term health conditions and older adults. Materials and methods Based on a previous umbrella review, a checklist with key aspects for adherence to physical exercise named Promoting Adherence to Physical Exercise (PADEX) was created in Spanish. Subsequently, an evaluation of the comprehensibility, relevance, and applicability using a quantitative [0–10 points] and qualitative approach was performed by a panel of 31 independent experts. Furthermore, 20 breast cancer women who had been exercise users for at least 4 months evaluated the relevance of each item. Results Mean and median scores were higher than 8 for all items in comprehensibility, relevance, and applicability. The final version of PADEX includes 23 items about the exercise program to be answered by the exercise professional who designs it or conducts it. Conclusions The PADEX scale showed adequate face, content and construct validity. This checklist is a potentially useful tool for enhancing adherence to exercise programs in people with long-term health conditions and older adults.

The Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

AimsTo perform a network meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on exercise tolerance and quality of life (QoL) in people with HFpEF. METHODSTen databases were searched for randomised controlled trials that evaluated a diet and/or exercise intervention in people with HFpEF up until May 2022. The co-primary outcomes were peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and QoL as assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). We synthesised data using network meta-analysis. RESULTSThirteen trials were identified including a total of 869 participants and incorporated six different interventions. Improvements in V̇O2peak compared to controls were seen for all exercise interventions (2.88 [95%CI: 1.36; 4.39]ml/kg/min) for high intensity interval training (HIIT); 2.37 [95%CI: 1.02; 3.71] ml/kg/min for low intensity exercise (LIT) combined with a hypocaloric diet; 2.05 [95%CI: 0.81; 3.29]ml/kg/min for moderate intensity continuous training (MICT); 1.94 [95%CI: 0.59; 3.29] ml/kg/min for LIT; 1.85 [95%CI: 0.27; 3.44]ml/kg/min for MICT combined with resistance training) but not a hypocaloric diet alone (1.26 [95%CI: -0.08; 2.61]ml/kg/min). Only HIIT (-14.45 [95%CI: -24.81; -4.10] points) and LIT (95%CI: -11.05 [-20.55; -1.54] ml/kg/min) significantly improved MLHFQ score. Network meta-analysis indicated HIIT was the most effective intervention for improving both V̇O2peak (mean improvement 2.88 [95%CI: 1.36; 4.39]ml/kg/min, follow up (FU) range 4 weeks- 3 years) and QoL (-14.45 [95%CI: -24.81; -4.10] points, FU range 12-26 weeks) compared to usual care. CONCLUSIONSThis network meta-analysis indicates that HIIT is the most effective lifestyle intervention studied to improve exercise capacity and QoL with mean improvements exceeding the minimum clinically meaningful thresholds. HIIT is likely to be an underused management strategy in HFpEF, but further studies are needed to confirm long-term improvements in symptoms and clinical outcomes.

Hernia Active Living Trial (HALT): an exercise intervention in people with a parastomal hernia or bulge

Background: Parastomal hernias are a common consequence of stoma surgery and can occur in up to 50% of patients. They are mangaged either conservatively, through support hosiery, or surgically. A patient feasibility study called the Hernia Active Living Trial (HALT) was designed to examine if a clinical pilates-based exercise programme offers an alternative approach to managing a parastomal hernia or bulge. Method: Adults with an ileostomy or colostomy who perceived they had a bulge around their stoma were included in the study. The intervention included up to 12 online sessions of an exercise booklet and videos with an exercise specialist. Interviews were conducted to explore participants' experiences of the intervention. The interview data were analysed systematically and thematically. Participants were also asked to complete patient diaries every week. Results: Twelve of the 13 participants who completed the intervention agreed to be interviewed. Following analysis, three main themes emerged including managing a hernia/bulge, benefits and barriers. Participants talked about the benefits of this programme including: reduction of the size of their hernia, increased abdominal control, body confidence and posture, as well as increased physical activity levels. The barriers described were generally overcome allowing participants to engage in what was perceived to be a positive and potentially life-changing experience. Conclusions: A clinical pilates-based exercise programme for people with a parastomal hernia can bring both direct and indirect improvements to a patient's hernia management, sense of wellbeing and day-to-day life. Individuals with a hernia should be informed about the need for, and value of, exercise to strengthen core muscles, as part of their non-surgical options for self-management.

Effects of Exercise on Structural and Functional Brain Patterns in Schizophrenia-Data From a Multicenter Randomized-Controlled Study.

