Executive Bodies Research Articles

Elevating citizen engagement in the process of territorial development through digitisation

The purpose of the study is to examine the digitisation of the state system involving local executive bodies to identify effective strategies for engaging citizens in territorial development decision-making. The following methods were applied in the study: hermeneutic, statistical, structural-functional, and comparative methods. During the study, the main problems associated with the implementation of digital technologies in the territorial development system involving the country's citizens were examined, such as technological barriers, issues of confidentiality and data security, and uneven distribution of resources. This allowed formulating recommendations for problem resolution, namely, ensuring access to education, developing digital literacy among the population, devising effective measures to protect data, and guaranteeing the confidentiality of personal information. The paper also explores the prospects and threats to the economies of regions in the process of transitioning to a digital economy. Special attention is given to studying the indicators of the current state of digitisation in Kazakhstan, considering data from annual international ratings. The obtained research results can be used in the development and implementation of digital technologies in the territory management system at the international-regional level for the benefit of citizens.

Corruption in the Nigerian Public Sector: Causes, Consequences and Sustainable Solutions

Corruption in Nigeria's public sector has long hindered the nation's development, stability, and prosperity. It permeates various facets of governance and society, leading to detrimental consequences, including economic stagnation, social injustice, and the erosion of public trust. Historical factors, such as the legacy of colonial exploitation and successive post-independence governments' mismanagement, have entrenched a culture of corruption. Despite efforts to combat it, including the establishment of anti-corruption agencies like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), corruption remains pervasive. This study adopts a qualitative research design to explore the complex dynamics of corruption in Nigeria's public sector. Using Albert Bandura's social learning theory as the theoretical framework, and it explores how corrupt behaviors are observed, imitated, and reinforced within the public administration. The research identifies multiple causes of corruption, including institutional weaknesses, economic pressures, and cultural norms, which create an environment conducive to corrupt practices. The consequences of corruption are enormous: It undermines economic growth and development, deters foreign direct investment, exacerbates poverty and inequality, erodes public trust in government, and fuels political unrest and instability. Addressing corruption requires a comprehensive approach involving the strengthening of institutional frameworks, promoting transparency and accountability, improving public sector management, and fostering a culture of ethical leadership. Sustainable solutions to combat corruption include; enhancing the capacities of anti-corruption agencies, to be independent of the executive body, implementing public procurement reforms, ensuring budget transparency, and enforcing stringent anti-corruption measures.

Economic and legal regulation of resident activities of Diya City

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of economic and legal support for the activity of an enterprise that is a resident of Diya City. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that in the conditions of the digital economy there can be economic systems in which there are intra-system organizational economic legal relations and intra-economic legal relations. In intra-system organizational economic relations, their participants are legally equal, therefore management in the form of coordination within the system will be implemented on the basis of economic dominance, which ensures mutually beneficial interaction between the participants of this system. A resident of Diya City, created in the form of a company with limited or additional liability on the basis of an economic contract, can transfer the powers of the executive body to another legal entity. It is expedient to define the requirements for such a legal entity as fully as possible in the Diya City resident statute. The contract for the performance of the powers of the executive body of the resident of Diya City must contain the following essential conditions: subject, price, term of the contract, financial and economic indicators that must be achieved by the resident of Diya City as a result of management, deadlines for their achievement, conditions for control and reporting, grounds for early termination of the contract. Before concluding an agreement on the transfer of powers to the executive body of the resident of Diya City to comply with the legal economic order on the basis of the previous agreement, it is advisable for the parties to organize mutual checks: audit, compliance, due diligence, etc. On the basis of an economic outsourcing contract, including an IT outsourcing contract, a resident of Diya City can involve professional, highly specialized companies in his own economic system. Such a feature of outsourcing as the duration of the relationship between the parties in this relationship will be optional, as it may arise for the implementation of a certain project. Digitization allows the enterprise to move from such organizational forms as management, regulation, control mainly to coordination, because with digitalization, the enterprise creates digital structural units and digital management bodies, and digital (virtual) workplaces become the basis.

