Exercise Domain Research Articles

Resolving Differences between MLSS and CP by Considering Rates of Change of Blood Lactate during Endurance Exercise.

To develop a new method that more closely represents the heavy-to-severe exercise domain boundary by evaluating the rates of blood lactate accumulation during the constant power output exercise bouts that are employed in the assessment of the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Eight well-trained male cyclists completed five exercise tests of up to 30 min for determination of the traditional MLSS (MLSSTRAD) and a further four maximal tests for determination of critical power (CP). The rates of change of blood [lactate] between 10 min and the end of exercise in the MLSS tests were plotted against the corresponding power outputs and a two-segment linear regression model was used to identify individualised breakpoints in lactate accumulation vs. power output (MLSSMOD). MLSSMOD was significantly higher than MLSSTRAD (297 ± 41 vs. 278 ± 41 W; P < 0.001) but was not significantly different from CP (297 ± 41 W; P > 0.05); MLSSMOD and CP were closely aligned (r: 0.97; Bias: -0.52 W; SEE: 10 W; Limits of Agreement: -20 to 19 W). The rates of change of both blood [lactate] and V̇O2 were significantly greater, and exercise intolerance occurred before 30 min, at a power output slightly above MLSSMOD. A novel method for evaluating blood lactate kinetics during a traditional MLSS protocol produces a modified MLSS that is not different from CP and better represents the heavy-to-severe exercise domain boundary.

Evaluation of secondary prevention knowledge in patients with coronary syndrome

Abstract Background/introduction Patient education is a crucial component in the care of patients with coronary syndrome. Nursing has an important role in disease prevention and health promotion. More than half of patients with coronary artery disease have limited knowledge which is associated with low commitment to lifestyle modification, increased hospitalizations and higher risk of mortality. The core competencies of the nurses is to promote, maintain, and restore the health of individuals in preventive care. Knowledge assessment can support nurses to plan educational strategies to address the information needs of their patients, providing effective support in secondary prevention. Purpose (1) To assess secondary prevention knowledge in patients with coronary syndrome and (2) to compare knowledge levels among groups of patients aged &amp;lt;60 years and aged &amp;gt;60 years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of hospitalised patients with coronary syndrome. The Coronary Artery Diseases Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q II) was used to evaluate knowledge. CADE-Q II has 31 items with 4 possible answers. Questions are related to health status, risk factors, exercise, nutrition, and psychosocial risk. The maximum score is 93, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge. Descriptive analysis of the CADE-Q II was performed. SPSS Version 22 was used for analysis, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 for all tests. No items were missing. Results We included 155 patients; mean age 58,26±8,37; 22 % female; 78 % male; 56 % &amp;lt; 60 years old; 44 % &amp;gt; 60 years old; 71 % hypertension; 22 % diabetes; 32 % smokers. Mean knowledge score of participants was 61,4/93. Patients obtained values of completely correct answers in the following areas: health status 55 %; risk factors 47 %; exercise 64 %; nutrition 50 %; psychosocial risk 64 %. The level of knowledge based on the scores obtained: great 0 %; good 37 %; acceptable 55 %; poor 7 %; inadequate 1 %. Within the age groups, we obtained statistically significant results, patients aged &amp;lt;60 years got score 63,2/93; patients aged &amp;gt;60 years got score 59,0/93 (p=0.012); in the exercise domain, patients aged &amp;lt;60 years got score 16,5/21; patients aged &amp;gt;60 years got score 13,9/21 (p=0.001); in the psychosocial domain, patients aged &amp;lt;60 years got score 10,9/15; patients aged &amp;gt;60 years got score 9,7/15 (p=0.034). Conclusion The results of study point to a lower of knowledge of patients with coronary syndrome regarding their disease and factors affecting cardiovascular risk in all studied domains. The use of an assessment tool in patients with coronary syndrome allows nurses to plan educational process, providing effective support in prevention. Adequate information, promotion of health literacy of patients are an essential part of prevention and minimization of risk factors. Nurses during the nursing process by using CADE-Q II ought to promote knowledge and attitudes towards cardioprotective lifestyle.

A systematic review of the nature and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions.

