Exclusive Breastfeeding In Children Research Articles

Factors associated with breastfeeding in children less than one year of age in the city of Cartagena, Colombia

Introduction: The practice of breastfeeding represents multiple benefits to children; however, several studies show that there has been a gradual loss of breastfeeding habits in industrialized and developing countries, mainly because the great diversity of types of milk. Additionalliy, there was the presence of biological and socio-cultural factors, which influence and modify this practice and generate a negative impact on the health of the infant population. In Colombia, in 2005, it was reported that the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 2.2 months and the median duration was 14.9 months total; likewise, the department of Bolivar reported a median slightly over a month.Objective: To determine the relationship between social and biological factors in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under one year of age in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, the population consisted of the mothers of 23,109 children less than one year of age, the sample was 562 mothers. The probability sampling was stratified by clusters of three locations in the city where every neighborhood was a cluster. After selecting the neighborhood, a simple random sampling was conducted by city blocks. Mothers of children under one year of age were sought in their homes in the city blocks selected. The information was collected through the survey «Breastfeeding and complementary feeding» used by PROFAMILIA, demographic characteristics were demographic characteristics were also investigated.Results: The median for breastfeeding was 2 months, social factors associated were: not using a feeding bottle (CI: 2.37-5.38), nuclear family membership (CI: 1.29-2.72), not being a mother head of household (CI: 0.27-0.62), and the biological factor showing association was temporary suspension of breastfeeding (CI: 0.23-0.70).Conclusion: The duration of the exclusive breastfeeding practice among women turned out to be very short and the practice until the sixth month of life for their children was low. It was found that children born through caesarean section had a higher prevalence of maternal of maternal breastfeeding than those born vaginally.

Application of the integrated gateway model on child nutrition behaviors in Niger: An exploratory analysis.

To identify potential gateway factors and behaviors that are associated with infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in the Maradi and Zinder regions of Niger through application of the Integrated Gateway Model. We analyzed data from 2,727 married women of reproductive age including details on child feeding practices for their 2,551 children between the ages of 0 to 23 months. We assessed the association of three gateway behaviors (i.e., any antenatal care, facility delivery, and communication on nutrition practices) and gateway factors (i.e., behavioral determinants, exposure to information, decision-making agency, and woman's group participation) on four IYCF practices (i.e., early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, minimum meal frequency, and minimum dietary diversity) while controlling for age, parity, educational attainment, and household wealth. We found antenatal care was associated with exclusive breastfeeding of children 0-5 months [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.33)], and minimum meal frequency of children 6-23 months [aOR: 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03-1.17)], and facility delivery was associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among children 0-5 months [aOR: 2.08 (95% CI: 1.39-3.12)]. We found negative associations with exclusive breastfeeding and communication on nutrition practices with husbands, family/friends, and health workers. Exposure to nutrition messages through radio, women's groups participation, and with health workers was positively associated with minimum dietary diversity. Self-efficacy was positively associated with both early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding among children 0-5 months and minimum dietary diversity among children 6-23 months. Women's agency was positively associated with early initiation of breastfeeding. The association of antenatal care and facility delivery with child nutrition outcomes suggest intervening before a woman becomes pregnant or early in her pregnancy could improve nutrition outcomes. Programs strengthening the continuum of care should identify gateway behaviors to maximize adoption of priority health behaviors.

Exclusive breastfeeding greater than 50%, success of education in a university hospital in Bogotá: Case-control study.