Regulatory and legal regulation of the process of formation of administrative authorities and management in Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) in 1919–1926

It is indicated that the proper functioning of local executive power, the creation of an optimal system of local executive power bodies should ensure effective influence on the development of each region, especially the cross-border region. It is generally accepted that local bodies of executive power implement the functions of the state, which are close to the population. In Ukraine, a new people-centered model of activity of public administration subjects is being formed. The article examines the process of formation of administrative authorities and management in Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) during the first half of the 20s of the 20th century. It was established that the process of forming the structure of state administration in Subcarpathia began already at the beginning of 1919, and in the summer of the same year, several projects of the organization of government in the region were already developed in Prague. On the basis of the General Statute, the model of relations within the local government between the Directory, the administrator and the military leadership during 1919-1920 was analyzed. The formation of abstract departments at the Civil Administration, which was headed by an administrator, is briefly described. The importance of the changes introduced by the government decree No. 356/1920 «On amending the General Statute of Subcarpathian Rus» was revealed, according to which the functions and powers were radically redistributed in favor of the bodies that represented the central government in the region. The theory of the creation of two branches of administrative management in relation to the competence of the Civil Administration of Subcarpathian Rus is presented: autonomous institutions and institutions of the state. The description of the gubernatorial council as an advisory body under the governor is provided. It was noted that the new General Statute, in terms of the norms governing the activities of the vice-governor and the gubernatorial council, went beyond the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic. It is proved that the administrative reorganization in Czechoslovakia in 1925 and especially in 1927 only distanced Subcarpathian Rus from real autonomy, since the process of further centralization and unification of power and administration took place throughout the territory of the republic. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn regarding the retention and gradual incorporation (integration) of the region into the all-Czechoslovak legal system.

Regulatory and legal component of administrative regulation of probation

The article examines the normative-legal component of the administrative regulation of probation.Itwasdeterminedthattheadministrative and legal regulation of probation is a set of legal norms and mechanisms that determine the order of organization and implementation of probation measures in the state, the competence of state bodies, their duties and rights regarding control over the implementation of probation measures and interaction in this area with the courts , law enforcement agencies and social services. It is noted that probation is a system of supervision, control and social-educational measures applied by court decision to offenders instead of imprisonment or as a substitute for punishment, includes individual supervision, assistance in resocialization and measures aimed at preventing repeated crimes and ensuring safety society, while integrating the offender into social life without isolation. It is emphasized that the NPA system of administrative and legal regulation of probation includes international legal standards, national NPAs, including Acts of central executive bodies, local normative acts, agreements, methodological recommendations, etc., the norms of which are aimed at the development of alternative punishments, provision of rehabilitation and social support of offenders, regulation of the organization and implementation of probation in Ukraine, determine the legal basis for the activity of probation authorities, and also establish the procedure for providing probation services for persons who have committed a criminal offense. It was determined that the shortcomings of the administrative and legal regulation of probation are: the imperfection of the legislative framework, violation of the probation procedure, clear criteria for assessing the convicted person and the system for assessing the risks of recidivism, the mismatch of resources and the burden on the system, the low level of coordination between subjects of probation, the prevalence of ineffective methods of psychological works; society is not aware of the purpose and mechanism of probation, etc. It has been stated that the prospects for improving the normative-legal basis of the administrative-legal regulation of probation in Ukraine are: harmonization of legislation with international standards, institutional strengthening of the probation system, expansion of various approaches to probation, improvement of mechanisms for rehabilitation and support of offenders, involvement of public organizations, development of electronic monitoring systems , expanding educational programs for probation officers, increasing funding, research and analysis of probation effectiveness, etc.

Foreign experience of administrative and legal regulation of discretionary powers in the branch of land relations

The article collects and analyzes approaches to understanding and conditions of application and implementation of discretionary powers of local self-government bodies in the sphere of land relations of foreign states. The realities of modern life require public authorities not only to timely and fully fulfill their tasks, but also to comply with high standards of integrity. The described tasks and goals are especially important in the implementation of discretionary rights and duties that can be carried out with a certain freedom of action or at all - at their own discretion. The scientific novelty of the study is that this study in the context of the application of administrative discretion of representative and executive bodies of local self-government is carried out for the first time and can be the basis for reviewing the content of national legislation on these issues and significantly influence the development of legal policy on these issues. The author analyzes the existing normative legal acts that are used by municipalities in different states to exercise their administrative functions at their own discretion on this issue. The study concerns both general approaches to understanding administrative discretion, which often takes place through the adoption of legislation on administrative procedure (their principles, legal certainty and purpose), and the options for their application to the sphere of land relations. The article describes the legal regulation of these phenomena in countries such as Italy, Spain, Germany, Austria, USA, France, Great Britain, Norway, Albania, Finland, Bulgaria, establishes patterns, trends and common features of legal regulation, speaks of successful practices, successful experience and prospects for its adoption into the national legal system. The author focuses on the trends in the development of administrative discretion and the importance of digitalization, openness, dialogue and public participation in resolving issues of land relations and concludes on the state of legal certainty of powers, which can be exercised at the discretion of municipalities only by describing the general requirements for the behavior of the latter, to a lesser or greater extent limits the freedom of their operation by law and always grants the right to interested persons to challenge decisions made that affect the sphere of their interests.