In the absence of a single comprehensive systematic review of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions across all settings, we reviewed the methodological quality, effectiveness and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions on irrational/rational beliefs. We explored the impact of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy on wider outcomes (e.g., mental health) and identified the characteristics of successful interventions. PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed were systematically searched up to December 2023 with 162 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy intervention studies identified which included a validated measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Where possible, effect size for irrational/rational belief change was reported and data was analysed through a qualitative approach. Using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool, methodological quality within the Sport and Exercise domain was assessed as good, whilst all other domains were considered low in quality, with insufficient detail provided on intervention characteristics and delivery. Most studies were conducted in the United States, within the Education domain, and assessed irrational beliefs in non-clinical adult samples. Overall, studies reported significant reductions in irrational beliefs, increases in rational beliefs and improvements in mental health outcomes (e.g., depression). More successful interventions were delivered by trained Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy practitioners, adopted the ABC framework and were longer in duration. We highlight the importance of designing and conducting rigorous future Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy research to generate clearer insights as to its impact on irrational/rational beliefs and mental health outcomes.

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial correlates of critical power and W' in healthy active individuals.

The asymptote (critical power; CP) and curvature constant (W') of the hyperbolic power-duration relationship can predict performance within the severe-intensity exercise domain. However, the extent to which these parameters relate to skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function is not known. Fifteen males (peak O2 uptake, 52.2±8.7mLkg-1min-1; peak work rate, 366±40W; and gas exchange threshold, 162±41W) performed three to five constant-load tests to task failure for the determination of CP (246±44W) and W' (18.6±4.1kJ). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis to determine citrate synthase (CS) activity, as a marker of mitochondrial content, and the ADP-stimulated respiration (P) and maximal electron transfer (E) through mitochondrial complexes (C) I-IV. The CP was positively correlated with CS activity (absolute CP, r=0.881, P<0.001; relative CP, r=0.751, P=0.001). The W' was not correlated with CS activity (P>0.05). Relative CP was positively correlated with mass-corrected CI+IIE (r=0.659, P=0.038), with absolute CP being inversely correlated with CS activity-corrected CIVE (r=-0.701, P=0.024). Relative W' was positively correlated with CS activity-corrected CI+IIP (r=0.713, P=0.021) and the phosphorylation control ratio (r=0.661, P=0.038). There were no further correlations between CP or W' and mitochondrial respiratory variables. These findings support the assertion that skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity is positively associated with CP and that this relationship is strongly determined by mitochondrial content.

The effectiveness of a structured validated questionnaire to assess student perception with virtual pharmacy simulation in pharmacy practice experiential education.

MyDispense is one of the virtual simulations that has already been established as a suitable alternative for live experiential education in the pharmacy curriculum. However, there are no structured validated questionnaires available to assess the students' perception while integrating MyDispense with pharmacy practice experiential education. Therefore, the present study aimed to validate a structured questionnaire and use the questionnaire to assess the student perception of various pharmacy practice experiential education. Content and construct validity procedure was used to validate the questionnaire. Two hundred students consented to participate in validating the questionnaire. The validated questionnaire assessed the students' perception of integrating MyDispense with Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience 2 (IPPE2) and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) courses. The questionnaire was structured with four domains which were: exercise, instructor, technical, and communication. Each domain carried five items; therefore, the whole questionnaire had 20 items that succeeded in content validity. In the survey, 121 fourth-year and 117 fifth-year Pharm.D. students volunteered to convey their perception of integrating MyDispense with IPPE 2 and APPE, respectively. The survey was conducted before and after the MyDispense exam in both the courses. The Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω coefficients were > 0.8 in all four domains, indicating that the items related to the four domains have good internal consistency. In Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), two items were found to cross-load in the exercise domain and removed. Therefore, the EFA proposes 18 items for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In CFA, five fit indices were found to be satisfactory, and this indicates construct was good enough to assess the student perception. In IPPE 2, the pre-test response, the students had significantly higher satisfaction (p < 0.05) with all five items related to the technical domain. In APPE, the students had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher perception of all the items related to the exercise and technical domain in the pre-test compared to the post-test. Therefore, the student's pre-test feedback allowed the instructor to identify and make the necessary corrections in the exercises to improve the quality exercises. This study provides a validated 18-item questionnaire to assess the student perception of integrating MyDispense in experiential education. The integration of MyDispense in experiential education needs to be done carefully by assessing student perception.

