Exclusive Breastfeeding Of Infants Research Articles

Early life poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance levels and adiposity in the first 2 years of life.

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are nondegradable, man-made chemicals. They accumulate in humans with potential harmful effects, especially in susceptible periods of human development, such as the first months of life. We found that, in our cohort, exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants had 3 times higher PFAS plasma levels compared with exclusively formula-fed (EFF) infants at the age of 3 months. Thus, PFASs could potentially reduce the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the associations between PFAS levels at the age of 3 months and accelerated gain in fat mass during the first 6 months of life, body composition at 2 years, and whether these associations differ between EBF and EFF infants. In 372 healthy term-born infants, we longitudinally assessed anthropometrics, body composition (by air-displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and visceral and subcutaneous fat (by abdominal ultrasound) until the age of 2 years. The plasma levels of 5 individual PFASs were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry at the age of 3 months. We studied associations between PFAS levels and outcomes using multiple regression analyses. Higher early life plasma perfluorooctanoic acid and total PFAS levels were associated with an accelerated gain in fat mass percentage [FM%; >0.67 SD score (SDS)] during the first 6 months of life. Higher early life PFAS levels were associated with lower fat-free mass (FFM) SDS at the age of 2 years, but not with total FM% SDS at 2 years. Furthermore, we found opposite effects of PFAS levels (negative) and exclusive breastfeeding (positive) at the age of 3 months on FFM SDS at 2 years. Higher PFAS levels in early life are associated with accelerated gains in FM% during the first 6 months of life and with lower FFM SDS at the age of 2 years, which have been associated with an unfavorable body composition and metabolic profile later in life. Our findings warrant further research with longer follow-up times.

The Relationship of Maternal Knowledge about Breastfeeding with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Infants Aged 7-12 Months in the Working Area of Puskesmas Balida Dawuan District Majalengka in 2023

Early and exclusive breastfeeding is very important for the survival of a baby, and to protect them from various diseases that they are susceptible to and which can be fatal. The government policy regarding exclusive breastfeeding is regulated in Law Number 36 of 2009 Article 128 paragraphs 2 and 3 which states that during breastfeeding, the family, local government and the community must fully support the mother by providing special time and facilities. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge about breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in the Working Area of ​​the UPTD Balida Health Center, Dawuan District, Majalengka Regency in 2023. This research method is a quantitative study with a descriptive correlation design with a cross sectional approach and probability sampling techniques. sampling with simple random sampling. Respondents in this study amounted to 66 respondents. the results of this study were that the majority of respondents gave exclusive breastfeeding 34 respondents (51.5%), most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge as many as 41 respondents (62.1%) and there was a relationship between mother's knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding with the results of the chi statistical test square with a p value of 0.000 (<0.005). The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between mother's knowledge about breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding.

The Effect of Breastfeeding Practices of Undernourished Mothers in Rural Sierra Leone on Infant Growth and Mortality.

Breastfeeding provides optimal infant nutrition; however, <50% of infants are exclusively breastfed (EBF) for 6 months. We aimed to describe breastfeeding practices and their effects on growth and mortality among a high-risk mother-infant cohort in rural Sierra Leone. This was a secondary analysis of data from a randomized nutrition intervention trial among undernourished pregnant women. The study's primary outcomes were infant weight and length gains at 6 weeks of age. We included 1270 singleton infants in the analysis, with 1092 (85.6%) having 24-week outcome data. At 6 weeks, 88% were EBF, but the rate of EBF decreased to 17% at 24 weeks. The EBF infants at 6 weeks had improved length (difference of 0.9 mm/week; 95% CI 0.4 to 1.3; p < 0.001) and weight (difference of 40 g/week; 95% CI 24 to 53; p < 0.001) gains compared to the non-EBF infants. At 12 weeks, the EBF infants had improved weight (difference of 12 g/week; 95% CI 2 to 22; p = 0.024) gain. The EBF infants had lower mortality than the infants who were not EBF (hazard ratio of 0.39; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.84; p = 0.017). In summary, the infants who were EBF had greater weight and length gain and reduced mortality than those who were not EBF. Efforts to improve breastfeeding should thus be prioritized to improve infant health.

