Exercise In Young Individuals Research Articles

Lower vascular conductance responses to handgrip exercise are improved following acute antioxidant supplementation in young individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Young individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display peripheral vascular and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, two factors potentially stemming from a redox imbalance. It is currently unclear if these aforementioned factors, observed at rest, alter peripheral haemodynamic responses to exercise in this population. This study examined haemodynamic responses to handgrip exercise in young individuals with PTSD following acute antioxidant (AO) supplementation. Thirteen young individuals with PTSD (age 23±3years), and 13 age- and sex-matched controls (CTRL) participated in the study. Exercise-induced changes to arm blood flow (BF), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and vascular conductance (VC) were evaluated across two workloads of rhythmic handgrip exercise (3 and 6kg). The PTSD group participated in two visits, consuming either a placebo (PL) or AO prior to their visits. The PTSD group demonstrated significantly lower VC (P=0.04) across all exercise workloads (vs. CTRL), which was significantly improved following AO supplementation. In the PTSD group, AO supplementation improved VC in participants possessing the lowest VC responses to handgrip exercise, with AO supplementation significantly improving VC responses (3 and 6kg: P<0.01) by blunting elevated exercise-induced MAP responses (3kg: P=0.01; 6kg: P<0.01). Lower VC responses during handgrip exercise were improved following AO supplementation in young individuals with PTSD. AO supplementation was associated with a blunting of exercise-induced MAP responses in individuals with PTSD displaying elevated MAP responses. This study revealed that young individuals with PTSD exhibit abnormal, peripherally mediated exercise responses that may be linked to a redox imbalance.

Effects of sex and menstrual cycle phase on celiac artery blood flow during dynamic moderate-intensity leg exercise in young individuals.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of sex and menstrual cycle phase on celiac artery blood flow during dynamic exercise in healthy young humans. Eleven healthy young females (21 ± 2 yr, means ± SD) and 10 males (23 ± 3 yr) performed dynamic knee-extension and -flexion exercises at 30% of heart rate reserve for 4 min. The percent changes from baseline (Δ) for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), mean blood flow (celMBF) in the celiac artery, and celiac vascular conductance (celVC) during exercise were calculated. Arterial blood pressure was measured using an automated sphygmomanometer, and celiac artery blood flow was recorded by Doppler ultrasonography. Female subjects performed the exercise test in the early follicular phase (EF) and in the midluteal phase (ML) of their menstrual cycle. The increase in MAP during exercise was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔMAP, EF in females: +16.6 ± 6.4%, ML in females: +20.2 ± 11.7%, and males: +19.9 ± 12.2%). The celMBF decreased during exercise in each group, but the response was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔcelMBF, EF in females: -24.6 ± 15.5%, ML in females: -25.2 ± 18.7%, and males: -29.2 ± 4.0%). The celVC decreased during dynamic exercise in each group, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the responses between sexes or between menstrual cycle phases (ΔcelVC, EF in females: -38.3 ± 15.0%, ML in females: -41.5 ± 19.1%, and males: -43.4 ± 7.2%). These results suggest that sex and menstrual cycle phase have minimal influence on hemodynamic responses in the splanchnic artery during dynamic moderate-intensity exercise in young healthy individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During dynamic exercise, splanchnic organ blood flow is reduced from resting values. Whether sex and menstrual cycle phase influence splanchnic blood flow responses during exercise remains unknown. We show that the decrease in celiac artery blood flow during dynamic leg exercise does not differ between young females and males or between menstrual cycle phases. In young individuals, sex and menstrual cycle have minimal influence on splanchnic artery hemodynamic responses during dynamic moderate-intensity leg exercise.