Civil liability of the sole executive body of a business company: correlation with labor and tax law institutions

In modern conditions of business turnover, characterized by the desire of business entities to achieve the benefits and goals of social corporate responsibility, the issues of preserving the balance of interests of parties that have a diversified status are of particular relevance. Such subjects include the general director, who is simultaneously a management body, an employee and a taxpayer, being in relations with a business company regulated by both corporate, labor and tax law norms, which allows to qualify his status as a diversified one. The issue of correlation of the norms of three branches of law in relation to the status of the chief executive officer (CEO) through the prism of the institute of civil liability in the form of compensation for losses caused to the company by incentive (bonus) payments to the CEO is considered. The article assesses the law enforcement practice in disputes concerning the recovery of this category of losses from the director, where the courts give priority to the norms of corporate law without taking into account the explanations of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the unconditional right of an employee to receive bonuses, which are a variable component of salary. The court approaches are analyzed and their justifications are given with regard to the inclusion of the amounts of personal income tax paid by the company to the budget of the Russian Federation into the damages recovered from the CEO. The conclusions are made about the priority importance of labor and tax legislation norms in correlation with corporate law norms when applying the institute of directors’ indemnification for losses. The results of the study can be used for the development by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of appropriate explanations to the courts of lower instances on consideration of disputes on the recovery of losses from the sole executive body of a business company.

Create and strengthening innovation ecosystem: roles of policy-affiliated transition intermediaries in latecomers

Purpose This study aims to explore the functions of policy-affiliated intermediaries and their roles in driving innovation in latecomers. Design/methodology/approach Latecomers have recently recognized the significance of an innovation ecosystem in transitioning to an innovation-driven economy. However, these countries encounter various market and system failures, making policy-affiliated transition intermediaries crucial in orchestrating innovation ecosystems. To achieve this, this study used a case study of a policy-affiliated intermediary and conducted interviews with 19 managers. The results from the content analysis revealed that innovation intermediaries in latecomers perform more comprehensive duties than those mentioned in the literature in the transition to innovation-based development. Findings Results show that the most important of policy-affiliated innovation intermediaries’ roles is orientation to the government and private sector market, attracting the participation of the private sector through the implementation of tax credits and the development of the corporate innovation ecosystem, developing science and technology parks, developing laboratory research infrastructure, supporting prominent and capable professors to create innovation networks, developing innovation zones around research institutions and leading universities and developing international scientific cooperation. These are new and important functions that innovation intermediaries should play in the transition process. Originality/value The research found that the innovation intermediary acts as a change agent in the mental model of other executive and decision-making bodies. Also result shows that this intermediaries can play more roles than what is mentioned in the literature for the development of innovation.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE AND EXECUTIVE BODIES IN UZBEKISTAN'S POLITICAL SYSTEM: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

This article explores the evolving role of local representative and executive bodies in Uzbekistan’s political system, with a particular focus on the increased participation of political parties in local governance. It examines the expansion of the powers of the Councils of People's Deputies, especially in relation to monitoring local executive authorities and ensuring the implementation of laws and governmental decrees. The study highlights the need for enhanced parliamentary oversight at the local level and discusses the potential impact of party groups in strengthening the socio-political framework of the regions. The article also addresses the challenges faced by local authorities in ensuring efficient governance, including insufficient use of the powers granted to political parties and the lack of a unified approach to solving socio-economic problems. Drawing on recent reforms, including experimental governance models in Tashkent, the article argues for a more robust legal framework to support local political oversight and promote greater accountability among local executive bodies. The findings underscore the importance of legal reforms aimed at enhancing the autonomy and effectiveness of local governance as a key component of Uzbekistan’s broader political and administrative modernization efforts.

