Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Influencing Exercise Benefits and Barriers in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Visiting the Emergency Department Based on Machine Learning

Objective: To investigate the exercise benefits/barriers and influencing factors among cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients seeking emergency care. Methods: A convenience sampling method was used to select CVD patients who visited the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Chengdu from December 2023 to July 2024 as the study subjects. The investigation was conducted through medical record review and on-site questionnaire surveys. The research tools included a general information questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). Data were entered into Excel and statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: Among the 1080 patients, 62.9% did not meet physical activity standards. Depression and social support explained 48.0% of the total variance in exercise benefits/barriers. The random forest algorithm performed best in predicting influencing factors. Conclusion: CVD patients seeking emergency care are generally insufficiently active, with depression and social support significantly impacting exercise benefits/barriers.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Exercise Benefits/ Barriers Scale: Perceived exercise benefits and barriers of patients with different axial spondyloarthritis subtypes

Objectives: The aim of this study was to translate the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) into Turkish and investigate the perceptions of Turkish-speaking patients with different axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) subtypes regarding exercise benefits and barriers. Patients and methods: This validation study was conducted between June 2018 and December 2021. Patients with axSpA were consecutively assessed regarding physical (age, sex and body mass index) and disease-related characteristics (disease activity, spinal mobility, functional status, quality of life, health status, emotional status, and kinesiophobia). Eligible participants were asked to complete the EBSS and other outcome measurements during their initial visits. EBBS was readministered 7 to 14 days later. Results: One hundred forty-eight patients (89 males, 59 females; mean age: 44.3±11.8 years; range, 19 to 65 years) were included in the study. Of the patients, 108 had radiographic axSpA, and 40 had nonradiographic axSpA. EBBS-Barriers and EBBS-Benefits subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas of 0.82 and 0.95, respectively) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.837 and 0.807, respectively). No significant differences were observed between axSpA subtypes regarding EBBS-Barriers (p=0.12) and EBBS-Benefits (p=0.10) subscales. Significant relationships were detected between kinesiophobia and EBBS-Barriers scores (r=–0.424, p<0.01), as well as EBBS-Benefits scores (r=–0.344, p<0.01) for all patients. EBBS-Benefits scores were correlated to health status (r=–0.412, p=0.08) and quality of life (r=–0.394, p=0.01) in patients with nonradiographic axSpA. Conclusion: According to our results, the Turkish EBBS is a valid and reliable tool for patients with axSpA. Perceptions of the patients with axSpA regarding exercise barriers and benefits do not differ according to the disease subtype. It appears that kinesiophobia may be an important parameter regarding exercise perception in axSpA.

Motivation for physical activity in the Jordanian military: Possible determinants of physical activity in male and female recruits

ABSTRACT Given the obligatory nature of physical fitness training in the military and in order to guide intervention development, our study assessed possible motivational determinants as suggested by self-determination theory in addition to other possible determinants. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 military recruits during their basic training in Jordan. Physical activity and lifestyle behaviors were measured using the Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS). Psychosocial variables were assessed using the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE), Behavioral Regulation Exercise Scale (BREQ-2) and Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS). Bivariate correlation analysis revealed that identified self-regulation, introjected regulation and exercise self-efficacy scores were positively associated with higher Metabolic Equivalent of Task (METs) and minutes per week of physical activity among male recruits and the overall sample respectively. Among females, only external regulation was positively associated with the total METs/week. Being a male was significantly associated with higher minutes of physical activity among the overall sample. Multivariate regression analyses showed that identified regulation was significantly and positively associated with higher minutes of physical activity among the overall sample and male recruits in addition to higher METs per week among the male recruits. Also, the amotivation score was significantly and positively associated with higher minutes of physical activity among the overall sample and male recruits. A multivariate regression analysis for female recruits showed no significant associations. Intervention developers are advised to increase autonomous forms of motivation through structured enjoyable physical fitness programs in order to enhance intrinsic motivation in the long term.