Reproducibility of plasma glucose responses to moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

To examine the within-person variability in plasma glucose responses to moderate-intensity morning exercise in young individuals with type 1 diabetes after overnight fasting and under basal insulin conditions. In this pilot study, eight participants completed 40 min of moderate-intensity exercise at 60% V̇O2 peak on three separate days. The within-person standard deviation (SDw) in plasma glucose response was analysed both during and 1 h after exercise using the two visits per participant most closely matched by pre-exercise plasma glucose level. When the two closest matched visits per individual were included for analysis, mean (±SD) change in plasma glucose level was -1.8± 1.1 mmoL/L during exercise and -0.6± 1.0 mmoL/L during recovery, with the SDw of these changes being 0.5 mmol (95% CI 0.2, 0.8) during exercise and 0.8 mmoL/L (95% CI 0.4, 1.3) during recovery. The median intra-individual difference in plasma glucose level change was 0.3 mmoL/L [IQR 0.1, 0.7] during exercise and 0.8 mmoL/L [IQR 0.4, 1.0] during recovery. Within-person plasma glucose responses to moderate-intensity exercise may be reproducible under fasting and basal insulin conditions and similar pre-exercise plasma glucose levels. This finding may assist the design of future studies investigating both the reproducibility of glycaemic responses to exercise and blood glucose management for individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Sudden cardiac death during exercise in young individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and athletes is generally caused by hereditary cardiac conditions, including cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Although historically HCM has been reported as the predominant cause of SCD in young athletes, it is unclear as to what degree exercise is a trigger for possible fatal arrhythmias. Aim We aimed to report on the circumstances of SCD in a cohort of young individuals aged ≥10 and &amp;lt;30 whose autopsy was consistent with HCM. Methods We reviewed 6860 consecutive cases of SCD referred to our specialist cardiac pathology centre 1994 and 2020. SCD was defined as death from a cardiovascular cause within 12 hours of apparent well-being. All cases underwent detailed autopsy evaluation of the heart, including histological analysis, by expert cardiac pathologists. A minimum of 10 blocks of tissue were taken for histological analysis. HCM was defined by the presence of increased heart weight or increased wall thickness and significant myocyte disarray at histological examination. Results Of the total cases of SCD, 264 (4%) were due to HCM. Our cohort of young decedents comprised of 66 individuals (average age 21±5 years, males 76%). For the majority (n=52, 79%) SCD was the first manifestation of HCM. The average heart weight was 507±152 grams and left ventricular (LV) fibrosis was found in 28 (42%) cases (Figure 1A). Death was more common between 16 and 20 years of age (n=24) (Figure 1B). Death occurred during exertion in 25 (38%) individuals and at rest or during daily activities in the remaining 41 (62%), including 5 individuals who died during sleep. Male sex was more represented among decedents who died during exertion (88% compared with 68% in the group that died at rest, p=0.07); LV fibrosis was more commonly observed in individuals who died during exertion (56% compared with 34% in the group who died at rest, p=0.08). Younger individuals between 10–15 years of age died mostly during exercise (80%), in other age groups death occurred mainly at rest (33% in age group 16–20 years, 30% in age group 21–25 years, 33% in age group 26–30 years) (Figure 1B). Conclusions We observed a high age-related variability in terms of circumstances of death. In the context of HCM, our findings suggest that individuals aged 10–15 years are the most vulnerable in terms of exercise-related-SCD. This exemplifies the importance of preventative cardiac screening in young individuals who might be harbouring quiescent cardiac conditions associated with young SCD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Acknowledgements: We thank the charitable organisation, Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY) who fund and support the CRY Cardiovascular Pathology Unit and CRY database.

Effect of combining pre-exercise carbohydrate intake and repeated short sprints on the blood glucose response to moderate-intensity exercise in young individuals with Type 1 diabetes.

To determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates to maintain stable glycaemia during moderate-intensity exercise results in excessive hyperglycaemia if combined with repeated sprints in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Eight overnight-fasted people with Type 1 diabetes completed the following four 40-min exercise sessions on separate days in a randomized counterbalanced order under basal insulinaemic conditions: continuous moderate-intensity exercise at 50% peak; intermittent high-intensity exercise (moderate-intensity exercise interspersed with 4-s sprints every 2 min and a final 10-s sprint); continuous moderate-intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake (~10 g per person); and intermittent high-intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake. Venous blood was sampled during and 2 h after exercise to measure glucose and lactate levels. The difference in marginal mean time-averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate-intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate and intermittent high-intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate during exercise and recovery was not significant [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI -0.7, 1.1); P = 0.635], nor was the difference in peak blood glucose level after adjusting for baseline level [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI -0.7, 1.1); P = 0.695]. The difference in marginal mean time-averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate-intensity and intermittent high-intensity exercise during exercise and recovery was also not significant [-0.2 mmol/l (95% CI -1.2, 0.8); P = 0.651]. When carbohydrates are ingested prior to moderate-intensity exercise, adding repeated sprints is not significantly detrimental to glycaemic management in overnight fasted people with Type 1 diabetes under basal insulin conditions.

Core Stability Before and After Pliates Exercise in Young Individuals with Low Back Pain

: Low back pain (LBP) is a common clinical disease, and most patients require long-term treatment. PURPOSE: To observe the change in core stability before and after a 6-week Pilates program in young individuals with low back pain. METHODS: Twenty subjects with LBP (age: 22±2 years, 11 males and 9 females) completed a 6-week Pilates exercise intervention. Before and after the intervention, the Y-balance test (YBT) and abdomen bridge test (ABT) were used to assess the core stability of the subjects. During the YBT, which measures the dynamic balance and coordination of core and lower extremity, values on three directions (anterior - A, posteromedial - PM, and posterolateral l- PL) of both sides and the difference value(D-value)s between the two sides were determined. During the ABT, which measures the core control ability and includes eight levels, the attained level and endurance time of every level were measured. Paired t-tests were performed to compare results before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After the 6-week intervention, compared with the baseline values, there were significant improvements in all three directions of the YBT (see table). Specifically, the overall performance score increased significantly on both sides (both p<0.05). Compared with the baseline values, there was an improvement of more than one level and endurance time increased from 95.06±53.50 sec to 117.50±54.99 sec on the ABT (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A 6-week Pilates exercise program improved core stability, as evaluated by YBT and ABT, in young individuals with LBP. Future randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.YBT Result Before and After InterventionTable: No title available.Support by the Sports Medicine key laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China/Sports Medicine key laboratory of Sichuan province Foundation.

Racial Differences in Blood Pressure after Exercise in Young Individuals

Hypertension prevalence is higher in Caucasians (CA) than in Chinese (CH), and high blood pressure (BP) is associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk. However, little is known about the response of BP to an acute bout of exercise.18 college age young CH (height: 170 ± 2 cm, weight: 63 ± 3 kg, BMI: 21.8 ± 0.6 kg/m2) and 19 CA (height: 171 ± 3 cm, weight: 73 ± 4 kg, BMI: 24.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2) underwent measures of BP and central (carotid‐femoral) and leg (carotid‐femoral) pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) before, 15 min, and 30 min after a graded maximal aerobic exercise test (EX) on a stationary bike by applanation tonometry.Diastolic BP was increased in CA but decreased in CH following exercise (CH: from 64 ± 2 to 61 ± 3 to 62 ± 2 mmHg; CA from 65 ± 2 to 67 ± 2 to 67 ± 2 mmHg, race by time interaction, p&lt;0.05). Systolic BP changed with time (CH: from 112 ± 3 to 115 ± 4 to 111 ± 3 mmHg; CA from 118 ± 3 to 121 ± 3 to 116 ± 3 mmHg, p&lt;0.05), but no racial differences. A significant time by race interaction was found in leg PWV (CH: from 8.5 ± 0.4 to 6.9 ± 0.4 to 7.3 ± 0.4 m/s; CA: from 8.6 ± 0.4 to 8.3 ± 0.3 to 8.0 ± 0.3m/s, p&lt; 0.05). Central PWV was not statistically different between CA and CH. Statistically adjusting for BMI did not change these findings.This is the first study to note racial differences in the BP and peripheral arterial response to exercise, suggesting increased BP in young CA and differences in peripheral arterial stiffening following exercise compared to CH.