Mediating role of birth at a baby-friendly hospital in the association between parental socioeconomic status and infant exclusive breastfeeding at six months old

BackgroundCurrent evidence suggests that the exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate at six months postpartum in China falls considerably below the targets recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Socioeconomic disparities in EBF have been observed in developing countries, with significant heterogeneity across studies. Despite the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in China since the 1990s to promote breastfeeding, there has been a lack of assessment concerning infants from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This study sought to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and EBF and explore the potential impact of giving birth at a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH) on this association.MethodsWe analyzed data from 98,469 mother-child dyads selected from the Maternal and Child Health Management Information System. We used log-binomial models to examine the relationships between SES and EBF, SES and giving birth at a BFH, as well as BFH births and EBF. Additionally, we explored a counterfactual mediation approach to assess the mediating role of BFH births in the SES-EBF association.FindingsWe identified a significant association between SES and EBF (RRMedium vs. Low = 1.47, 95% CI 1.39–1.55; RRHigh vs. Low = 1.40, 95% CI 1.32–1.49). Mothers with higher SES were more likely to give birth at BFHs (RRMedium vs. Low = 1.85, 95% CI 1.81–1.88; RRHigh vs. Low=2.29, 95% CI 2.25–2.33). The significance of the SES-EBF association was attenuated when the type of hospital for childbirth was considered, revealing the significant mediating effect of BFH births in the SES-EBF association.ConclusionSocioeconomic disparities are linked to infant EBF rates, with giving birth at a BFH mediating this association, especially for cases with low SES in rural areas.

The Relationship Between the Number of Partus and the Level of Education of Mothers Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Working Area of the Telaga Biru Health Center

Lack of exclusive breastfeeding in infants has an impact on the cognitive development and physical growth of children such as stunted brain growth, and stunted physical growth so that children become stunted, children become weak and easily sick. Exclusive breastfeeding in Gorontalo Province (2018) amounted to 46.91%. The purpose of the study was to determine the number of partus and the level of education of mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding. Quantitative research design with cross-sectional approach. The population amounted to 54 infants with the same number of samples, namely 54 respondents. The results showed that the highest number of partus was primipara as many as 31 people with a value of pValue = 0.014&lt;0.05 and the highest maternal education was secondary education (junior high and high school) as many as 36 people with a value of pValue = 0.000&lt; 0.05. Conclusions are related to the number of partus and the level of education of mothers to exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of the Telaga Biru Health Center. Suggestions are expected to be input for the puskemas in increasing the scope of exclusive breastfeeding and can add information for mothers to provide exclusive breastfeeding to their children.

Safety, efficacy, and impact on gut microbial ecology of a Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis LMG11588 supplementation in healthy term infants: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in the Philippines.

Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) may play a key role in infant gut development. This trial evaluated safety, tolerability, and efficacy of B. infantis LMG11588 supplementation. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted in the Philippines included healthy breastfed and/or formula-fed infants (14-21 days old) randomized for 8 weeks to a control group (CG; n = 77), or any of two B. infantis experimental groups (EGs): low (Lo-EG; 1*108 CFU/day; n = 75) or high dose (Hi-EG; 1.8*1010 CFU/day; n = 76). Primary endpoint was weight gain; secondary endpoints included stooling patterns, gastrointestinal symptoms, adverse events, fecal microbiome, biomarkers, pH, and organic acids. Non-inferiority in weight gain was demonstrated for Hi-EG and Lo-EG vs. CG. Overall, probiotic supplementation promoted mushy-soft stools, fewer regurgitation episodes, and increased fecal acetate production, which was more pronounced in the exclusively breastfed infants (EBF) and positively correlated with B. infantis abundance. In EBF, fecal pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-8) were reduced. Strain-level metagenomic analysis allowed attributing the increased abundance of B. infantis in EGs versus CG, to LMG11588 probiotic colonization. Colonization by autochthonous B. infantis strains was similar between groups. B. infantis LMG11588 supplementation was associated with normal infant growth, was safe and well-tolerated and promoted a Bifidobacterium-rich microbiota driven by B. infantis LMG11588 colonization without disturbing the natural dispersal of autochthonous B. infantis strains. In EBF, supplementation stimulated microbial metabolic activity and beneficially modulated enteric inflammation.