Analysis of current status of and barriers to exercise participation among patients on maintenance hemodialysis

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the current status of barriers to exercise participation (EP) among patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 277 outpatients undergoing MHD in 2 tertiary first-class hospitals in Beijing from February 2023 to June 2023 who were selected using convenience sampling method. The data of patients on MHD were collected using the general information questionnaire, Physical Activity Rating Scale, Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), and Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES). The relationship between EP and barriers to EP was analyzed through univariate and multivariate linear regression models. Results: Patients on MHD had a low exercise volume score of 13.71 ± 0.68 points and a medium EBBS score of 63.36 ± 0.40 points. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that exercise volume was significantly related to the following four aspects, including low monthly household income per capita (odds ratio [OR] = 86.741, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.164–6.465], P = 0.042), primary underlying disease of diabetic nephropathy (OR = 45.993, 95% CI [1.353–1.564], P = 0.033), the belief that “fatigue in lower extremities hinders exercise” (OR = 4.697, 95% CI [1.127–19.585], P = 0.034), and the belief that “physical exercise bringing optimistic and positive life attitude” (OR = 0.074, 95% CI [0.007–0.830], P = 0.035). Conclusions: Since patients on MHD had low physical exercise volume, the health-care provider should pay more attention on the controllable factors that affect the EP of patients on MHD. Therefore, feasible and effective intervention measures can be formulated based on ESES in clinical nursing.

A140: Comparing Perceived Exercise Benefits Between Exercising and Non-Exercising College Students

Purpose: Regular exercise leads to physiological and psychological benefits. University is a key venue to promote physical activity behavior in young adults. However, it is reported nearly 50% Chinese college students are not reaping the benefits due to insufficient amount of exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate what challenges prevent college students from exercising. Thus, this study was to assess perceived exercise benefits and barriers in Chinese college students and compare the differences between students do exercise and who do not. Methods: The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) was used to examine perceived benefits and barriers in 118 non-exercising and 118 exercising students (84 males,152 females; aged 19±1.89) from central China. A non-exerciser does accumulate 150~300 minutes of moderate exercise or 75~150 minutes vigorous exercise over a week. The EBBS includes five subscales assessing benefits (i.e., life enhancement, physical performance, psychological outlook, social interaction, and preventative health) and four subscales assessing barriers (i.e., exercise milieu, time expenditure, physical exertion, and family discouragement). All items are on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Independent t tests were used to compare total and subscale scores between two groups. Results: We found that the total scores for benefits in exercisers were significantly higher than non-exercisers (3.06±0.38 vs. 2.85±0.41, p < 0.001), as well as psychological outlook subscale scores, preventive health subscale scores, social interaction subscale scores, and life enhancement subscale score (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in physical performance subscale score. When comes to the barriers, there were also significantly difference in all barrier subscales (the total barriers scores were 1.89±0.37 and 2.14±0.40, p < 0.001), except for the family discouragement subscale. Conclusions: The results showed that non-exercising college students felt less benefits and strong barriers compared to exercising students. This may be the reason why they did not engage in regular exercise. Although the scores of perceived benefits were higher than the barriers in non-exercisers, it might not be sufficient to motivate them to be physically active.

Perspectives of adults living with HIV attending the opportunistic infections clinic at Chitungwiza central hospital in Zimbabwe towards physical activity: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundRegular physical activity and exercise have been shown to be of benefit in managing the HIV disease, its complications and the side effects of HAART. The perceptions of those living with HIV toward physical activity and exercises is a key factor in advocating for participation of rehabilitation personnel in the management of this disease. However, this domain remains underexplored in Zimbabwe.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 327 people living with HIV. Participants were consecutively sampled from Chitungwiza Central Hospital Opportunistic Clinic. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) were respectively used to measure the physical activity level and perceived benefits/barriers of physical exercise among adults living with HIV. The tools were self-administered. The analyses were done for 323 participants using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).ResultsThe mean age was 41.1 ± 11.0. Females constituted 69.7% (n = 225) of the sample. The majority of participants (n = 184; 57%) described themselves as being highly physically active (3204;IQR = 2139–4441 MET-minutes/week). Most of the participants agreed that physical activity prevented heart attacks with a mean value of 3.34 ± 0.65. The majority perceived psychological outlook as the greatest benefit from physical activity among the benefit sub-scales. Furthermore, most of the participants agreed that it cost too much for them to exercise which had a mean of 3.00 ± 0.88. Family discouragement was the most agreed perceived barrier to physical activity with a mean of 2.91 ± 0.67. Those who perceived physical activity as being beneficial reported less barriers. A statistically significant association was found between level of physical activity and CD4 cell count (p = 0.035) as well as with employment status (p < 0.05). No statistically significant association was reported between the perceived benefits and the level of physical activity (p = 0.214). A statistically significant association was reported between the perceived barriers and age (p < 0.05) as well as with employment status (p = 0.006).ConclusionAdults living with HIV receiving HAART at Chitungwiza Central Hospital are highly active when compared to other studies done in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also important to create interventions that promote physical activity considering what this population considers as perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity.

FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYİ EGZERSİZ ALGISINA VE VÜCUT FARKINDALIĞINA BAĞLI MIDIR?

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether physical activity level depends on exercise perception and body awareness.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 116 people between the ages of 18-25 years who did not have any diseasepreventing physical activity participated in the study. Using a face-to-face questionnaire and inquiry methods, participants were evaluated with Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ), Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF).&#x0D; Results: The mean age and body mass index of the participants were 20.38 years and 21.86 kg / m2. In IPAQ-SF scores, 28.4% of the participants were at the low activity level, 40.5% were at the medium activity level and 31% were at the high activity level. There was a weak correlation (r

Comparison of Physical Activity, Exercise Barriers, Physical Performance, and Fall Risks in Frail and Nonfrail Older Adults

Objectives: The present research aimed to identify the difference between physical activity, physical performance, balance, fall risk, and exercise barriers in frail and nonfrail older adults. Methods: One hundred nineteen voluntary individuals older than 65 years and living in Kırıkkale were enrolled in the research. The Clinical Frailty Scale was employed to evaluate the frailty level of the individuals included in the study. In line with the data obtained after the evaluation, individuals were separated into 2 groups as frail and nonfrail individuals. Exercise barriers were evaluated with the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), physical activity level was evaluated with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), lower extremity physical performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test, and fall risk was assessed with the Self-Rated Fall Risk Questionnaire (FRQ). Results: Ninety-three of the individuals enrolled in the study were found to be nonfrail and 26 to be frail older adults. The mean age of the individuals in the nonfrail group was 70.36 ± 6.10 years, and the mean age of the individuals in the frail group was 76.53 ± 7.37 years. In the statistical analysis, the difference was revealed between the groups in terms of the exercise barriers subscore, EBBS total score, PASE leisure activity score, PASE total score, FRQ total score, and SPPB total result (P &lt; .05). In the correlation analysis, there was a negative correlation between the frailty scale score and SPPB and a positive correlation between the frailty scale score and FRQ in nonfrail older adults (P &lt; .05). However, there was a positive correlation between the frailty scale score and exercise barriers subscore, EBBS and FRQ total scores, and a negative correlation between the PASE leisure activities, work activities and PASE total score, and SPPB score in frail individuals (P &lt; .05). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the physical activity levels of frail older adults were poorer, they had a higher fall risk, and their activity performance, including the lower extremity, was poorer than that of nonfrail older adults.

Health Benefits and Participation Barriers of Different Level Horseback Riders Age-Wise.

Although horseback riding is not specifically mentioned in the recommendations for different age groups regarding the level of physical activity necessary for good health, its practice continues to grow in popularity throughout the world. Despite being a minority discipline, it has some characteristics that make it an opportunity for its participants to be active people, so it is important to understand what are the perceived health benefits and barriers to participation. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the perceived health benefits and barriers in horseback riding among riders categorized by level and age, in order to promote physical activity through these benefits and to overcome the barriers. An online version of the EBBS (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale) was used to analyze benefits and barriers. The sample consisted of 2,651 participants (95.9% women and 4.1% men) in an equestrian event, distributed in four age groups (79.4% up to 25 years, 11.5% between 26 and 35, 7.9% between 36 and 50, and 1.2 older than 50 years). Perceived benefits and participation barriers to horseback riding were analyzed. The factor analysis identified and confirmed five benefit factors and four barrier factors. Benefit factors were significantly correlated among them but barriers were less interrelated. Higher ages were associated to larger benefits and less barrier effects. Benefit and barrier differences were larger between amateur and professional riders, compared to gender differences.