Aerobic exercise interventions in people with schizophrenia have been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes, but findings regarding the underlying neural mechanisms are limited and mainly focus on the hippocampal formation. Therefore, we conducted a global exploratory analysis of structural and functional neural adaptations after exercise and explored their clinical implications. In this randomized controlled trial, structural and functional MRI data were available for 91 patients with schizophrenia who performed either aerobic exercise on a bicycle ergometer or underwent a flexibility, strengthening, and balance training as control group. We analyzed clinical and neuroimaging data before and after 6 months of regular exercise. Bayesian linear mixed models and Bayesian logistic regressions were calculated to evaluate effects of exercise on multiple neural outcomes and their potential clinical relevance. Our results indicated that aerobic exercise in people with schizophrenia led to structural and functional adaptations mainly within the default-mode network, the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical loop, and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. We further observed that volume increases in the right posterior cingulate gyrus as a central node of the default-mode network were linked to improvements in disorder severity. These exploratory findings suggest a positive impact of aerobic exercise on 3 cerebral networks that are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The underlying study of this manuscript was registered in the International Clinical Trials Database, ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number: NCT03466112, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03466112?term=NCT03466112&draw=2&rank=1) and in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00009804).

The GLA:D BACK self-management adherence and competence checklist (SMAC Checklist)-Development, content validity and feasibility.

To unpack the complexity and impact of self-management interventions targeting musculoskeletal health conditions, we need to learn more about treatment delivery in clinical settings. Fidelity evaluation can illuminate how complex treatments are delivered and help understand the elements that lead to the effect. The objective of this study was to develop a checklist for the evaluation of the clinicians' delivery of structured patient education and exercise intervention for people with persistent back pain, the GLA:D Back intervention. The intent was to provide a checklist adaptable for the general delivery of self-management interventions for musculoskeletal pain. We derived items for the treatment delivery fidelity checklist from behaviour change techniques and theory about communication style. We applied a three-step developmental process covering developing a preliminary fidelity intervention framework, validating checklist content and piloting and refining the checklist. We developed the adaptable fidelity checklist, The GLA:D BACK Self-management Adherence and Competence Checklist (SMAC Checklist). Evaluation of clinical practice using the checklist was feasible and acceptable by clinicians. Preliminary results indicate satisfactory observer agreement during pilot testing of the checklist. The GLA:D BACK Self-management Adherence and Competence Checklist is a fidelity measurement tool for the assessment of the delivery of a self-management supportive intervention for people with persistent back pain. The intention is that it can be useful as an adaptable tool for use across self-management interventions for musculoskeletal pain.

Exercise interventions for adults with cancer receiving radiation therapy alone.

Exercise interventions for adults with cancer receiving radiation therapy alone.

Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Emiq-Hp (Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire-Health Professionals Version) to Investigate the Views of Health Professionals Regarding Exercise for Treatment of Mental Illness.

People with mental illness experience a significantly increased mortality rate, partly attributable to high rates of premature metabolic disease. Exercise is increasingly recognized as an evidence-based component of treatment for improving both physical and mental illness. Ensuring health care staff have the necessary competence to support and promote exercise is critical to successful implementation. The Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire-Health Professionals Version (EMIQ-HP) was developed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and behaviors of health practitioners regarding the role of exercise in the treatment for mental illness. This study aimed to translate and validate the questionnaire into Italian language (EMIQ-HP-IT) and to determine its test-retest reliability. The questionnaire was translated from English to Italian then back translated using an established protocol. To determine the test-retest reliability of the EMIQ-HP-IT, mental health professionals from an Italian psychiatric hospital completed the questionnaire on two separate occasions, seven days apart. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for each item. Twenty-five mental health professionals (4 psychiatrists, 9 psychologists, 10 nurses and 2 exercise specialists) completed the EMIQ-HP-IT. Except for two items, ICCs ranged from 0.48 to 0.92. The test-retest reliability of the EMIQ-HP-IT demonstrated comparable results to the English version. The EMIQ-HP-IT is a reliable measure of practitioners' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding exercise interventions for people with mental illness.

Importance of Identifying Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis.

This article aims to highlight the impact of cognitive impairment on outcomes and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to review current evidence for the efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and other interventions. In addition, we provide clinical practice insights regarding screening and management of cognitive impairment in people with MS. Evidence suggests that cognitive deterioration often accompanies magnetic resonance imaging changes. Neocortical volume and deep grey matter atrophy correlate with cognitive impairment. Similarly, cognitive decline is predictive of a higher lesion burden. Cognitive impairment is an important clinical measure of disability and negatively impacts quality of life. Phase 3 studies suggest that DMTs such as natalizumab, ozanimod and fingolimod may provide long-lasting, clinically meaningful effects on cognition in people with MS. Further data are needed to support the use of adjunct cognitive behavioural and exercise interventions for people with MS who have cognitive impairment. More data are needed to define appropriate management strategies for cognitive impairment in people with MS. Baseline and periodic screening for cognitive impairment and inclusion of cognitive impairment as a clinical trial endpoint will help to inform efforts to manage this important aspect of MS.