DOSAGE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY USING DETERMINATION OF VENTILATORY ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD BY CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TEST

Dosing physical activity is a very important segment in the exercise domain of every person, whether they are a child, an recreational person or a professional athlete.&#x0D; The aim of this paper is to present the most optimal and direct method for assessing the functional status of an individual and to explain the way in which physical activity can be dosed most effectively using a Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET).&#x0D; In this work, the descriptive method of conducting the CPET test was used as a standard for determining the beginning of physical activity, but also for determining training thresholds.&#x0D; Adequate physical activity should be optimally dosed, neither too much nor too little, but sufficient to cause physical adaptation of the organism to effort.&#x0D; In sport and physical activity, the heart rate parameter and the determination of the degree of fatigue in relation to the maximum heart rate of the person exercising are most often used to measure effort.

Different categories of VO2 kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to classify potential sub-zones within the extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. The upper boundary of the severe exercise domain (Pupper-bound) was estimated by constant-work-rate tests. Then three further extreme-work-rate tests were performed in discrete regions within the extreme domain: extreme-1) at a work-rate greater than the Pupper-bound providing an 80–110-s time to task failure; extreme-2) a 30-s maximal sprint; and extreme-3) a 4-s maximal sprint. Different functions were used to describe the behaviour of the V ˙ O 2 kinetics over time. V ˙ O 2 on-kinetics during extreme-1 exercise was best described by a single-exponential model (R2 ≥ 0.97; SEE ≤ 0.10; p < 0.001), and recovery V ˙ O 2 decreased immediately after the termination of exercise. In contrast, V ˙ O 2 on-kinetics during extreme-2 exercise was best fitted by a linear function (R2 ≥ 0.96; SEE ≤ 0.16; p < 0.001), and V ˙ O 2 responses continued to increase during the first 10–20 s of recovery. During the extreme-3 exercise, V ˙ O 2 could not be modelled due to inadequate data, and there was an M-shape recovery V ˙ O 2 response with an exponential decay at the end. The V ˙ O 2 response to exercise across the extreme exercise domain has distinct features and must therefore be characterised with different fitting strategies in order to describe the responses accurately.

Cardiovascular responses of exercises performed within the extreme exercise domain.

Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR) and arterio-venous O2 difference (a-vO2diff) responses to heavy and severe-intensity exercise have been well documented; however, there is a lack of information on the SV, HR and a v-O2diff responses of work rates within extreme exercise domain. The aim of this study was, therefore, to focus on central and peripheral components of VO2 responses to exercises performed within the heavy, severe and extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. Maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) and corresponding work rate (P@VO2max) were determined by multisession constant work rate exercises. Cardiovascular responses to exercises were evaluated by nitrous-oxide rebreathing method with work rates from 40 % to 160 % of P@VO2max, VO2max corresponded to 324+/-39.4 W; however, maximal SV responses occurred at 205+/-54.3 W (p<0.01). Maximal cardiac output (Q), HR, and a vO2diff responses were revealed by the P@VO2max. VO2 response to exercise significantly decreased from severe-intense exercises to the first work rate of extreme exercise domain due to significant decreases in Q, SV, and HR responses (p<0.05), except a v-O2diff (p>0.05). Moreover, non-significant decreases in Q, SV, and a v-O2diff were evaluated as response to increase in work rate belonging to extreme work rates (p>0.05), except the HR (p<0.05). Work rates within the lower district of the extreme exercise domain have an important potential to improve peripheral component of VO2, while the P@VO2max seems the most appropriate intensity for aerobic endurance development as it maximizes the central component of VO2max.

Assessment of health promotion behavior and associated factors among the northern Saudi adolescent population: a cross-sectional study.