PERCEIVED EXERCISE BENEFITS AND BARRIERS IN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

active and inactive university students and to determine the relationship between physical activity&#x0D; level and perceived benefits/barriers in university students.&#x0D; Methods: The undergraduate students were invited to this cross-sectional survey. A total of&#x0D; 526 students responded to the online survey consisting of the International Physical Activity&#x0D; Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS). The participants were divided&#x0D; into two groups: the active group (n=341) and the inactive group (n=185) based on IPAQ.&#x0D; Results: The most agreed benefit was the item "exercise improves the way my body looks," whereas&#x0D; the most agreed barrier was the item "exercise tires me". Comparison of the active and inactive&#x0D; groups showed that the active group perceived the benefits of exercise higher than the inactive&#x0D; group, especially in terms of life enhancement, physical performance, and psychological outlook&#x0D; (p

Physical activity and exercise benefits/barriers in mothers of children with motor disabilities.

BackgroundMothers of children with motor disabilities face physical and emotional burdens.AimsThis study aimed to determine the physical activity levels, exercise-related barriers, and facilitators in mothers of children with motor disabilities and investigate the differences between the physical activity levels of mothers who have children with different motor functional status.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, mothers were assessed with the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). The motor functional status of the children was classified by Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and the mothers were divided into two groups (GMFCS level I, II = mild motor disability n = 28, GMFCS level III–V = moderate-to-severe motor disability, n = 37) according to the motor level of their children.ResultsSixty-nine mothers (36.56 ± 7.25 65) were included in this study. None of the mothers had adequate levels of physical activity (0%). According to the EBBS, the most frequently reported exercise barrier was lack of time (mothers of children with mild motor disability n = 26, 92.85%, the mothers of children with moderate-to-severe motor disability n = 34, 91.89%). The physical activity levels of the mothers of children with mild motor disability were higher compared to the mothers of children with moderate-to-severe motor disability (p = 0.032).ConclusionThis study has revealed that the physical activity levels of mothers of children with motor disabilities are low, and this is related to the gross motor function level of the children. The focus should be on increasing the physical activity levels of mothers of children with motor disabilities.

Reliability, Validity, and Gender Invariance of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale: An Emerging Evidence for a More Concise Research Tool.

The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) research instrument has been extensively used to investigate the perceived benefits and barriers of exercise in a range of settings. In order to examine theoretical contentions and translate the findings, it is imperative to implement measurement tools that operationalize the constructs in an accurate and reliable way. The original validation of the EBBS proposed a nine-factor structure for the research tool, examined the EBBS factor structure, and suggested that various factors are important for the testing of the perception of exercise benefits and barriers, whereas a few items and factors may not be vital. The current study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using hierarchical testing in 565 participants from the northwest region of the United Kingdom, the results of which provided evidence for a four-factor structure of the benefits measure, with the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.943, Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.933, and root means square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.051, namely life enhancement, physical performance, psychological outlook, and social interaction, as well as a two-factor structure of the barrier measures, with the CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.931, and RMSEA = 0.063, including exercise milieu and time expenditure. Our findings showed that for a six-factor correlated model, the CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.919, and RMSEA = 0.046. The multi-group CFA provided support for gender invariance. The results indicated that after three decades of the original validation of the EBBS, many of the core factors and items are still relevant for the assessment of higher-order factors; however, the 26-item concise tool proposed in the current study displays a better parsimony in comparison with the original 43-item questionnaire. Overall, the current study provides support for a reliable, cross-culturally valid EBBS within the UK adult population, however, it proposes a shorter and more concise version compared with the original tool, and gives direction for future research to focus on the content validity for assessing the perception of the barriers to physical activity.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Physical Exercise among Future Engineers and Technologists

The goal of this paper is to explore perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of physical exercise, in particular workouts among students at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). These students must ensure that they are clever and fit if they want to be created to become highly profitable staff who are keen to play their part in the dream of a developed country of world class. Objective: To explore perceived advantages and barriers to physical tasks among students of the Technical University. Method: 355 students from the curriculum courses at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) completed the EBBS (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale). Findings: Physical fitness was the foremost perceived advantage of exercise, accompanying the benefits of cognitive perspective, precautionary well-being, life improvement, and social interaction. Physical output was substantially above the other benefits. There were no major variations in psychological and preventive health outlook, but they are substantially beyond enhanced life and social ties. Also greatly beyond social interaction was the transition to life. Working-out's, slightly higher than time, exercise and family discouragement obstacles were the most perceived obstacles to exercise. The findings of this survey include the significance, for women, of perceiving a good benefit-barrier ratio that is conducive to exercise participation for preparation of physical activities services. In particular, methods must assist students to disengage or monitor physical perception ‘delusions' or flowing from perceived during physical operation (reduces their perceived barriers) or to further emphasize the various safety and other wellness advantages. (Increase their perceived benefits).

