Policy Execution Research Articles

The Role of Chinese Media in the Decline of Fertility Rates: A Critical Analysis of Policy Communication and Representation of Women's Perspectives

The media plays a crucial role in the distribution of public policy, serving as a critical connection between the government and the general public. The media promotes the rapid communication of policy information nationwide through many platforms, including traditional news outlets and social media. Nonetheless, the communication strategy utilized by Chinese media primarily remains largely unidirectional. It insufficiently conveys public sentiment and real social needs to politicians. The disconnect is apparent in the execution of pro-childbirth policies, as long-term initiatives to promote childbirth have not substantially enhanced women's inclination to have children. The media primarily emphasizes the promotion polices and expected societal advantages, frequently neglecting the necessity of addressing and incorporating public concerns and perspectives. This gap emphasizes the necessity to build a more interactive and responsive media construction to properly facilitate conversation between the state and its constituents.

LEGAL UNCERTAINTY IN GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 51 OF 2020 REGARDING THE TEN-YEAR PASSPORT VALIDITY PERIOD

This study examines the legal uncertainty arising from the implementation of Government Regulation No. 51 of 2020 concerning the change in passport validity from 5 years to 10 years, as well as the need for legal reform to address the issue. Legal uncertainty occurs due to the absence of clear implementing regulations, thus affecting the effectiveness of policy implementation in the field of immigration administration, including tariff adjustments and management of passport forms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the lack of clear implementing regulations and their impact on immigration administration, proposing solutions such as creating comprehensive guidelines, legal harmonization, and system updates to ensure policy execution. This research utilizes the normative method to analyze the legal uncertainty surrounding Government Regulation Number 51 of 2020 by examining the relevant legal standards. This study finds that the enactment of Government Regulation No. 51 of 2020 has created legal uncertainties, particularly regarding the transition for existing passports, fee adjustments, and administrative procedures. These ambiguities may disrupt immigration services and confuse both the public and immigration officers, calling for clear guidelines and implementing regulations to ensure the smooth execution of the policy. This study recommends legal reform by preparing comprehensive implementing regulations, harmonization with related laws, and updating the administrative system to support policy implementation. This study suggests a more adaptive legal framework and increases the capacity of technology and human resources to face future immigration challenges.

A Systematic Review of Ethical Leadership as a Panacea for Combating Sexual Harassment in Africa

Sexual harassment is an ongoing baseness that should be non-existent at work. Such immoral behaviours have psychological, physical, and behavioural impacts on victims, with no organisational benefit. Hence, it is imperative that positive actions against sexual harassment are needed, and leaders have a role to play. However, there are limited studies on how ethical leaders can contribute to the eradication process. This report, therefore, makes a compelling case for developing ethical leaders as champions against sexual harassment. It accentuates the positive effect of role-modelling ethical behaviours. Based on secondary data, traditional and systematic literature reviews were conducted on sexual harassment and ethical leadership in sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. The results of the thematic analysis showed that women are mostly the victims of sexual harassment due to the abuse of power and poor execution of harassment policies. The study offers laudable mechanisms such as the creation of an inclusive environment with zero tolerance for sexual harassment, the moral development of organisational members and the reorientation and support for victims. Given the ‘power distance’ culture of most African nations, the fight will be tough, but the benefits and prospects far outweigh the cost. Hence, recommendations and practical approaches to potential challenges are discussed.

Implementasi Kebijakan Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya Terpusat di Daerah Permukiman Wilayah Pesisir Kota Bontang