Health promotions among the adolescent population have a significant role in achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals of the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to several devastating impacts on the health, economic, social, and healthcare systems, and adolescents' health promotions are no exception. We assessed health promotion behaviors and associated factors among the adolescent population of northern Saudi Arabia (KSA). We used the Arabic version of the adolescent health promotion scale (AHPS-40) among the 400-adolescent population. The AHPS-40 assessed six domains of adolescent health behavior: nutrition, social support, health responsibility, life appreciation, exercise, and stress management. We applied the Chi-square test to identify the associated factors of adolescent health promotion activities and the logistic regression test to find the predictors for overall health promotion categories. Of the studied participants, the mean ± SD of the total AHPS-40 was 103.31 ± 18.78. The nutrition domain of the AHPS-40 was significantly associated with the age group (p=0.002), and the social support domain was significantly related to fathers' (p=0.022) and mothers' education (p=0.006). The exercise domain of AHPS-40 was significantly associated with age group (p=0.018) and school level (p=0.026). Gender was significantly associated with most of the six domains. Furthermore, more than half (52.7%) of them had a low health promotion behavior, which was significantly associated with gender (adjusted odds ratio = 1.59, 95% CI of AOR = 1.04 -2.45, p=0.032). Our study results suggest improving health promotion behaviors by instituting awareness-raising and health promotion intervention programs for adolescent groups. Furthermore, we recommend a focused, exploratory, mixed-method survey among the adolescents of other regions of KSA to identify the region-specific adolescent's health promotion behaviors.

The association between social media use and physical activity among Canadian adolescents: a Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study

ObjectiveTo determine the association between social media use (SMU) and physical activity (PA) among Canadian adolescents.MethodsWe used data from 12,358 participants in grades 6 to 10 who responded to the Canadian component of the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Social media intensity and problematic SMU were assessed using a 4-point mutually exclusive scale that contained three categories based on intensity (non-active, active, and intense SMU) and one category based on the presence of addiction-like symptoms irrespective of intensity (problematic SMU). PA was assessed for five domains (i.e., school curriculum, organized sport, exercise, outdoor play, and active transport) and dichotomized using the first quartile to represent high PA engagement in each domain. Meeting PA recommendation of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous PA was calculated using the sum of the five domains. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between SMU and PA, with active SMU used as the reference group for all models.ResultsNon-active SMU was associated with lower odds of meeting the daily PA recommendations and of high engagement in all five domains of PA when compared to active SMU. Intense SMU was associated with higher odds of meeting the daily PA recommendations. Problematic SMU was not associated with meeting daily PA recommendations, but it was significantly associated with lower odds of high PA engagement in the exercise domain.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that non-active SMU was significantly associated with lower PA levels. Problematic SMU was only significantly associated with lower PA levels in the exercise domain. Intense SMU was associated with higher odds of meeting the PA recommendation.

Şiddetli Egzersiz Alanının Üst Sınırını Belirlemede Kullanılan Bir Yöntemin Maksimal Laktat Dengesini Belirleyebilme Başarısının Değerlendirilmesi: Deneysel Çalışma

Amaç: Maksimal laktat dengesi (MLD), şiddetli egzersiz alanının alt sınırını belirleyebilmenin geçerli ve güvenilir bir yöntemidir. Diğer yandan, yakın zamanda ortaya atılan bir teknik, şiddetli egzersiz alanının üst sınırını belirlemede popüler olmuştur (the highest intensity; IHIGH). Ancak bu yeni tekniğin altında yatan teorik temele dayalı olarak, MLD'yi sorgulayan bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, IHIGH belirlemede kullanılan bu yöntemin alt sınıra uygulanması sonucunda elde edilecek egzersiz şiddetinin MLD'yi hangi düzeyde karşılayacağının araştırılmasıydı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma, iyi antrene 10 bisiklet sporcusuyla yapıldı. Katılımcılar, tüketici kademeli egzersizlerden sonra bireysel IHIGH düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için bir dizi sabit yüklü tüketici egzersize tabi tutuldu. Bireysel IHIGH düzeyleri, hâlen zirve oksijen kullanımı veren (⩒O2pik) en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti olarak kabul edildi. MLD, farklı egzersiz şiddetlerinde yapılan 30 dk'lık submaksimal egzersizlerin 30 ve 10. dk kan laktatı farklarının 1 mmol'L-1'den az olabildiği en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti dikkate alınarak belirlendi. Değişkenler arasındaki farklılıklar, eşleştirilmiş örneklem ttest ile değerlendirildi. Etki büyüklüğü (EB) Cohen d'ye göre analiz edildi. Bulgular: Beklendiği gibi MLD ve IHIGH egzersiz şiddetine ait ortalama ⩒O2 farkları anlamlıydı (55,2±4,50'ye kıyasla 61,2±5,06 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; p=0,000; EB=2,17). Ancak MLD %5 aşıldığında yapılan bir egzersize ait ortalama ⩒O2 değerleri, IHIGH'ı belirlemede kullanılan yöntemle elde edilen ⩒O2pik'e ulaşamadı (56,3±3,42'ye kıyasla 60,6±5,02 mL'dk-1'kg-1; p=0,002; EB=1,50). Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgulara göre IHIGH'ı belirlemede kullanılan prosedürün ve şiddetli egzersiz alanı için hesaplanan ⩒O2pik'in aynı alanın alt sınırı için geçerli olmadığı ortaya koyuldu.