Barriers to Physical Exercise and Associated Factors in the Pre- and Postoperative Periods of Bariatric Surgery.

To compare the barriers to exercise and its associated factors among patients in the pre- and postoperative periods of bariatric surgery. Cross-sectional study with patients who were split into preoperative (n = 81) and postoperative (n = 209) groups. It was collected sociodemographic characteristics, and the Exercise Benefits Barriers Scale was adopted in order to identify the barriers related to exercise practice. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Poisson regression were applied for comparisons and associations. The postoperative group had a lower score on the barrier scale, except for the lack of time subdimension. In the preoperative, the subjects were considered physically active (p= 0.03), and those over 42years old (p< 0.001) had the lowest score in lack of time subdimension. Those with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 36.89kg/cm2 had a higher overall score on the scale (p< 0.001), also in the lack of time (p= 0.003) and physical effort subdimensions (p < 0.001). Those with higher education scored more in the lack of time (p= 0.014) and family discouragement subdimensions (p= 0.034). In the postoperative, the participants considered active had the lowest score on the general scale, as well as in all subdimensions (p< 0.001), and the ones with higher education presented better scores in physical effort subdimension (p= 0.041). The preoperative group had a higher score of barriers to practice exercises related to physical effort, environment, and family discouragement, when compared to the postoperative. The factors associated were physical inactivity, BMI over 36.89kg/cm2, age 42years old or under, and higher education.

Perceived Benefits for Mental and Physical Health and Barriers to Horseback Riding Participation. The Analysis among Professional and Amateur Athletes

The aim of this study was to investigate perceived benefits for mental and physical health and barriers to horseback riding participation among professional and amateur athletes by gender. The empirical study of 2651 professional and amateur horseback riders was conducted during the last edition of Cavaliada competitions (held in Poznan in December 2019)—one of the biggest and most important horseback riding events in Europe. A diagnostic survey method was used in the study. In the questionnaire a division of benefits and barriers according to the EBBS (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale) was used. The results are presented by means of frequency distributions for individual items. The verification of hypotheses about the differences between the analyzed groups was conducted using the U-Mann Whitney test with a correction of tied ranks. For the compared groups the mean rank values were calculated. Research results showed that respondents rated the positive impact of equestrianism on mental health higher than on physical health. Among the barriers, the most frequently mentioned aspects were not related to the internal motivation of the respondents, but to external factors—money, time and distance of sports facilities. Men rated the social and psychological benefits higher, while women rated the positive impact of equestrianism on physicality. Professionals rated more highly a number of aspects related to positive effects on the body, while amateurs claimed that were more often not supported by loved ones. This is important research from the point of view of horseback riding promotion. Understanding the horseback riding benefits and barriers are needed, as such knowledge can be used to encourage horseback riding. Perceived benefits and barriers to horseback riding have so far been rarely studied by researchers.

Perceived exercise barriers are reduced and benefits are improved with lifestyle modification in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundThis study assessed the perceived benefits and barriers to exercise participation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and monitored changes in response to a lifestyle intervention.MethodsForty-three overweight/obese PCOS women (Age, 30.3(6.2) yrs; BMI, 36.4(5.6) kg/m2) were randomised to one of three 20-week lifestyle programs: diet only (DO, n = 13), diet and aerobic exercise (DA, n = 11) and diet and combined aerobic-resistance exercise (DC, n = 19). Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), weight, aerobic fitness, depression and PCOS specific health-related quality of life were measured.ResultsBarriers score was related to depression (r = 0.45, P = 0.002) and aerobic fitness (r = −0.32, P = 0.04), while benefits score was related to aerobic fitness (r = 0.41, P = 0.007). EBBS, benefits and barriers scores improved overtime (P ≤ 0.001). Benefits subscales psychological outlook and social interaction increased (P ≤ 0.001) and life enhancement and preventative health did not change (P ≥ 0.3). Physical performance increased only in DA (P = 0.009). There were no differences between treatments for any of the other subscales (P ≥ 0.2). Barriers subscales exercise milieu, time expenditure and physical exertion reduced (P ≤ 0.003) and family discouragement did not change (P = 0.6).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that lifestyle modification consisting of an energy-restricted diet with or without exercise training improved the perceived benefits from and barriers to exercise.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register ACTRN12606000198527, registered 26 May 2006