This study examines the implementation of centralized Solar Power Plant (PLTS) development policies in the coastal area of Bontang City as part of efforts to meet the increasing national energy demand. PLTS was chosen due to its renewable, environmentally friendly, and efficient nature, leveraging Indonesia's abundant solar radiation. Using a qualitative approach, the study reviews policy implementation based on the four main dimensions of George C. Edward III's theory: communication, resources, implementers’ disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The findings reveal that communication among policy implementers, the community, and stakeholders has been effective through various formal and informal channels, although challenges remain in disseminating information to remote coastal communities. In terms of resources, facilities and information related to the policy are deemed adequate, but there is a shortage of technical personnel and local operators, impacting policy execution. Additionally, limited government budgets pose a significant barrier to PLTS maintenance and operations. The disposition of implementers reflects strong commitment and responsibility, including the recruitment of local labor as operators, although heavy workloads and equipment theft issues hinder effectiveness. The bureaucratic structure, based on standard operating procedures (SOPs), has supported systematic coordination and policy implementation. Overall, the study concludes that the implementation of centralized PLTS development policies in the coastal area of Bontang City has been relatively effective. However, enhancements in human resources, increased budget allocation, and stricter supervision and facility protection are required. The study recommends closer collaboration among central and local governments, communities, and the private sector to ensure the sustainability of PLTS as an innovative and environmentally friendly energy solution for coastal areas.

How to Promote Women’s Shift Towards Reusable Feminine Hygiene Products: The Application of Push-Pull-Mooring Effect Model

The growing environmental concern has promoted the global shift towards sustainable consumption, leading to the focus on reusable products. While extant literature has delved into the purchase intention of feminine hygiene products, it has often disregard the intentions behind women switching to reusable alternatives. To address this gap, the present research explores the drivers addressing women's intention to switch from disposable products to reusable options like menstrual cups and cloth pads. By utilizing non-probability purposive sampling, the study applies the Push, Pull, and Mooring (PPM) model to a sample of 386 women aged 18 to menopause. Theoretical insights from this research inform women's predisposition towards adopting reusable feminine hygiene products. Empirical findings identify pricing benefits as a significant pull factor along with women's positive attitude to switch. It also indicates that push factors have a lower impact on switching intention than pull and mooring factors. The findings underscore the potential for marketers to plan for a green transition by improving the design of sales strategy. This also provides a reference for the execution of government policies to promote the adoption of reusable feminine hygiene products to lower environmental wastage.

문화유산 관리 과정에서 갈등에 관한 연구: 홍콩특별행정구를 사례로

China's cultural heritage policies have tended to be pursued under the goal of establishing a historical and cultural identity, especially after experiencing the loss and destruction of cultural heritage during prolonged periods of war and the Cultural Revolution. However, rapid economic development and urbanization have often conflicted with heritage preservation, leading to the deterioration of unique cultural assets in various regions. This study investigates how China's central and local governments address policy issues related to the development and preservation of regional cultural heritage during policy implementation. To this end, we selected two cases of cultural heritage management in Hong Kong following its return to China and analyzed the policy execution processes. Specifically, the research focuses on the differing approaches of the central and local governments in interpreting and preserving the colonial heritage of Hong Kong, highlighting the significance of each government's role in the management process. The findings reveal that the central government and the Hong Kong local government respond differently in the management and execution of cultural heritage policies, depending on policy timeliness. Furthermore, by exploring the varying preservation outcomes resulting from policy hierarchies, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of China's cultural policies.

Integration and coherence in food governance—a comprehensive analysis of food security public programs in Chile

This study critically examines Chilean food governance. In particular it focuses on two aspects of inter-ministerial governance: policy “integration” and policy “coherence.” It does so by evaluating the alignment between two key policy objectives within the Chilean government; the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP) objectives. This is accomplished by using publicly available data at the Integrated Bank of Social Programs (BIPS – Banco Integrado de Programas Sociales) collected in 2021. Utilizing mixed methods including content analysis, program review, and financial analysis, 245 public programs were scrutinized. Only 0.042% of the 2021 national budget for public programs was allocated to n = 70 key programs directly addressing food and nutrition security (FNS), highlighting significant resource disparities among ministries. While some inter-ministerial integration was observed, overall coherence with NFNP objectives, particularly in “health integration and intersectorality,” was lacking. Since disparities in resource allocation and neglect of stability and agency within food security across ministries are identified, indicating a variegated approach to food security with differing emphases on availability, utilization, and access, this study calls for a collaborative, multi-sectoral strategy to bridge policy gaps and enhance coherence in addressing food security challenges. Its findings contribute to the discourse on food governance, offering insights into policy implementation gaps and suggesting avenues for enhancing inter-ministerial integration and coherence. This research underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to policy formulation and execution in achieving NFNP goals and addressing the complex challenges of food security in Chile.