Maintenance rates of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) worldwide are low, thus, one of the objectives of the summary of policies on breastfeeding (BF) in world nutrition goals for 2025 are that at least 50% of infants under six months of age receive EBF that year. The Objective of this study is to document the rates of EBF in children born in San Ignacio University Hospital (HUSI) and identify factors associated with maintenance. To document the percentages of EBF in those that were born at HUSI and identify factors associated to their maintenance. This is a study of cases and controls in an analytic, retrospective cohort that took children born alive between January 2016 and January 2019 at HUSI located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Receiving information about BF at HUSI was able to maintain EBF up until 4 mo (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.02-2.66). The presence of gynecologic and obstetric comorbidities (OR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.12-0.83), having mastitis (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.33-0.94), and receiving information from mass media (OR = 0.52; 95%CI: 0.31-0.84) are factors associated with not maintaining EBF. Receiving education at a Women- and Child-Friendly Institution was the only significant factor to achieve EBF until 4 mo, with a frequency greater than the one reported in the country, which matches multiple studies where counseling and individualized support on BF achieve this purpose. Knowledge about BF and early detection of obstetric/gynecologic complications must be strengthened among the healthcare staff in charge of mothers during post-partum. Additionally, strategies must be promoted to continue BF such as creating milk banks with the objective of increasing BF rates even when mothers return to work.

Association between in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding and subsequent exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months postpartum in Japan: A cross-sectional study.

Breastfeeding practices during hospitalisation may influence subsequent breastfeeding practices; however, this association has not been well studied in Japan. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during hospitalisation and that under 6 months and describe the change in breastfeeding patterns from the first to the sixth month based on the breastfeeding status during hospitalisation. This nationwide cross-sectional internet survey conducted in Japan included 1,433 postpartum women of < 6 months who underwent live singleton deliveries between January 2021 and August 2021. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to analyse the association of first day EBF (24 h after birth) and the first 7 d of EBF, a proxy for the hospitalisation period, with a 24-h recall of EBF before the survey. We described the proportion of breastfeeding practices per age group under 6 months. The rates of EBF during the first day and the first 7 d were 29.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The EBF during the first-day group and the first 7-d group showed significantly higher prevalence ratios of 24-h recall EBF under 6 months of age than the non-EBF groups. The area graphs showed that the rate of EBF was the lowest in the first month of age and gradually increased over time until weaning was initiated. This rate was higher among infants exclusively breastfed during the first 7 d than among those exclusively breastfed on the first day. In conclusion, EBF during hospitalisation was significantly associated with subsequent EBF practice for < 6 months. However, 90% of the infants were supplemented with milk rather than breast milk during hospitalisation. Strengthening breastfeeding support during hospitalisation and after discharge may increase the rate of EBF in children under 6 months, and more mothers and their infants will benefit from breastfeeding.

The Relationship between Age, Education, and Maternal Employment with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Children Aged 6 - 23 Months in Kalirejo, Malang Regency

The target percentage of infants under 6 months old receiving exclusive breastfeeding is 40%. However, in 2020, in Kalirejo Sub-district, the number was 9.04%. This was presumably caused by the high number of working mothers. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the relationship between age, education, and occupation of mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding in children aged 6-23 months in Kalirejo Sub-district, Malang Regency. The study design employed in this research was observational analytics with a cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of mothers residing in Kalirejo Sub-district, Malang Regency. The required sample size was 66 individuals. A questionnaire was used to collect research data. The required data was processed using SPSS software with the Chi-Square Test analysis technique. The result showed that 78.8% mothers were in the age group of 20-35%, and 21.2% were in the age group of &gt;35 years. Based on the highest education level attained by the respondents, 1.5% had completed elementary school, 15.2% had completed junior high school, 57.6% had completed high school, and 25.8% had completed tertiary education. About 51.5% of respondents were employed, while 48.5% were not employed. The number of respondents' children receiving exclusive breastfeeding was 50%. The analysis indicated a relationship between occupation and exclusive breastfeeding with a p-value of 0.049 and a strength of relationship between the two variables at 0.236.