Shifting Paradigms: The Controversy and Complexity of LGBTI Protection in Indonesia as the Biggest Muslim Country

The existence of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersexual (LGBTI) as a legal subject in a religious community like Indonesia is very problematic. When religious values control a community, the members will use their holy books to measure whether any commotion or condition is tolerable. Collisions between the law of religion (such as Sharia Law of Muslims) and national law are sometimes unavoidable. Most conservative religious values may not protect and acknowledge the existence of LGBTI people, while national law must recognise the ratified international conventions, especially regarding human rights. It creates a different treatment between national law and religious law. Protection of the rights of LGBTI in Indonesia is barely reported. This study will be important to share how Indonesia copes with LGBTI legal problems and protections. The method of this study is a juridical normative study, by evaluating Indonesian positive law, the living law ruled by the Indonesian Court Decrees, and any decree or decision made by Indonesian executive and judicative bodies, which become the basis for determining the existence of rights and protections of LGBTI people. Classification of the protection from various sectors of laws will be identified, to conclude the protection level of LGBTI people in Indonesian law. Keywords: LGBTI; Indonesia; Positive law; Religious values.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ АДВОКАЦІЇ ТА ЛОБІЮВАННЯ НЕУРЯДОВИМИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯМИ ІНТЕРЕСІВ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The article explores the possibilities of advocacy and lobbying of the interests of business entities by non-governmental organizations, in particular public organizations, public unions whose activities are aimed at supporting the development of entrepreneurship, employers' organizations and their associations, chambers of commerce and industry. The functions of non-governmental business support organizations were considered: protection and representation of business interests in relations with authorities in order to improve the conditions for conducting business, legislation, and the elimination of regulatory barriers; legal support; informational support and training; establishment of relationships and communication support; resource support. The advocacy function of non-governmental organizations and the tools for its implementation, including participation in public councils at executive bodies, public examination of regulatory acts, and others, are analyzed in detail. The concepts of "advocacy" and "lobbying" have been thoroughly researched and delineated, in accordance with the legal definition, the subjects of implementation, and the difference in the purpose and content of the activity. The main methods of implementation of advocacy and lobbying of the interests of business entities by non-governmental organizations were analyzed, a problematic aspect was established, which consists in the fact that the methods of implementation of such activities have a lot in common, which in the future, with the introduction of the law from 2025, will lead to controversial issues in the process of detection by controlling bodies of manifestations of lobbying by non-governmental organizations, as well as the process of identification of commercial interest in the activities of non-commercial organizations when establishing the fact of lobbying is assumed to be debatable. An analysis of the legal regulation of the implementation of advocacy and lobbying in Ukraine, including by non-governmental organizations in accordance with the regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine, was carried out. The absence of the concept of "advocacy" and related concepts in the Law of Ukraine "On Lobbying" was established, which is positive, and it was clarified that the law does not apply to the activities of non-profit organizations and institutions, in particular public associations, except in cases when such activities relate to commercial interests. The possibility of implementing lobbying by non-governmental organizations was considered, provided they received the appropriate status.

The development of Soviet penal prohibitions during the Great Patriotic war

The paper covers the study of criminal law regulation during the Great Patriotic War in the historical and legal context. The purpose of the work is to form scientifically substantiated knowledge about the features of the development of the system of penal prohibitions in Soviet law during the Great Patriotic War. Based on the constructivist paradigm, the authors study the process of transformation of penal prohibitions in wartime, highlighting the role of not only legislative but also executive and judicial bodies in this process. The conducted study allowed concluding that the transformation of criminal law regulation equally affected the general and special parts of this branch of law. However, the changes were caused both by the needs of martial law and by the transformation of criminal law shortly before the war, which was associated with the proclaimed by the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 transition to regulating this branch of law not at the republican, but at the all-Union level. In the legal doctrine and the general part of criminal law, the changes concerned primarily the criminalization of civil and labor relations, the expansion of the limits of criminal law regulation, in particular the emergence of new objects of criminal defense, and the clarification of the list of special subjects of criminal law for whom increased measures of criminal liability were established. With regard to the special part of criminal law, the changes were more specific in nature due to the need to mobilize all material and human resources to defeat the enemy and ensure law and order and public safety.