Association of Breastfeeding and Neonatal Jaundice With Infant Neurodevelopment

IntroductionExclusive breastfeeding is advantageous for infant neurodevelopment. Nevertheless, insufficient human milk supply in exclusively breastfed infants may elevate the risk of neonatal jaundice, which can potentially result in neurological harm. Whether mothers should adhere to exclusive breastfeeding in infants with neonatal jaundice remains unclear. MethodsData comes from the Jiangsu Birth Cohort (JBC), a prospective and longitudinal birth cohort study in China. A total of 2577 infants born from November 2017 to March 2021 were included in the analysis. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between breastfeeding status, neonatal jaundice, and their interaction with infant neurodevelopment. Analysis was performed in 2022. ResultsCompared with “exclusive breastfeeding”, fine motor scores of infants were lower for “mixed feeding” (βadj, -0.16; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.03; P = 0.016) and “no breastfeeding” (βadj, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.03; P = 0.034). Compared with “no neonatal jaundice”, infants with “severe neonatal jaundice” had lower scores for cognition (βadj, -0.44; 95% CI, -0.66 to -0.23; P <0.001) and fine motor (βadj, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.03; P = 0.024). In infants with severe neonatal jaundice, the termination of exclusive breastfeeding before six months was associated with worse cognition (βadj, -0.28; 95% CI, -0.57 to 0.01), while this association was not observed in those without neonatal jaundice (βadj, 0.09; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.43). ConclusionsExclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is beneficial to the neurodevelopment of infants, especially in those with severe neonatal jaundice.

Changes in anthropometry in full-term breastfed newborns and associated factors for the first month.

We aim to assess the changes and associated factors in newborn anthropometry in the first month for full-term, healthy, and exclusive-breastfed infants. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were taken on day 5, day 15, and day 30 after delivery. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyzed the changes. From 169 mother-newborn pairs, GEE showed that weight gain during the first month was influenced by maternal body mass index (BMI), delivery type, birth weight, and jaundice after adjusting confounding factors (p < .05). The neonatal length was affected by the smoking status of parents, gestational maternal health problems, maternal height, birth weight, and jaundice (p < .05). Neonatal head circumference was influenced by the smoking status of parents, gestational maternal health problems, maternal BMI, delivery type, maternal height, and birth weight. Adverse perinatal factors including mother's smoke exposure, maternal obesity and diabetes, cesarean birth, and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia influence anthropometry in the first months of life.

Appetitive traits as predictors of exclusive breastfeeding in infants for the first six months

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify whether appetitive traits predict exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration for the first 6 months of life and to assess other predictors of its duration. 186 six- month-old term infants were included. Appetitive traits were assessed at 3–4 months of age. EBF duration, feeding practices, sex, maternal age and education, socioeconomic level, mode of delivery and gestational age were also evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through generalized linear regression models to identify predictors of EBF for the first 6 months of life. Only 32.9% of infants achieved 6-month EBF. Vaginal birth, not using formula the first 3 days, maternal education ≥ university and slowness in eating significantly increased the probability of EBF for 6 months. Slowness in eating was the only appetitive trait related to EBF for the first 6 months and was the most significant predictor in the multivariate model.

Trends of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil from 1996 to 2019 and the gaps to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets

BackgroundThe comprehension of breastfeeding patterns and trends through comparable indicators is essential to plan and implement public health policies.ObjectiveTo evaluate the trends of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil from 1996 to...

Exclusive breast milk optimizes children's development: a systematic literature review

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is the gold standard for child nutrition recommended by WHO and UNICEF. Exclusive breastfeeding is very beneficial for child development, and it is proven that exclusively breastfed babies experience different developmental accelerations. Many studies have been conducted on the developmental benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, but the results are inconsistent, and some even report no effect. This paper presents a systematic review of the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and child development in terms of duration and the aspects of development affected. Method: A search method with a systematic literature review of relevant articles was performed in four databases, Pubmed, Science Direct, Sefforra, Publish or Perish and Research Gates. The search was performed using words from the text in a variety of combinations related to the developmental benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. The main search terms were ((Exclusive breastfeeding*) (Benefits of exclusive breastfeeding), (Breastfeeding*AND Growth), (Breastfeeding AND growth) development) (benefits of exclusive breastfeeding)). From April to June 2023. Observational studies (cross-sectional and follow-up studies) written in English have investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and child development. Systematic reviews follow the preferred reporting category for systematic reviews. Assess study quality with the Critical Assessment Checklist for Cross-sectional Studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Rating Scale for longitudinal studies. Fifteen articles were selected for analysis based on the number of priority reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Result. The results of the analysis confirmed the positive effects of breastfeeding on the development of IQ, neuro-brain, language, hearing, vision, behavior and social-emotional, including exclusive breastfeeding for at least three months. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding for a minimum of three months can optimize several aspects of a child's development. This study suggests increased coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in infants.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Pendidikan Ibu dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif pada Ibu yang Memiliki Bayi Usia Lebih dari 6 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gandus Tahun 2021