Sex Differences in Arterial Stiffness after Exercise in Young Individuals

Large artery stiffness has been recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Thirteen college age young men (height: 180 ± 1 cm, weight: 92 ± 5 kg) and seventeen college age young women (height: 163 ± 2 cm, weight: 69 ± 3 kg) underwent measures of central (carotid-femoral), leg (carotid-femoral) and brachial (carotid-radial) pulse-wave velocity (PWV) before, 15 min after, and 30 min after a graded maximal aerobic exercise test (EX) on a stationary bike by applanation tonometry. Central PWV was significantly higher in men at all time points (Male: from 6.1 ± 0.2 to 6.2 ± 0.2 to 5.8 ± 0.1m/s; Female: from 5.4 ± 0.3 to 5.4 ± 0.3 to 5.4 ± 0.3 m/s, p<0.05), but the response to exercise was similar. In men, brachial PWV remained the same after EX and increased at 30 min post exercise (from 7.8 ± 0.2 to 7.8 ± 0.3 to 8.5 ± 0.2 m/s), whereas in women brachial PWV decreased after EX (from 7.6 ± 0.3 to 7.0 ± 0.3 to 7.1 ± 0.3 m/s, p<0.05). Leg PWV changed with time (Male: from 8.8 ± 0.3 to 8.0 ± 0.5 to 8.6 ± 0.3 m/s; Female: from 8.4 ± 0.5 to 7.1 ± 0.3 to 7.9 ± 0.4m/s, p< 0.05), but no sex differences was found. This is the first study to note large sex differences in the peripheral arterial response to exercise, suggesting greater central arterial stiffness in young men and brachial arterial stiffening following exercise. This is consistent with the notion of higher cardiovascular risk even in young men than in women.

Branched-chain Amino Acids and Arginine Supplementation Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Proteolysis Induced by Moderate Exercise in Young Individuals

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a single oral intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) with Arg on skeletal muscle protein metabolism during moderate exercise in young individuals. Eight healthy volunteers (4 males and 4 females, means +/- SEM, 26 +/- 1 yrs, 177.8 +/- 3.7 cm, 72.6 +/- 3.9 kg) were studied in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The subjects performed 3 bouts of 20-min cycling exercise (5-min break between each bout) at 126 +/- 13 W corresponding to 50 % of the maximal work intensity. A single oral supplement of either a BCAA drink containing 2 g of BCAA and 0.5 g of Arg or an isocaloric placebo drink was given at 10 min of the 1st exercise bout. Both arterial and venous blood samples were simultaneously taken from the radial artery and the femoral vein, respectively. Blood flow in the femoral artery was determined using the ultrasound Doppler technique. The blood sampling and blood flow measurements were performed at rest, every 10 min during each exercise bout. Net balance of BCAA and Phe across the leg muscles were measured by the arteriovenous difference method. The BCAA ingestion resulted in increases in both the plasma BCAA concentration and BCAA uptake into the working leg. The Phe release from the leg during exercise significantly increased as compared to the basal level in the placebo trial (0.97 +/- 0.28 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.22 micromol/min, p < 0.05). In the BCAA trial, the cumulative Phe release from the leg during the 3rd exercise bout was significantly lower than that in the placebo trial (5.0 +/- 7.4 vs. 35.9 +/- 13.2 micromol/25 min, p < 0.05). These results suggest that endurance exercise at moderate intensity enhances proteolysis in working muscles, and a single oral intake of 2 g of BCAA with Arg at onset of exercise effectively suppresses exercise-induced skeletal muscle proteolysis.