Facilities and Barrier of Physical Activity in Elderlies in Kashan, Iran

Background: The supplements and decreasing the limitations are important for suitable physical activity. These factors are different in various environments. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the facilities and barriers for physical activity in elderlies in Kashan, Iran, during 2014. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample included 400 elderly people (aged more than 60 years) living in Kashan, Iran. The subjects were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They were selected randomly from healthcare centers in three regions of Kashan. The sample size was different according to gender and living area. The demographic characteristics were recorded and the exercise benefits/barriers scale (EBBS) was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, Pearson’s correlation, Student t-test, and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The significance level for all the tests was considered P < 0.05. Results: Of the total elderly, 237 (59.2%) were females. The average age was 67.6 ± 6.8 years. The mean of barrier and facility scores were 103.17 ± 21.08 and 70.82 ± 18.27, respectively. The most important facilitating factor in 88 subjects (22%) was related to cardiovascular system health. In addition, the most important barrier was lack of suitable location, mentioned by 113 elderly (28.2%). There was a significant relationship between facility and barrier scores and the physical activity level (chi-squared = 19.91, P = 0.0001), age (P = 0.001 r = 0.01), gender (P = 0.000), marital status (P = 0.000), educational status (P = 0.000), personal independence (P < 0.000), current job (P = 0.030), and living area (P = 0.042). Conclusions: The influences of various facilities and barriers were different in the physical activity of elderly in Kashan. The promotion of active life style should be a part of health care planning in elderly.

The motivational state and perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity participation in parents of preschool age children

Introduction Due to the decline in physical activity documented during the transition to adulthood, as well as the powerful modeling effect parents have on their young children, parents of preschool-age children are a valuable population sub-group to examine in physical activity research. Method In this investigation, 118 Canadian mothers and fathers of preschool-age children filled out three questionnaires: the Godin leisure-time physical activity participation [1] , Stage of motivational readiness to change [2] , and Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) [3] . Results Consistent with previous research, the trans-theoretical model of behavior change was supported. That is, respondents classified in higher stages of motivational readiness to change reported higher levels of physical activity. This finding held for both exercising alone or with their children. Similarly, participants classified into higher stages of motivational readiness to change also reported greater perceived benefits and fewer perceived barriers to physical activity participation. Contrary to previous research, gender was not found to be a significant correlate of physical activity participation in this sample. Parental time demands emerged as a novel barrier to physical activity participation in the EBBS. Mothers in lower stages of motivational readiness to change were more likely to view parenting as a barrier to physical activity participation. Active parents, in higher stages of motivational readiness to change, were less likely to view parenting related time demands as barriers to physical activity participation and were more likely to engage in physical activity with their children. Conclusion The relationships between gender, parenting related time demands, physical activity participation and stage of motivational readiness to change are complex. However, since parenting has a unique effect on families’ daily physical activity engagement, a practical conclusion of the study is that healthy living interventions targeting families with young children need to incorporate the parental expectations and needs to perceived benefits and barriers.

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE FOR PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: RECOMMENDATIONS AND REALITY

Система комплексной поддержки и сопровождения научного журнала Elpub позволяет запустить двуязычный сайт журнала со встроенной системой электронной редакции в соответствии с лучшими издательскими практиками, а так же предусматривает техническую и методическую поддержку со стороны специалистов НЭИКОН.

Reliability and validity of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers scale in the elderly

OBJECTIVE: Assess the reliability and validity of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) in the elderly. METHODS: The reliability was assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and by the test-retest Kendall's W. To verify the construct validity it was used a correlation between the EBBS results and the personal and clinic variables. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alfa of the EBBS was 0.94. The test-retest value was 0.60. The variables that presented association with the EBBS were: level of education (p = 0.02), practice of physical activity (p = 0.0001), with whom one resides (p= 0.032) and lifestyle (p= 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The statistical analysis revealed that the translated version of the EBBS is valid and reliable however, its use is recommended in different scenarios due to regional differences in Brazil, in order to have the validity of the instrument widely exploited.