Reconsideration of educational directions for ensuring the national security of Ukraine

The article emphasises that at the level of the basic National Security Strategy of Ukraine, one of the key directions of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is the development of human capital, including through the prism of modernisation of education. At the same time, the very essence of human capital is not fully disclosed at the level of other programme documents and legislative acts of Ukraine, which causes difficulties in the practical implementation of this direction and the identification of the central executive body responsible for such activities. In view of this, the category of human potential should not be declarative, but actually embodied in the national legislation, with priorities for its development and criteria for its assessment, including in the educational sphere. According to the article, a person in the modern world is faced with a large amount of diverse information, which in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is often distorted by enemy propaganda, information operations and cyber attacks. In such circumstances, the importance of the so-called information hygiene increases, which is formed mainly through educational tools, such as trainings, educational courses, programmes, etc. In the course of implementing the educational direction of ensuring national security, the unacceptability of the narratives proposed by enemy propaganda can be guaranteed in the minds of the population by developing human cognitive abilities, as well as forming a comprehensive understanding of historical, state-building processes, political and socio-economic features, the distortion of which is the basis of enemy information and psychological operations. In addition, the emphasis is placed on the fact that the educational component of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is also to promote maximum individualisation of the education process, formation of an individual educational trajectory of an applicant for education, including through artificial intelligence technologies.

Reliability indicators management of thermoelectric systems for thermal modes under limited power consumption

The temperature dependence of electronic components has a significant impact on the technology and design methods of information systems. Thermal management systems are an essential component of on-board systems, for which the most important requirements are reliability, weight, dimensions and power consumption. The thermoelectric method of heat extraction is one of the most promising for products with localized and unevenly distributed heat-loaded elements. The requirement to improve system reliability while increasing dynamics and reducing weight is a fundamental problem, its solution is relevant, and finding compromise solutions between reliability and dynamics is the goal of research. The paper shows that the main significant indicators of thermoelectric systems for ensuring thermal conditions are reliability, dynamics, power consumption and controllability. A mathematical model of a thermal management system consisting of: a heat-loaded object - a thermoelectric cooler - a device for discharging heat into the environment. The determining relationship between the intensity of failures and the geometry of thermocouples and current modes, dynamics and energy indicators and physical properties of the thermocouple material, and the possibility of finding compromises between reliability indicators and cooler dynamics are revealed. The expediency of optimized management of the executive body by a set of interrelated basic energy, time, reliability indicators and the areas of their preferred use is substantiated. The practical value of the research lies in the intensification of heat exchange of the heat sink with the external environment, reduction of the temperature difference, which makes it possible to reduce the intensity of failures and dynamic characteristics of thermoelectric systems for ensuring thermal conditions.

Some issues of public administration of education and science

Problem setting. The essential globalization changes require new approaches to the management of the educational sphere, which is an integral set of educational structures, relations, activities and consciousness that ensures the reproduction and development of the intellectual potential of society. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure an optimal ratio of newly introduced elements with traditional ones intended for the management of an educational institution. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The article mainly analyzes the provisions of Ukraine’s regulatory legal acts. Among domestic scholars, attention is drawn to the works of: V. E. Khoustova, O. I. Reshetnyak, V. A. Zinchenko, M. V. Kryvanych, I. V. Borisov. Purpose of research is to examine the legal regulation of the system of public administration of education and science at the conceptual level. Article’s main body. The draft Strategy of Innovative Development of Ukraine for 2010-2020 in the context of globalization challenges envisaged the need to reform the management of science and innovation and the need to create a new government body the Ministry of Science and Innovative Development, which would play a coordinating role in the scheme of innovation development management. The newly created ministry would have to formulate state scientific, technological and innovation programs that would be implemented in the interests of all ministries and departments, control and direct budget funds to the scientific, technological and innovation sphere, organize an examination of the effectiveness of scientific teams. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The state has experience in the establishment and functioning of an independent central executive body directly accountable to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, so the proposal for the functioning of such a specialized body is considered to be worthy of support and is quite possible to implement (using this experience with appropriate adaptation to current global challenges and improvement of certain provisions). In our opinion, the main drawback that contributed to the liquidation of the state committee was the lack of a systematic combination of the powers of the committee and the NAS of Ukraine in the field of science. 2. Specialized bodies for the development of science and innovation in Europe play a crucial role in the development of scientific research, technology and innovation, provide funding and support for scientific and technological projects, contributing to economic growth and social progress, so it is important to adopt this experience to ensure optimization of the management of science and education in Ukraine.