Blood flow restriction accelerates aerobic training-induced adaptation of {dot{text{V}}}{text{O}}_{2} kinetics at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise

It is unclear whether blood flow restriction (BFR) accelerates the adaptation of the time constant (τ) of phase II oxygen uptake ( {dot{text{V}}}{text{O}}_{2} ) kinetics in the moderate-intensity exercise domain via moderate-intensity aerobic training. Therefore, healthy participants underwent moderate-intensity [45–60% {dot{text{V}}}{text{O}}_{2} Reserve] aerobic cycle training with or without BFR (BFR group, n = 9; CON group, n = 9) for 8 weeks to evaluate {dot{text{V}}}{text{O}}_{2} kinetics during moderate-intensity cycle exercise before (Pre) and after 4 (Mid) and 8 (Post) weeks of training. Both groups trained for 30 min, 3 days weekly. BFR was performed for 5 min every 10 min by applying cuffs to the upper thighs. The τ significantly decreased by Mid in the BFR group (23.7 ± 2.9 s [Pre], 15.3 ± 1.8 s [Mid], 15.5 ± 1.4 s [Post], P < 0.01) and by Post in the CON group (27.5 ± 2.0 s [Pre], 22.1 ± 0.7 s [Mid], 18.5 ± 1.9 s [Post], P < 0.01). Notably, the BFR group’s τ was significantly lower than that of the CON group at Mid (P < 0.01) but not at Post. In conclusion, BFR accelerates the adaptation of the {dot{text{V}}}{text{O}}_{2} kinetics of phase II by moderate-intensity aerobic training.

Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain

ABSTRACTPurpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both V˙O2max and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The V˙O2max, corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the V˙O2max (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4–6 × 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16–18 × 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4–7 × 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at V˙O2max was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L−1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L−1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at V˙O2max with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.

Assessment nurses' knowledge in Basra city hospitals regarding lower back pain and it`s physical therapy

Background: Low back pain is a very common health problem amongst population and a major cause of disability that affects work performances and well-being. It is can be acute, sub-acute or chronic. It is affects all ages of the population and is the most common reason for medical consultations. The main aims of study: To assessment the level of nurses` knowledge of lower back pain exercises, to identify the difference between nurse`s knowledge level in lower back pain exercise according to demography variables and knowing the percentage of nurses who pass and not pass regarding lower back pain and it`s exercises. Methodology: This study included a sample of (60) nurses, (26) males and (34) females, this study was conducted on the nursing staff in various hospitals. The questionnaire was used to collect the required information and it is composed of (24) questions about lower back pain and it`s exercises in different cases, regarding the score (I strong agree=2, I agree=1, I don't agree=0) where total scores=48 and also include variables (level of education, and years of experiences). And use the statistical program (spss) to analyze the results. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26. Conclusions · More than half of the sample they got (16 to 31) score was having medium level of knowledge. · Sample study got (83 %) pass regarding information of lower back pain domain and sample study got (72 %) pass regarding exercise domain of lower back pain. Recommendations · Add physiotherapy in the curricula of health institutes and colleges of nursing. Give training courses for nurses who working at hospital in another unites about how deal with lower back pain and it`s exercises

Effects of Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex High-Definition Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Physiological and Performance Responses at Severe-Intensity Exercise Domain in Elite Road Cyclists.