Physical exercise for people with mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Recent research recommends physical exercise rather than rest following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). To determine the effect of physical exercise on persistent symptoms in people with mTBI. A search of randomized controlled trials was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SportDiscus and Web of Science, from 2010 to January 2021. Studies were included if they described the effects of a physical exercise intervention in people with mTBI on persistent symptoms. Study quality, intervention reporting, and confidence in review findings were assessed with the CASP, TIDieR and GRADE respectively. 11 eligible studies were identified for inclusion. Study interventions broadly comprised of two categories of physical exercise, i.e., aerobic (n = 8) and vestibular (n = 3). A meta-analysis (n = 3) revealed the aerobic exercise group improvement was significantly larger compared to the usual care group -0.39 (95% CI: -0.73 to -0.05, p = 0.03). Only three studies using vestibular exercise reported on persistent symptoms and yielded mixed results. This study demonstrated that the use of aerobic exercise is supported by mixed quality evidence and moderate certainty of evidence, yet there is limited evidence for the use of vestibular exercise for improving persistent symptoms in people with mTBI.

Effects of two exercise programs on health-related fitness, quality of life and exercise enjoyment in adults with visual impairment: a randomized crossover trial

BackgroundSo far there is no study comparing two distinct exercise interventions in people with visual impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two exercise programs on health-related fitness, quality of life, and exercise enjoyment in people with visual impairment.MethodsTwo exercise interventions were conducted: sports (i.e., Goalball, Football 5-a-side and Martial Arts) and functional training (i.e., Bodyweight exercises). Physical fitness was assessed by handgrip strength, flexibility, abdominal endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) measured the pleasure in the practice of physical exercises, and the quality of life was measured by the WHOQOL-Bref.ResultsA significant time x group interaction terms were observed for flexibility (P < 0.001; Cohen d = 0.08), abdominal muscular endurance (P < 0.001; Cohen d = 0.15), and distance covered in the 6-min walk/run test (P = 0.018; Cohen d = 0.02). An improvement of 13.3% and 5.1% on the distance covered on the 6-min walk/run test after sports and functional training was also observed.ConclusionThe functional training program was reported as more pleasant for participants. Sports-related exercises and functional training improved health-related fitness and quality of life for people with visual impairment.

Exercise and lifestyle education program for people living with diabetes and prediabetes in Brazil: a pilot randomized trial

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): This study was partly financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil. Background Lifestyle changes are crucial to preventing diabetes and its cardiovascular complications, including maintaining a physically active lifestyle. Morever, patient education is essential to promote diabetes self-management and health condition control. However, programs that combine physical exercise and lifestyle education are still poorly implemented in low- and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. The Diabetes College Brazil Study is a pioneer randomized clinical trial (RCT) designed to promote behavioral changes in adults with diabetes and prediabetes. PURPOSE: To test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of Diabetes College Brazil Study interventions (Exercise (Ex) vs. Exercise and Lifestyle Education (ExLE)) as part of the preparation for the development of the RCT. Methods This pilot randomized trial (NCT03914924) had two parallel arms: ExLE program (12 weeks of exercise and educational interventions) and Ex program (12 weeks of exercise intervention only) (Figure 1). Feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, completeness of RCT variables measures and participation rates), acceptability (satisfaction with interventions), and preliminary effectiveness of interventions (comparison of RCT variables measured in pre-and post-assessments) were evaluated. The preliminary effectiveness of the interventions was analyzed from the values of the difference between post-and pre-intervention measures (Δ post-pre) using both per-protocol (PP) and intention to treat (ITT) analysis for the comparison between groups (Ex vs. ExLE). The value 0 was imputed to replace the missing data in the analysis that followed the ITT principle. The results were reported as estimates of effect (95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference) for variables with normal distribution. RESULTS: Thirty-seven individuals participated in the study (ExLE: n = 18, 56.9±9.5 years old, 55.6% female, 5.6% prediabetes; Ex: n = 19, 59.5±7.3 years old, 52.6% female, 21.1% prediabetes). Eligibility, recruitment and retention rates were 16%, 100% and 82% respectively. The completeness of RCT variables measures was higher in the pre-intervention assessment. Missing data in the post-intervention assessment were mainly related to modifications in research procedures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participation rates in supervised exercise sessions and education classes were 76% and 71%, respectively (total sample). Interventions were highly acceptable to participants. There was a trend towards better results in the ExLE than Ex for most variables, mainly for physical activity level and quality of life (Table 1). Conclusion The interventions are feasible and acceptable to participants. The results of this trial indicate the potential clinical benefit of lifestyle educational intervention associated with exercise intervention for people with diabetes and prediabetes.

Health economic evaluation of exercise interventions in people over 60years old: A systematic review.