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best food given to babies during the age of 0-6 months without being interspersed with other additional food. However, in reality, there are still many breastfeeding mothers who do not provide exclusive breastfeeding to their babies due to various factors. In Indonesia, mothers who exclusively breastfeed their babies during the current month are still low, which is 2% of the total number of mothers who give birth. The behavior of breastfeeding mothers is based on Lawrence Green's (1980) behavioral theory, namely predisposing factors (knowledge, attitudes, education level, and work), enabling factors (family economic level), and reinforcing factors (family role). This study was conducted to see the various factors associated with low exclusive breastfeeding in infants in Gandus District. This study used descriptive analytic method with cross sectional approach, where the sample was 100 breastfeeding mothers. Sampling using Random Sampling method, namely Proportioned Stratified Random Sampling. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire. Data processing using manual system was done by univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test with level of sgnificant (alpha) 0.05. From the results of the study it is known that the value of x2 count is greater than x2 table for work (4.06&gt; 2.71), so there is a significant relationship between work and low exclusive breastfeeding. While the x2 value is smaller than the x2 table (knowledge (1.43 &lt; 2.71), attitude (0.34 &lt; 2.71), education level (0.10 &lt; 4.61), family economic level (0.44 &lt; 2.71), and family peren (0.58 &lt; 2.71), so there is no significant relationship with the low exclusive breastfeeding in infants. The suggestion from this study is that all parties involved in exclusive breastfeeding in infants can make various efforts to increase knowledge and awareness that are adjusted to all the resources available in the area.

A systematic review on maternal-to-infant transfer of drugs through breast milk during the treatment of malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases.

Exclusive breastfeeding of infants under 6 months of age is recommended by the World Health Organization. In 2021, over 300 million combined incident cases of malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) were reported, predominantly in low-income countries. For many of the drugs used as first-line treatments for these conditions, there is limited knowledge on infant exposure through breastfeeding with poorly understood consequences. This review summarized available knowledge on mother-to-infant transfer of these drugs to inform future lactation pharmacokinetic studies. A list of first-line drugs was generated from the latest WHO treatment guidelines. Using standard online databases, 2 independent reviewers searched for eligible articles reporting lactation pharmacokinetics studies and extracted information on study design, participant characteristics, and the mathematical approach used for parameter estimation. A third reviewer settled any disagreements between the 2 reviewers. All studies were scored against the standardized "ClinPK" checklist for conformity to best practices for reporting clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Simple proportions were used to summarize different study characteristics. The most remarkable finding was the scarcity of lactation pharmacokinetic data. Only 15 of the 69 drugs we listed had lactation pharmacokinetics fully characterized. Most studies enrolled few mothers, and only one evaluated infant drug concentrations. Up to 66% of the studies used non-compartmental analysis to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters rather than model-based compartmental analysis. Unlike non-compartmental approaches, model-based compartmental analysis provides for dynamic characterization of individual plasma and breast milk concentration-time profiles and adequately characterizes variability within and between individuals, using sparsely sampled data. The "ClinPK" checklist inadequately appraised the studies with variability in the number of relevant criteria across different studies. A consensus is required on best practices for conducting and reporting lactation pharmacokinetic studies, especially in neglected diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and NTDs, to optimize treatment of mother-infant pairs.