To investigate the effects of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex high-definition transcranial direct-current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on physiological and performance responses during exercise at the upper limit of the severe-intensity exercise domain in elite-level road cyclists. Eleven elite-level road cyclists (VO2peak: 71.8 [3.1]mL·kg-1·min-1) underwent the HD-tDCS or SHAM condition in a double-blind, counterbalanced, and randomized order. After 20minutes of receiving either HD-tDCS on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3 and F4) or SHAM stimulation, participants completed a 10-minute constant-load trial (CLT1) at 90% of the first ventilatory threshold and a 2-minute CLT (CLT2) at peak power output. Thereafter, they performed a simulated 2-km time trial (TT). Maximal oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded during CLT1 and CLT2, whereas performance parameters were recorded during the TT. In 6 out of 11 cyclists, the total time to complete the TT was 3.0% faster in HD-tDCS compared to SHAM. Physiological and perceptual variables measured during CLT1 and CLT2 did not change between HD-tDCS and SHAM. HD-tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seemed to improve cycling TT performance within the upper limit of the severe-intensity exercise domain, suggesting that an upregulation of the prefrontal cortex could be critical even in this exercise intensity domain. However, the limited dimension and the high interindividual variability require further studies to test these putative ergogenic effects.

The Korean-Lung Information Needs Questionnaire: Translation, validation and clinical implications in comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation.

PurposeChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms. Several symptom‐related questionnaires have been validated to improve understanding for patient with COPD. We aimed to systematically translate the English version of the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire (LINQ) into Korean and to verify the reliability, validity and clinical implications in comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).MethodsThe original version of LINQ was translated into Korean by two translators and reviewed by the translation committee. It was then reverse translated back into English. The committee compared the reconciled version in Korean and the original version in English. A cognitive debriefing was performed on the pre‐final version, and a final version, K‐LINQ, was obtained. A test‐retest method for the analysis of reliability was performed within 2 weeks. Concurrent validity analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test of the K‐LINQ and other evaluation tools.ResultsA total of 110 patients were enrolled. The length, readability, understanding and suitability of the questionnaire rated well in scores for face validity of 52 Korean patients with COPD. No significant correlation was derived from the total K‐LINQ and each domain with other scales such as mMRC, K‐CAT and K‐LCADL. The intra‐class correlation coefficient of total score K‐LINQ showed high reliability. Patients who attended PR showed significantly poor pulmonary function or more severe symptoms. In addition, a significantly lower score in total score and exercise domain of K‐LINQ were confirmed in the group of PR attendees.ConclusionsWe translated the LINQ into Korean, implemented cross‐cultural adaptation and verified its validity and reliability. K‐LINQ can now be useful in various clinical and research fields in the Republic of Korea and could serve a complementary role and become an axis of successful treatment strategies, including a comprehensive PR programme.

Assessment in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Considerations and Recommendations for Translation and Validation of Questionnaires.

Translating and validating measurement instruments in sport and exercise psychology is not an easy task. Rather, it is a task that requires effort and time, for the process is not limited to a simple translation to translate words from one language to another, just in order to make valid and reliable measure. All researchers should be aware that the only proper way is to adopt rigorous and robust methodologies to conduct the process from the preliminary stage of translation to reaching the validation stage of the psychological variable. Only so is it possible to avoid creating fragile and inadequate psychological assessment instruments that can jeopardize the entire investigation to be held with its use. Thus, the main objective of this work is to promote reflection and discussion on the subject by presenting some considerations and recommendations about translation and validation of questionnaires for psychological assessment applied to sport and exercise domain.

The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction.

Background and aimsCited in over 100 articles, the interactional model of exercise addiction (Egorov & Szabo, 2013) forms the theoretical foundation of many studies on the risk of exercise addiction. Still, the inclusion of previously omitted determinants could make it more useful. Therefore, this review presents the expanded version of the original model.MethodWe added ‘self-concept’ as another determinant in the ‘personal factors’ domain and ‘attractive alternatives’ to the ‘situational factors’ domain. Further, we doubled the reasons for exercise in the ‘incentives for exercise domain.’ Last, we added a new domain, the ‘exercise-related stressors,’ to illustrate that exercise itself might be a source of stress.ResultsThe expanded model is more inclusive and accounts for a greater combination of interactions playing roles in exercise addiction. Overlooking the eventuality that stress resulting from exercise might also fuel the dysfunction was a significant omission from the original model, rectified in the current update. Finally, the new expansions make the model more applicable to competitive situations tooConclusionThe expanded interactional model of exercise addiction is more comprehensive than its original version. It also accounts for the exercise or sport-related stress as possible fuel in addictive exercise behavior.