This systematic review was conducted to examine the cost-effectiveness of exercise interventions in community-dwelling older adults. A systematic search for articles published in English or Spanish was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library that covered the period from the respective start date of each database to October 2021. Methodological quality was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and quality of economic evaluation with the Quality of Health Economic Studies and Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards. A total of 12 out of 15 studies on exercise programmes for older adults reported cost-effective results. The most cost-effective training appears to be a multicomponent training programme, including aerobic exercise, muscle-strengthening of lower extremities, and balance and stretching training. The training methodology should be of progressive moderate or vigorous intensity performed at least twice per week with each session lasting 60min for ≥6months. The exercise programme should be delivered as a group-based intervention, doing extra exercise at home to increase the cost-effectiveness. These findings suggest that exercise interventions in non-institutionalized older people are a cost-effective tool. Sex, age, cognitive status, frailty, frequency and training duration could modify the cost-effectiveness of exercise interventions. Systematic review registration. PROSPERO CRD42021231530 (date of registration: 20/02/2021).

Adverse Events Reporting of Clinical Trials in Exercise Oncology Research (ADVANCE): Protocol for a Scoping Review.

IntroductionAdequate, transparent, and consistent reporting of adverse events (AEs) in exercise oncology trials is critical to assess the safety of exercise interventions for people following a cancer diagnosis. However, there is little understanding of how AEs are reported in exercise oncology trials. Thus, we propose to conduct a scoping review to summarise and evaluate current practice of reporting of AEs in published exercise oncology trials with further exploration of factors associated with inadequate reporting of AEs. The study findings will serve to inform the need for future research on standardisation of the definition, collection, and reporting of AEs for exercise oncology research.Materials and MethodsThe ADVANCE (ADverse eVents reporting of clinicAl trials iN exerCise oncology rEsearch) study will be conducted and reported following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews guideline. Any type of clinical trial involving an exercise intervention in people living with and beyond cancer with a full-text report in English will be included. Six electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL Plus) will be searched for studies. Two independent review authors will assess eligibility of identified studies, chart data using pre-established extraction forms, and evaluate adequacy of reporting of AEs-related data against a 20-item scoring checklist derived from the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) harms extension. We will summarise results using descriptive and inferential analysis methods.Ethics and DisseminationNo ethics approval will be required to conduct the ADVANCE study owing to inclusion of only published data. The study results will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and internationa conferences.Systematic Review RegistrationOpen Science Framework: https://osf.io/NXEJD/ (doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/NXEJD).

Proposing a Core Outcome Set for Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions in People With Rare Neurological Conditions.

Rare neurological conditions (RNCs) encompass a variety of diseases that differ in progression and symptoms but typically include muscle weakness, sensory and balance impairment and difficulty with coordinating voluntary movement. This can limit overall physical activity, so interventions to address this are recommended. The aim of this study was to agree a core outcome measurement set for physical activity interventions in people living with RNCs. We followed established guidelines to develop core outcome sets. Broad ranging discussions in a series of stakeholder workshops led to the consensus that (1) physical well-being; (2) psychological well-being and (3) participation in day-to-day activities should be evaluated in interventions. Recommendations were further informed by a scoping review of physical activity interventions for people living with RNCs. Nearly 200 outcome measures were identified from the review with a specific focus on activities or functions (e.g, on lower limb function, ability to perform daily tasks) but limited consideration of participation based outcomes (e.g., social interaction, work and leisure). Follow on searches identified two instruments that matched the priority areas: the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire and the Sources of Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity. We propose these scales as measures to assess outcomes that are particularly relevant to assess when evaluating physical activity interventions mong people with RNCs. Validation work across rare neurological conditions is now required to inform application of this core outcome set in future clinical trials to facilitate syntheses of results and meta-analyses.

The cerebral changes induced by exercise interventions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review

ObjectivesThis study aimed to summarize the effects of exercise on the brain structure and function measured by imaging and electroencephalography methods in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. MethodsWe systematically searched different electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of controlled trials, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO up to September 2021. Randomized controlled trials with exercise interventions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease were included. The outcomes included all the structural and functional brain changes measured by neuroimaging and electroencephalography approaches. All the outcomes were summarized and tabulated. The protocol has been registered on the PROSPERO (CDR42020192579). ResultsNineteen articles from 12 trials were included. Most studies focused on people with mild cognitive impairment and revealed positive effects on the volumes of hippocampus and cingulate cortex, the resting state functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions, the brain activity in several regions, the cerebral blood flow, electroencephalogram, and P300 latency and amplitude. Different types of exercise could produce distinct effects and intensity was a factor affecting the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise interventions. Meanwhile, limited studies paid attention to people with Alzheimer's disease and showed insignificant results. ConclusionsExercise has positive effects on the brain structures and functions in people with mild cognitive impairment, while for people with Alzheimer's disease, limited studies revealed insignificant effects.