Public governance in national minority rights protection

The article is devoted to the analysis of public administration in the field of national minorities rights protection. The author analyzes the system of authorities aimed at protecting the national minorities interests and nationalities in Ukraine. The Committee on Nationalities under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine was the first ukrainian central state body of the executive power, entrusted with the functions of ensuring ethno-national policy and protecting the national minorities interests. It is emphasized that the structure of public authorities protecting the rights of national minorities was not limited exclusively to the activities of the specialized central executive body. The positions of Advisor to President on ethno-national problems of Crimea and Advisor to President on the affairs of the Ukrainian diaspora were introduced. At the regional (oblast) level, the Republican Committee for Nationalities and Deported Citizens of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea operates, as well as the relevant subdivisions at the local level – nationalities and migration departments of regional state administrations. The situation changed with the switch of the state policy vector from pro-Russian to pro-European. This was not least due to the recommendations of the OSCE and the need to converge with the acquis communautaire of the European Union. National minorities rights protection has been in focus since the independence of Ukraine. Establishing and functioning of the relevant Ministry (Committee) on National Minorities is a direct confirmation of this thesis. This issue was always in focus of the Ukrainian governments besides the period of the rule of the pro-Russian government (2010-2014), when most of the state institutions for the protection of national minorities were liquidated. This fact determined the revolutionary events of the Euromaidan (2014) to some extent. As of today, Ukraine fulfills its obligations regarding the protection of the national minorities rights. The current central authority (State Service of Ukraine for Ethnic Policy and Freedom of Conscience, DESS) was formed in accordance with the recommendations of the OSCE and taking into account the experience of the EU member-states. Its status is lower in the executive power hierarchy. However, its scope of competence and its actual activity best serves the interests of the national minorities.

Analysis of the principles of working load formation in power drives of construction machines and equipment

The purpose of the proposed article is the analysis of the principles of the formation of the workload on the executive bodies of construction machines and technological equipment, which is due to the need for their improvement in order to improve the energy and technological indicators of technological processes.The methodology is based on search, research and creative approaches. The methods of development analysis, patent search, synthesis of technical solutions, simulation modelling was used. Scientific novelty. The study of various approaches to ensuring the implementation of the working movements of executive bodies of construction machines and mechanized technological equipment, the analysis of technical solutions allowed to substantiate the directions of development of drives of construction machines to ensure the necessary laws of movement of executive elements. The authors proposed constructive solutions for synthetic drives of construction machines and equipment, proposed energy-saving approaches aimed at reducing energy consumption. Research results. The article deals with important issues of analyzing the formation of loads on executive bodies of construction machines and equipment. Synthesized constructive solutions obtained in the course of patent research, analysis of modern technical solutions, rational technical design and expert evaluation are presented. A technical solution is proposed to ensure the implementation of adaptive feed in a hydraulic power drive, which can be used in the modernization of existing drives of construction machines and moving parts of mechanized technological equipment.

INCREASING THE DURABILITY OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS OF LIFTING AND TRANSPORTING MACHINES

Most lifting and transporting and loading and unloading machines have a hydraulic drive. One of the most common actuators that perform reciprocating and rotary movements are hydraulic cylinders, characterised by one-sided wear of the rod seals. Known rod assemblies are elastic sleeves mounted in the hydraulic cylinder housing, which covers the rod with a guaranteed gap. During the unit operation, a gap seal forms in the gap between the rod and the sleeve, which prevents the leakage of the working fluid from the high-pressure cavity and centres the rod in the sleeve. However, to ensure the reliable centring of the rod, the intensive flow of the working fluid through the gaps is required, which leads to significant leaks of the working fluid and a decline in the unit efficiency. The optimal gap does not ensure centring, leading to reduced unit durability due to uneven wear of the sleeve and rod. Therefore, the development of new designs of rod seals that ensure self-centring is an urgent task. The development trends of modern hydraulic drives of construction, track, and loading and unloading machines aim at increasing the pressure of the working fluid up to 32 MPa. It imposes specific requirements on the designs of seals of hydraulic cylinders – the core executive bodies. The analysis of the factors that reduce the durability of reciprocating pair seals shows that it is possible to divide them into several types: wear, aging, operational, and design factors. The article aims to develop and describe a fundamentally new design of a self-centring rod seal, which can increase the durability of hydraulic cylinders of lifting-transporting and loading-unloading machines without using additional devices. The analysis of trends in the development of constructions of rod units of hydro cylinders showed that fundamentally new types have emerged among the existing designs, which simultaneously perform two functions – rod guides and sealing. The most notable among them are combined active and passive rod seals. Passive combined seals of rod assemblies of hydro cylinders differ from traditional ones in that they allow rod movements in the radial direction and allow slight distortions of the rod, compensating for assembly and installation inaccuracies of the assembly. Active combined seals have the same advantages as passive combined seals but additionally compensate for the wear of the guide sleeve, which increases the durability of the entire rod assembly of the hydraulic cylinder. Keywords: hydraulic drive of lifting and transporting machines, hydraulic cylinder rod assembly, sealing, one-sided wear of the rod assembly, self-centring.