Eco-Friendly OTOP Production for Sustainable Society: A case study of Thailand

The government of Thailand launched the OTOP program as a grassroots economic development strategy in 2001, and it has been functioned nationwide. However, some instances of environmental pollution occurred over a decade due to human activities. This research aimed to develop an environmental education strategy that enhance eco-friendly production and respond to the sustainability concept. The participatory action and survey research were applied. The policy makers and key informants were the target groups of this study namely; 10 policy executives, 25 entrepreneurs, and 20 OTOP representatives, meanwhile, structured-questionnaire was applied among 411 consumers. The results showed that the awareness level for pollution problems and participation in environmental conservation activities among the stakeholders were high. Majority of participants have high level of knowledge, attitude, skills and practices on eco-friendly production. The strategy based on sufficiency economy philosophy was developed, whereas four strategies with specific goals, measures, and 19 associated projects included. Expert evaluation and quality assessment were carried out, and showed that the strategy is highly rated in terms of satisfaction and confidence. As recommendations, the government agencies and stakeholders should promote targeted education and awareness programs about integrated eco-friendly OTOP production. Comprehensive learning centers, integrated budgets, initiatives for green marketing and communication strategies should be encouraged. Further in-depth research should be conducted for creative OTOP and green products to get better understanding about the overall market dynamics and respond to the sustainable concept of society.

Examining the Effectiveness of a Pilot Waste Classification Policy in Facilitating the Low-Carbon Transition Regarding Solid Waste in China

The pilot waste classification policy is pivotal in tackling the challenges associated with the decarbonization of solid waste disposal in China; nevertheless, the efficacy of these pilot policies continues to be a topic of ongoing debate. This study presents a novel methodology utilizing an advanced difference-in-differences model, drawing on panel data from 297 cities for the period of 2016 to 2020, encompassing various types of municipal solid wastes and their corresponding carbon emissions. By integrating the waste classification performance as an intermediary variable, this research distinctly investigates how these policies facilitate the transition towards a low-carbon economy. The key findings indicate the following: (1) The implementation of pilot waste classification policies significantly accelerates the low-carbon transition of municipal solid waste disposal, with results substantiated through rigorous empirical testing. (2) The mechanistic analysis reveals a marked efficiency enhancement in waste classification within megacities, resulting in a compensatory effect, while analogous policies do not yield performance improvements in small- and medium-sized cities. (3) The effects of waste classification policies exhibit variability across cities of differing scales, with scale particularly influencing the performance of waste classification, thereby emphasizing the necessity for city-specific strategies in policy execution. The contributions of this study are rooted in its methodological advancements and its sophisticated analysis of the varying effects of waste classification policies, providing critical insights for policymakers seeking to enhance the effects of low-carbon strategies within urban environments. However, it is important to note that the scope of this study is limited to China, and the findings may be most applicable to countries with similar waste management challenges.

A Framework for Simultaneous Task Allocation and Planning under Uncertainty

We present novel techniques for simultaneous task allocation and planning in multi-robot systems operating under uncertainty. By performing task allocation and planning simultaneously, allocations are informed by individual robot behaviour, creating more efficient team behaviour. We go beyond existing work by planning for task reallocation across the team given a model of partial task satisfaction under potential robot failures and uncertain action outcomes. We model the problem using Markov decision processes, with tasks encoded in co-safe linear temporal logic, and optimise for the expected number of tasks completed by the team. To avoid the inherent complexity of joint models, we propose an alternative model that simultaneously considers task allocation and planning, but in a sequential fashion. We then build a joint policy from the sequential policy obtained from our model, thus allowing for concurrent policy execution. Furthermore, to enable adaptation in the case of robot failures, we consider replanning from failure states and propose an approach to preemptively replan in an anytime fashion, replanning for more probable failure states first. Our method also allows us to quantify the performance of the team by providing an analysis of properties, such as the expected number of completed tasks under concurrent policy execution. We implement and extensively evaluate our approach on a range of scenarios. We compare its performance to a state-of-the-art baseline in decoupled task allocation and planning: sequential single-item auctions. Our approach outperforms the baseline in terms of computation time and the number of times replanning is required on robot failure.

IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE OWN GOODS MANAGEMENT IN COORDINATOR MINISTRY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURE

Commitment and consistency in managing state property effectively are crucial for ensuring accountability. However, the management of state property across various government institutions is often not treated as a priority. This journal seeks to evaluate how well state property management policies are implemented within the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. Using a qualitative research method, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and literature review. Effective management of state property depends on the proper execution of policies, which, in turn, ensures accountability. The findings reveal that the implementation of state property management policies within the ministry has been consistent, particularly in the areas of needs planning, procurement, and administration. Nevertheless, there is a need for a stronger commitment to addressing certain technical aspects of management to further enhance policy effectiveness. Overall, while progress has been made, ongoing improvements are necessary to optimize state property management.

Colonialism and Local Elites: Lyautey's Colonial Experience in Morocco as a Case Study

This article presents a thorough analysis of the dynamics that developed between the Moroccan makhzen elites and the French Resident General Hubert Lyautey during the period of the French protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956). The article examines how Lyautey, by employing carefully crafted strategies, effectively utilized the Moroccan elite as a pivotal tool for strengthening colonial dominance, all the while preserving the traditional and social values inherent in Morocco. The makhzen elites represent a pivotal component of the traditional Moroccan framework, having wielded considerable administrative and religious authority before the advent of the protectorate, thus justifying their prominent role in this analysis. The article suggests that these elites stood at a crucial juncture, where they had to decide between opposing French dominance and collaborating with the colonial administration to preserve their status and privileges. Lyautey upheld the conventional social and political structure, leveraging this context to advance the execution of colonial policies. As a result, a considerable portion of them chose to engage in collaboration. The article highlighted the "dual cooperation policy" that Lyautey put into practice. He upheld various conventional administrative frameworks, such as the Sharia judiciary and the Emirate of the Faithful, thus presenting himself as a guardian of authentic Moroccan values. This approach ensured the relative stability of the country during that period by striking a delicate equilibrium between the enforcement of French authority and the maintenance of the traditional Moroccan regime's outward appearance. The article says that the makhzen elites weren't just tools of colonial power; instead, they showed that they could negotiate to protect their own interests in a colonial setting. In this light, it's clear that Lyautey’s relationship with these elites was more than just dependence; it was a complex one characterised by mutual interests that overlapped. This research reveals a deep understanding of the complexities of power within the context of colonialism, illustrating how France leveraged local traditional forces to bolster its colonial endeavours while refraining from dismantling or supplanting them. This methodology played a significant role in shaping the distinctive identity of the French colonisation in Morocco.

Impact of Agricultural Credit by Commercial Banks on Agricultural GDP

The farming sector in India has always been an essential and significant part of the country’s economy. Agriculture has long been a significant employer of over 43% of the workforce and a large contributor to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), (14.39%) but it has also experienced difficulties including exploitation and uneven regulations. Despite these challenges, agriculture remains essential for the country’s development, especially as it shifts towards a more business-oriented approach that requires access to capital. When looking at what factors influence agricultural productivity growth in India, attention to credit, inputs and policies can be signalled. Credit has been a crucial component in supporting agriculture for centuries and its importance has only increased as financial institutions have taken over from traditional non-institutional players such as moneylenders, friends and relatives. A significant factor in agriculture’s expansion, especially in spurring the Green Revolution, has been institutional financing. Institutional lending to the agricultural industry and allied fields has grown significantly over time. Based on regression analysis, this study examines the relationship between direct institutional credit and agriculture and allied services GDP by analysing data covering 19 years (1992-2011) using a Multi Linear Regression model to find determinants of agricultural development. The research has found that a strong correlation exists between credit and agricultural output along with other inputs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, tractors, power tillers and electricity. This has been reinforced by government interventions such as offering subsidies, providing extension services and developing infrastructure. Nonetheless, a nagging problem of climate change markets is out of control and gaps in the execution of policies continue to cross the horizons. For India to manage these changes, it will be necessary for the country to shift and take positive measures that will ensure sustainable agricultural growth in rural communities.