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding of children under six months of age in Cote d’Ivoire

BackgroundDespite benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and its strategic place in the national guidelines for infant and young child feeding, its practice remains insufficient in Cote d’Ivoire. It is therefore important to identify its early stopping associated factors. We aimed to (i) assess the extent of children’s exposure to exclusive breastfeeding and the associated explanatory factors for discontinuation before six months, and (ii) to profile non-exclusively breastfed children and interrelationships between these factors.MethodsA secondary analysis of data from the 2016 Cote d’Ivoire Fifth Multi Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS5) of 980 children under six months of age was conducted in this study. Data were analyzed using the actuarial method of survival hazard estimation combined with the Wilcoxon (Gehan) test, discrete time proportional hazards regression models, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to profile the children.ResultsMaternal exposure to counseling session, age at delivery, and child sex were significantly associated with the likelihood of discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding before the first six months of life. Children deprived of EBF resided in urban areas, in high and very high economic welfare households. Their mothers had a secondary education or higher and had three or fewer children.Logistic analysis showed that health status and sex of the child were significantly associated (P < 0.001) with exclusive breastfeeding. An extremely important and rarely studied factor is that children who were sick in weeks prior to the survey were more likely to remain exclusive breastfeeding (adjusted OR 1.80; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.452, 2.234). Girls are less likely to be exclusively breastfed than boys (adjusted OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.22, 1.798). Low standard of living was associated with early cessation of EBF (adjusted OR 2.15; CI 1.325, 3.499). The duration of the exclusive breastfeeding was significantly longer among mothers with high exposure to medical discourse (adjusted OR 0.74; CI 0.595, 0.91).ConclusionsImproving the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Cote d’Ivoire requires strengthening the capacities of health professionals in terms of advice and assistance to mothers for the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and its maintenance until six months of age, regardless of the health status and sex of the child.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Ghana

BackgroundExclusive breastfeeding is a public health priority in sub-Saharan Africa. However, systematic reviews on its determinants in Ghana remain scarce. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in children 0–6 months in Ghana.MethodsWe conducted systematic searches in Embase, Medline, and Africa-Wide Information from the databases’ inception until February 2021 for studies that assessed the prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in children 0–6 months in Ghana. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and narrative synthesis to summarise the determinants. We calculated the proportion of total variability that was due to between study heterogeneity using I² statistics, and Egger’s test assessed publication bias. The review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021278019.ResultsOut of the 258 articles identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies were cross-sectional and were published between 2005 and 2021. The pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among children 0–6 months in Ghana was 50% (95%CI 41.0–60.0%). The prevalence was higher in rural areas (54%) than in urban areas (44%). Several factors were identified as facilitators of EBF, including older maternal age, self-employment, unemployment, living in a large house, being a house owner, giving birth in a health facility, non-caesarean delivery, adequate antenatal attendance, counselling services, participation in support groups, adequate knowledge about EBF, positive attitude towards EBF, and higher maternal education among rural dwellers. Additionally, having an average birthweight facilitated EBF. Barriers to EBF were also identified, including higher maternal education among urban dwellers, less than three months of maternity leave, maternal HIV-positive status, the experience of partner violence, lack of access to radio, inadequate breastmilk production, lack of family support, having a partner who wants more children, counselling on complementary feeding, healthcare worker recommendation of complementary feed, single marital status, and infant admission to neonatal intensive care units.ConclusionIn Ghana, EBF rates are low, with only about half of all children aged 0–6 months breastfed exclusively. A multi-dimensional approach is required to tackle the diverse sociodemographic, obstetric, and infant-related issues that hinder EBF practice in Ghana.