Особливості правового статусу банків як юридичних осіб

The article describes the peculiarities of banks’ legal personality and considers approaches to the universal and special legal capacity of banks as legal entities. It also argues the expediency of using the dynamic theory for determining banks’ legal capacity and the application of special legal ability of banks. The analysis provided in the article is based on the approach according to which the legal ability of legal entities that in the future must obtain permission (permit, license, registration or authorization) for the right to conduct certain types of activities arises in two stages. First, a legal entity receives a minimum universal civil legal ability from the moment of its state registration to the extent necessary for its functioning as a legal entity. The second stage is obtaining a banking license by a bank, which is actually obtaining a special legal capacity. The article analyses all banks’ services (banking services, other financial services, as well as non-financial services provided by the banks), the provision of which requires a special legal capacity. It is argued that special legal ability of the bank provides for the ability to have rights and bear responsibilities necessary for the provision of banking services. A banking service on raising funds and refundable investment metals, in contrast to such raising by other financial institutions, should be considered raising to a bank account. Banking services on opening bank accounts provides for a unique feature of banks - their systemic technological nature to ensure monetary settlements between banks and bank clients. It is suggested to introduce in the legislation the provision that not only the opening of bank accounts should be considered a banking service, but also the provision of settlements between parties which have bank accounts. It is argued that the bank is a unique universal financial institution not so much because of the list of services itself, most of which can be provided by other financial institutions, but because it can provide these services in combination with other services (in complex way). It is indicated that the peculiarity of the legal capacity of the bank as a legal entity lies in introducing a two-tier governance system only with a collegial executive body and tighter requirements in regard to the quality of academic and professional background of members of such governing bodies.

ANALYSIS OF PAIN TREATMENT IN SOME MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN KYIV THAT TREAT WOUNDED COMBATANTS

Summary. On the way to reducing the incidence of pain chronicity, it is first of all necessary to analyze the existing problem, prioritize and differentiate factors that can potentially improve the situation. By analyzing the pain management system of a medical institution, it is easy to track its effectiveness, especially when it comes to the wounded, because a certain percentage of such patients nevertheless continue treatment at the next stage through strategic medical evacuation. Studying the intensity of pain during strategic medical evacuation allows, to some extent, to assess the effectiveness of pain treatment. Objective. To study the intensity of pain in combatants after wounds in medical institutions of Kyiv. Methods. The results of pain treatment in 368 combatants after wounds in some Kyiv hospitals are presented. Pain intensity was assessed using the numerical pain scale (NPS). Results. The analysis data show that the highest pain intensity score on the WSS was in the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise "Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 6" and averaged 5.7 points, which meets the criteria for moderate pain. In the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Executive Body of the Kyiv City Council (Kyiv City State Administration), this indicator was 4.0 points, in the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 4 – 3, 3 points, at the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise "Kyiv City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Care" – 3.0 points, at the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise "Kyiv City Clinical Hospital No. 8" and the Municipal Nonprofit Enterprise "Oleksandrivska Clinical Hospital of Kyiv" – 2.5 points, at Feofaniya Clinical Hospital of the State Administration of Affairs – 2.3 points, and at the National Military Medical Clinical Center "Main Military Clinical Hospital" – 2.2 points. High-intensity pain was experienced in 5% of cases, moderate pain in 19%, mild pain in 74%, and no pain in 2% of cases. Conclusion. Pain management in some Kyiv hospitals treating wounded requires the introduction of new approaches, as better pain control during treatment and evacuation can potentially improve long-term treatment outcomes. Supplementing the healthcare system with a pain management system may be important given the war and the number of wounded.