Measurement of Heart Rate Using the Polar OH1 and Fitbit Charge 3 Wearable Devices in Healthy Adults During Light, Moderate, Vigorous, and Sprint-Based Exercise: Validation Study.

BackgroundAccurate, continuous heart rate measurements are important for health assessment, physical activity, and sporting performance, and the integration of heart rate measurements into wearable devices has extended its accessibility. Although the use of photoplethysmography technology is not new, the available data relating to the validity of measurement are limited, and the range of activities being performed is often restricted to one exercise domain and/or limited intensities.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Polar OH1 and Fitbit Charge 3 devices for measuring heart rate during rest, light, moderate, vigorous, and sprint-type exercise.MethodsA total of 20 healthy adults (9 female; height: mean 1.73 [SD 0.1] m; body mass: mean 71.6 [SD 11.0] kg; and age: mean 40 [SD 10] years) volunteered and provided written informed consent to participate in the study consisting of 2 trials. Trial 1 was split into 3 components: 15-minute sedentary activities, 10-minute cycling on a bicycle ergometer, and incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a motorized treadmill (18-42 minutes). Trial 2 was split into 2 components: 4 × 15-second maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer and 4 × 30- to 50-m sprints on a nonmotorized resistance treadmill. Data from the 3 devices were time-aligned, and the validity of Polar OH1 and Fitbit Charge 3 was assessed against Polar H10 (criterion device). Validity was evaluated using the Bland and Altman analysis, Pearson moment correlation coefficient, and mean absolute percentage error.ResultsOverall, there was a very good correlation between the Polar OH1 and Polar H10 devices (r=0.95), with a mean bias of −1 beats·min-1 and limits of agreement of −20 to 19 beats·min-1. The Fitbit Charge 3 device underestimated heart rate by 7 beats·min-1 compared with Polar H10, with a limit of agreement of −46 to 33 beats·min-1 and poor correlation (r=0.8). The mean absolute percentage error for both devices was deemed acceptable (<5%). Polar OH1 performed well across each phase of trial 1; however, validity was worse for trial 2 activities. Fitbit Charge 3 performed well only during rest and nonsprint-based treadmill activities.ConclusionsCompared with our criterion device, Polar OH1 was accurate at assessing heart rate, but the accuracy of Fitbit Charge 3 was generally poor. Polar OH1 performed worse during trial 2 compared with the activities in trial 1, and the validity of the Fitbit Charge 3 device was particularly poor during our cycling exercises.

Effects of Individualized Low-Intensity Exercise and Its Duration on Recovery Ability in Adults.

Exercise is recommended to increase physical health and performance. However, it is unclear how low-intensity exercise (LIE) of different durations may affect or improve recovery ability. This study aimed to investigate how LIE-duration with the same volume affects recovery ability in adults. Twenty healthy male adults participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the 30-min (n = 10) or the 1-h LIE group (n = 10). The intervention included sixteen exercise sessions/four weeks with a 30-min LIE group, and eight exercise sessions/four weeks with a 1-h LIE group. Heart rate (HR) corresponding to <2 mmol∙L−1 blood lactate (La−) was controlled for LIE. Pre- and post-testing was conducted before and after 4-week LIE and tests included jogging/running speed (S), HR, and differences (delta; ∆) in HR and S between pre- and post-testing at 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mmol∙L−1 La−. Only the HR at 2.0 mmol∙L−1 La− of the 30-min LIE group was decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.043). The jogging/running speed of the 1-h LIE group was improved in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, p = 0.002, respectively). ∆HR at 2.0 and ∆S between the 30-min and 1-h LIE group at 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mmol∙L−1 La− were significantly different (p = 0.023, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.019, respectively). Furthermore, moderate to high positive correlations between ∆HR and ∆S of all subjects at 1.5 (r = 0.77), 2.0 (r = 0.77), and 4.0 (r = 0.64) mmol∙L−1 La− were observed. The 1-h LIE group showed improved endurance not only in the low-intensity exercise domain, but also in the beginning of the moderate to high-intensity exercise domain while the 30-min LIE group was not affected by the 4-week LIE intervention. Therefore, LIE (<2.0 mmol∙L−1) for at least 1-h, twice a week, for 4 weeks is suggested to improve recovery ability in adults.