Metabolizable Energy Content of Breastmilk Supports Normal Growth in Exclusively Breastfed Icelandic Infants to Age 6 Months

BackgroundNeither the global population nor individual countries have reached the World Health Organization (WHO) target of ≥50% of infants exclusively breastfed (EBF) until 6 mo. This may partly be because of the perceptions of insufficient milk and energy supply to meet rapid growth and development needs. ObjectivesIn a longitudinal observational study, we aimed to determine whether breastmilk energy content is sufficient to support growth during EBF until 6 mo. MethodsA sample of 27 EBF infants was dosed with doubly labeled water (DLW) at 5.6 mo to measure body composition, breastmilk intake, energy intake, and the metabolizable energy (ME) content of their mother’s breastmilk over the following week. Z-scores were calculated for anthropometry using WHO reference data and for fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) using United Kingdom reference data. ResultsAnthropometric z-scores from birth indicated normal weight and length growth patterns. At ∼6 mo, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) FFM z-score was 0.22 ± 1.07, and the FM z-score was 0.78 ± 0.70, significantly >0. In the 22 infants with acceptable data, the mean ± SD measured intake of breastmilk was 983 ± 170 g/d and of energy, 318 ± 60 kJ/kg/d, equivalent to 75.9 ± 14.3 kcal/kg/d. The mean ME content of breastmilk was 2.61 kJ/g [standard error (SE) 0.1], equivalent to 0.62 kcal/g (SE 0.02). Mothers were positive toward breastfeeding, on paid maternity leave (planned mean 10 mo), and many (56%) had received specialized breastfeeding support. ConclusionsThe evidence from this study confirms that when mothers are motivated and supported without economic restraints, breastmilk intake and the energy supplied by breastmilk to EBF infants at 6 mo of age is sufficient to support normal growth patterns. There was no evidence of constraint on FFM, and other studies show that high FM in EBF infants is likely to be transient. These data further support the recommendation for EBF ≤6 mo of age for body composition.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02586571.

Does infant sensory responsiveness explain exclusive breastfeeding 6 months after birth?-a cohort prospective study.

Although exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for the first 6 months of life, breastfeeding rates in most developed countries are low. Sensory over-responsivity (SOR) has been found to interfere with infant and childcare, development, and routines, but has not yet been examined as a breastfeeding barrier. The aim of this study was to explore the association between infant sensory responsiveness and EBF and whether it can predict EBF cessation prior to 6 months of age. In this cohort prospective study participants were 164 mothers and their infants recruited 2 days after birth in a maternity ward between June 2019 and August 2020. At this time, participating mothers completed a demographic and delivery information questionnaire. At 6 weeks after birth, the mothers completed the Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP2), reporting their infants' sensory responsiveness in daily activities. At 6 months, infants' sensory responsiveness was assessed using the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI) and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (Bayley-III) was administered. Additionally, mothers provided information about their breastfeeding status and were divided into two groups accordingly: EBF and non-EBF (NEBF). The incidence of atypical sensory responsiveness (mostly of the SOR type) at 6 weeks was twice as high among NEBF infants than EBF infants (36.2% vs. 17%, χ2=7.41, P=0.006). Significant group differences were found in the ISP2 touch section (F=10.22, P=0.002). In addition, NEBF infants displayed more SOR behaviors than EBF infants in the TSFI deep touch (F=2.916, P=0.001) and tactile integration subtests (F=3.095, P<0.001), and had lower scores in the adaptive motor functions subtest (F=2.443, P=0.013). Logistic regression modeling revealed that ISP2 at 6 weeks (typical vs. atypical) and TSFI total score at 6 months predicted 28% of NEBF at 6 months (χ2=23.072, P=0.010). Infant atypical sensory responsiveness, predominantly of the SOR type, was found to predict NEBF at 6 months after birth. This study contributes to the understanding of EBF barriers, highlighting the importance of early identification of SOR in infants. Findings may suggest developing early sensory interventions and providing individualized breastfeeding support tailored to the infant's unique sensory profile.