Joint Learning of Volume Scheduling and Order Placement Policies for Optimal Order Execution

Order execution is an extremely important problem in the financial domain, and recently, more and more researchers have tried to employ reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to solve this challenging problem. There are a lot of difficulties for conventional RL methods to tackle the order execution problem, such as the large action space including price and quantity, and the long-horizon property. As naturally order execution is composed of a low-frequency volume scheduling stage and a high-frequency order placement stage, most existing RL-based order execution methods treat these stages as two distinct tasks and offer a partial solution by addressing either one individually. However, the current literature fails to model the non-negligible mutual influence between these two tasks, leading to impractical order execution solutions. To address these limitations, we propose a novel automatic order execution approach based on the hierarchical RL framework (OEHRL), which jointly learns the policies for volume scheduling and order placement. OEHRL first extracts the state embeddings at both the macro and micro levels with a sequential variational auto-encoder model. Based on the effective embeddings, OEHRL generates a hindsight expert dataset, which is used to train a hierarchical order execution policy. In the hierarchical structure, the high-level policy is in charge of the target volume and the low-level learns to determine the prices for a series of the allocated sub-orders from the high level. These two levels collaborate seamlessly and contribute to the optimal order execution policy. Extensive experiment results on 200 stocks across the US and China A-share markets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Implementasi Kebijakan Perlindungan Anak Korban Kekerasan di Kabupaten Kediri

This research aims to analyze the implementation of child protection policies for victims of violence in Kediri Regency, focusing on four key variables according to George C. Edwards III's theory: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure, using a qualitative approach. Data were gathered from interviews, observations, documentation, and relevant secondary sources such as books and scholarly articles. The research was conducted at the Office of Population Control, Family Planning, Women's Empowerment, and Child Protection (DP2KBP3A) in Kediri Regency. The findings indicate that 1) Communication success in policy implementation has been effective, marked by clear and consistent information transmission between the head of DP2KBP3A Kediri, PPA department staff, and the community. 2) Challenges persist in the resources variable concerning staff numbers and facilities like the absence of a shelter, which does not align with Edwards III's theory of implementation success. However, existing resources have been optimally utilized through information and authority. 3) Disposition has been effectively implemented, evidenced by policy implementers' high commitment to policy execution. 4) Bureaucratic structure at DP2KBP3A Kediri has been well-implemented, supporting the smooth implementation of child protection policies for victims of violence.

The challenges of frontline health managers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: A framework analysis study

ABSTRACT Background: Coronavirus was first officially reported in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. As this novel coronavirus spread rapidly throughout the world, health care workers faced many difficulties addressing the pandemic. In the present study, we explored the challenges faced by front-line health managers on human resource management, execution of the central policies, and training and in formulating innovative approaches during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in India. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using framework analysis among front-line health managers concerning COVID-19 management at the district level. We conducted 120 in-depth interviews among eight states with the use of an interview guide. Results: The results are described under five sections: ‘challenges of front-line managers in policymaking and its execution’, ‘human resource management’, ‘gaps in local execution of central policies’, ‘challenges in training workforce and data management’, and ‘innovative approaches adopted during COVID 19’. Conclusions: We observed that a centre-down approach was not appreciated much. Many participants felt that there was a need to understand the local context and appropriate amendment. The private system is a part of the Indian health system and can never be ignored; thus, all guidelines should include the private system.