The Influence of the SPEOS Method (Stimulation oF Endorphine Massage, Oxytocine and Sugestion) on Breast Milk Production in Breastfeeding Mother 0 – 6 Months

According to the Ministry of Health 2020 Nationally, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in infants 0-6 months in Indonesia is 66.1%, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is higher than the global rate, thus the achievement of exclusive breastfeeding has not yet reached the target. Based on the results of a preliminary study conducted by researchers at Hamlet 1, Bantarjaya Village, Pebayuran District, Bekasi Regency, there were 64% of breastfeeding mothers who still failed to provide exclusive breastfeeding with several kinds of causative factors and had no or never had health workers apply the SPEOS method (Endorphin Massage Stimulation, Oxytocin and Suggestion) when providing midwifery care to motherspost partum. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the SPEOS method (Endorphin, Oxytocin &amp; Suggestive Massage Stimulation) on Breast Milk Production in Breastfeeding Mothers 0-6 months in Bantarjaya Village, Bekasi Regency in 2022.The research method was carried out using a quantitative research method with an approachQuasi Experimentsby using a statistical testWilcoxon (Not Normal Distribution). The population in this study were all breastfeeding mothers 0-6 months in Bantarjaya Village, namely 40 people. The sample in this study were breastfeeding mothers 0-6 months in Bantarjaya Village using the total sampling technique, the number of samples was 40 people. Data collection with a questionnaire. Data analysis is univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The output of this research is an article published in an Accredited National Journal and an IPR in the form of a pocket book of endorphin massage and oxytocin massage. The results of the study showed that of the 40 breastfeeding mothers, based on their milk production during the pretest, the most were breastfeeding mothers whose milk production was less, namely 57.5% compared to breastfeeding mothers who produced a lot of milk. After doing the SPEOS method (endorphin, oxytocin &amp; suggestive massage stimulation)(post test), breastfeeding mothers whose milk production experienced an increase to 30 people (75%). Meanwhile, breastfeeding mothers whose milk production was less reduced to 10 people (25%).Statistical test results are knownasymp. Sig has a value of 0.000 (P &lt;0.05), so it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is a difference between the resultsPretest andPosttest, so it can also be concluded that there is an effect of the SPEOS method (Stimulation of endorphin, oxytocin &amp; suggestive massage) with an increase in milk production in breastfeeding mothers 0-6 months in Bantarjaya Village, Pebayuran District, Bekasi Regency in 2022. The dominant characteristic variable is Parity. The role of health workers and the health service is needed to increase the knowledge and motivation of mothers in carrying out the SPEOS method (Stimulation of endorphin, oxytocin &amp; suggestive massage) the aim is to increase milk production to prepare for the achievement of exclusive breastfeeding for the growth and development of babies through community empowerment such as cadres, community leaders as well as religious figures.

Longitudinal assessment of growth and neurodevelopment of children with in utero severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 exposure: A prospective cohort study

Introduction Research related to the impact of maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on fetuses and neonates remains limited. The majority of previous studies have focused on immediate outcomes. We conducted this prospective cohort study to evaluate the effect of in utero SARS-CoV-2 exposure on the growth and neurodevelopment of infants, considering the scarcity of long-term follow-up studies in the literature. Primary Objective The primary objective of the study was to compare neurodevelopment and growth up to the age of 1 year among coronavirus disease COVID-positive and COVID-negative neonates born to COVID-positive mothers. Secondary Objectives The secondary objectives of the study were to assess the status of exclusive breastfeeding in infants at the age of 6 months and to assess the risks of vertical and horizontal transmission of COVID-19 infection. Methods We included live neonates with gestational age &gt;28 weeks born to pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and delivered at the institute in this prospective observational cohort study. Details related to delivery and neonatal profile, including the neonatal COVID status were collected. Neonates were followed up at 6 months and 1 year for physical growth profile and neurodevelopmental profile using World Health Organization growth charts and the Baroda Development screening test (BDST). Results A total of 6 SARS-CoV-2-positive and 82 SARS-CoV-2-negative neonates were followed until the age of 1 year. There was no statistically significant difference between the SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative cohorts concerning gestational age (P-value 0.300), birth weight (P-value 0.988), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (P-value 0.288). Approximately 65.9 and 45.4% of infants were still exclusively breastfeeding at the ages of 6 months and 1 year, respectively. No difference was observed in wasting (P-value 0.393) and stunting at the ages of 6 months (P-value 0.656) and 1 year between the two cohorts. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in neurodevelopmental status at 6 months (P value for BDST score 0.236; P value for developmental quotient (DQ) 0.446) and 1 year (P value for BDST score 0.635; P value for DQ 0.666) between the two groups. Conclusion Our study generated evidence that in utero exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to affect the growth and neurodevelopment of neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers; however, further studies including nonexposed controls, are warranted to support our findings. Furthermore, the benefits of rooming-in and breastfeeding on the neurodevelopment and physical growth of infants far outweigh the minimal risk of horizontal transmission.

Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Infants

Breast milk is breast milk, one of the foods that cover all elements of the baby's physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs at the beginning of the baby's life. The study aims to determine the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. This type of quantitative research uses analytical surveys with cross-sectional methods. The sample size in this study was 42 respondents who fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that there is a relationship between knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding with a value of p = 0.016, there is a relationship between education and exclusive breastfeeding with a value of p = 0.030, there is a relationship between work and exclusive breastfeeding with a value of p = 0.000 there is a relationship between motivation and exclusive breastfeeding with a value of p = 0.032 this shows that the value of p &lt; α = 0.05. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge, education, work, and motivation with exclusive breastfeeding. Suggestions for mothers who are breastfeeding can increase awareness to provide exclusive breastfeeding to their babies considering the role and function of breast milk from various aspects, such as aspects of maternal immunity and health, and working mothers are expected to pay more attention to exclusive breastfeeding to their babies, this is so that babies can meet the nutritional needs and growth of infant development Mothers with higher and low education must continue to breastfeed their babies and stay motivated to find out the nutritional needs of infants

Establishment of cross-cradle hold technique combined with intensive breastfeeding counselling positively impacts the weight gain rate in early infancy.

A quasiexperimental field study was undertaken in 576 exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants from 0 to 14 weeks in Gujarat, India to assess the effect of the use of appropriate breastfeeding techniques on daily weight gain rate and on reducing the underweight rate in early infancy. The interventions were delivered through the existing health system and focused primarily on counselling pregnant women during antenatal and post-natal sessions for ensuring 'effective breastfeeding' by adoption of the technique of 'cross cradle hold', appropriate breast attachment, emptying of one breast before shifting to the other along with conducting regular monitoring of infant's weight. The intervention care group (ICG) of 300 EBF infants were compared with 276 EBF infants in the control standard care group (SCG). The findings revealed that median weight gain per day between 0 and 14 weeks was significantly higher (p = 0.000) in ICG (32.7 g) as compared with SCG (28.05 g). The median weight-for-age Z at 14 weeks of age was also significantly higher in ICG compared with SCG (p = 0.000). Underweight prevalence was three times lower in ICG (5.3%) compared with SCG (16.7%) at 14 weeks of age. Infants in the ICG were noted to be 2.65-fold more likely to achieve a weight gain of 30 g or more per day compared with infants in SCG. Nutrition interventions, therefore, must aim not only on mere promotion of EBF for up to 6 months but stress on ensuring EBF is 'effective' for optimum transfer of breastmilk through adoption of appropriate techniques, including cross-cradle hold, by mothers.

Thiamine deficiency in exclusive breastfed infants with encephalopathy attending Govind Ballabh Panth children hospital, Srinagar

Background: Thiamine deficiency (TD) has historically affected countries and populations consuming milled white rice. TD in infants can have an acute presentation of encephalopathy with shock with severe metabolic acidosis and death sometimes, if not promptly treated with an intravenous dose of thiamine. Aim was to study the biochemical deficiency of thiamine in exclusively breastfed infants presenting with encephalopathy and compare them with age-matched controls and to study their clinical course and short-term outcome (till discharge). Methods: After dividing infants into four groups based on age in days: (31-60 days; 13 in cases and 8 in controls; 61-90; 4 in cases and 3 in controls; 91-120 days; 2 in cases and none in controls; and &gt;120 days 4 each in cases and controls. This study primarily included the selection of case/control subjects. Two case-control analyses were conducted. In the first one, blood thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. In the second one, breast milk thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. Student's independent t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 38 infants, 23 had presented with encephalopathy, and 15 were healthy taken as controls. The mean blood levels of thiamine in infants with encephalopathy in cases were 17.29 nmol/l with a standard deviation of 8.86: the levels ranged between 13.47 and 21.13. The mean value of controls was 51.31, with a standard deviation of 25.52 ranging between 23.25 and 124.7. The p&lt;0.001 and was considered statistically significant. The ROC analysis of the data obtained from thiamine levels obtained in the study 'patient's blood compared with the control group. Conclusions: TD can be clinically and biochemically attributed to presentation of infants with acute encephalopathy.