Centennial‐Scale Recovery of the North Atlantic Summer Storm Track Weakening

AbstractThe North Atlantic storm track plays a critical role in setting the regional weather and climate over Western Europe. In response to anthropogenic emissions, the summer North Atlantic storm track has weakened in recent decades and is projected to continue weakening by the end of this century. In light of growing efforts to mitigate climate change, it is crucial to assess how reversible the CO2‐induced storm track weakening is. Here, I show that under CO2 removal scenarios, the recovery timescale of the storm track is more than double its weakening period. It is found that due to a prolonged high‐latitude warming, postponing the execution of mitigation policies beyond doubling of CO2 concentrations would lead to a centennial‐scale recovery of the storms. Given the impacts of weakening summer storms on weather and extreme events, the delayed recovery of the storms might have broader regional consequences for Western Europe.

National goal, local resistance: How institutional gaps hinder local renewable energy development in Taiwan

In most countries, energy transitions are well supported by the public; however, the implementation of renewable energy policies at the local level is often beset with resistance. Previous research has mainly focused on factors influencing community acceptance and strategies to improve social acceptance. Meanwhile, there has been limited analysis of the institutional gaps that lead to local resistance and the dynamic effects of institutional factors on renewable energy implementation at the local level. This paper thus investigates Taiwan's regulations for renewable energy development, presenting a detailed case study from a local context. It examines the factors contributing to local resistance to the implementation of national renewable energy policy targets and explores the dynamics of these resistance actions. Furthermore, through the lens of multi-level governance, the study reveals the institutional gaps and interactions that influence the execution of national policy at the local level. Six major institutional gaps in Taiwan's renewable energy governance were identified, including the lack of energy governance authorizations for local governments, a lack of superordinate site selection criteria and evaluation mechanisms for development zones, lack of governance systems that can address multiple issues, lack of scientific and academic information, lack of information disclosure and public participation mechanisms, and the burden of carbon reduction responsibilities and costs on local communities with few or no benefits. Compounded together, these six institutional gaps lead to the buildup of negative experiences interacting with the government and the renewable energy industry and feelings of worry, panic, distrust, and injustice among the local populace. These ultimately trigger resistance attitudes and the adoption of protest actions, hindering solar farm developments from reaching national policy targets. This study highlights the critical role of multi-level governance in facilitating the energy transition, emphasizing that the successful development of renewable energy requires a robust institutional framework. Such a framework is essential for addressing the complex governance challenges that arise during this transition, particularly aspects supporting local engagement. The six institutional gaps identified from the Taiwan case can serve as policy references for countries or cities intending to promote ground-mounted solar power.

Enhancing ESG performance through digital transformation: Insights from China's manufacturing sector

This study uses sustainability and stakeholder theories to examine how corporate digital transformation (DIT) impacts ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) performance, focusing on listed Chinese manufacturing firms from 2015 to 2020. The analysis employs two-stage least squares model (2SLS) and propensity score matching-differences in differences (PSM-DID) technique to address endogeneity, and a series of robustness checks to validate the results. Findings reveal that DIT enhances ESG performance by fostering green innovation, encouraging risk-taking, and optimizing resource allocation. Economic policy uncertainty and executives' gender diversity impede these benefits, while party organization embeddedness shows no moderating effect. Additionally, the study identifies spatial spillover effects of DIT on ESG performance, with synergistic effects observed among companies within the same locality and industry. These insights offer profound implications for governmental efforts to improve the business environment and promote green development, ensuring the equitable distribution of "digital dividends” among stakeholders.

The EU democracy policy in Latin America: narrative and funding

Democracy is a central concern in the EU narrative toward Latin America; still, the allocation of funds does not follow this narrative closely, resulting in a chronic lack of support for local CSOs. The allocated funds face misappropriation by local authorities and the indirect support of low- and non-democratic regimes, reflected in the affected countries’ drop in indices that measure Social Progress and Democracy. This situation is further aggravated by prioritizing projects that reflect EU-centered agendas and skew the critical aid needed for democracy resilience building. As a response, we bring forward recommendations for the EU to bridge the gap between its democracy policy narrative and execution in Latin America, focusing on the particular needs of the region’s democratic agents.