Factors Related To Exclusive Breastfeeding With Nutritional Status Aged 7-23 Months: In the Working Area of Maubara Health Center Liquisa Municipallity Timor Leste

Exclusive breastfeeding is the percentage of infants, less than six months old, who receive only breast milk and no other solids or liquids, including water, with the exception of drops or syrups that comprise vitamin or mineral supplements or medicines.This study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors related to exclusive breastfeeding with nutritional status aged 7-23 months: In the Working Area of Maubara Liquisa Health Center Timor Leste. This type of research is observational analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The study respondents amounted to 85 people according to the specified criteria selected by the simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out by questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was performed using chi square and multiple logistic regression. Factors associated with history of exclusive breastfeeding and nutritional status in children 7 – 23 months were education (p = 0.001), occupation (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.001), knowledge (p = 0.001), attitude (p = 0.001), nutritional status (p = 0.001). The most dominant variable was age with an PR of 23,469 (7.392-74,515). Conclusion that age has the greatest influence on exclusive breastfeeding. Factors associated with history of exclusive breastfeeding and nutritional status in children 7 – 23 months were education (p = 0.001), occupation (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.001), knowledge (p = 0.001), attitude (p = 0.001), nutritional status (p = 0.001). The most dominant variable was age with an OR of 23,469 (7,392-75,515). Conclusion that community age has the greatest influence on exclusive breastfeeding. Health workers to provide information about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in children

Prevalência do aleitamento materno entre povos Indígenas da Tríplice Fronteira: Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai

Abstract Objectives: to verify the prevalence of breastfeeding and the children’s nutritional status of indigenous origin up to two years of age in the triple frontier region: Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Methods: data from the Sistema de Vigilância Nutricional e Alimentar Indígena (Indigenous Food and Nutrition Surveillance System) were analyzed, being a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The survey was carried out in 2018, with data referring to 2017. Registrations of indigenous children of both sexes,aged zero to two years old were included. Data were extracted from the indigenous children’s follow-up map. The prevalence of breastfeeding and complementary feeding was evaluated. Results: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months of age was 93.4% and complementary breastfeeding was 6.5%. The prevalence of complementary breastfeeding after six months was 71.6% and exclusive breastfeeding after six months was 28.3%. Regarding social benefits, 30.3% of the families accumulated two types of social benefits. Conclusions: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was high and surpassed the national prevalence in the first semester of life, there was no early weaning.

Impact of Supplementary Nutrition on Undernourished Children In An Urban Area Of Meerut- A Longitudinal Study

Background: Infants and pre-school are most susceptible to undernutrition. Integrated Child Development Services is the programme focussing undernourished children by providing them supplementary nutrition. Aim&amp; Objective: To study prevalence of undernutrition in 0-6 year old children and to study factors associated with it. To study impact of supplementary nutrition on undernourished children. Settings and Design: A longitudinal study. Methods and Material: The present longitudinal study was conducted in randomly selected Anganwadis of urban Meerut. Children found to be suffering from under nutrition were followed up at interval of six months to see the impact of supplementary nutrition provided to them at the anganwadi centre. A detailed history of relevant underlying factors responsible for causation of under nutrition were taken from mothers of these children. Statistical analysis used: chi square test was used to find out association between risk factors and undernutrition. Risk factor found statistically significant were further analysed using step wise multiple logistic regression analysis. The impact of supplementary nutrition was assessed using paired t test. Results: Iron folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, exclusive breast feeding in children, immunization and time of initiating complementary feed were found statistically significant on both chi-square and multiple logistic regression analysis. No impact of supplementary nutrition was found on anthropometric measurements of children. Conclusions: The main focus for fighting undernutrition in children (0-6 years) should be on preventing risk factors associated with mothers in antenatal period and during child rearing practices

Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan Ibu dan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif terhadap Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah

Based on data from the 2019 Indonesian Toddler Nutritional Status Study (SSGBI) the lowest prevalence of stunting was Murung Raya (17.45%), Lamandau (17.83%), and West Kotawaringin (23.98%). Meanwhile, the districts with the highest prevalence were Kapuas (42.37%), East Kotawaringin (39.87%), and East Barito (38.53%). The results of routine monitoring of nutritional status carried out by districts/cities through E-PPBGM stated that the percentage of undernourished children aged 0-59 months in Central Kalimantan Province in 2019 was 10.1 %. One of the bad effects of nutritional problems is stunting. The case of stunting in children under five is still a health problem that needs to be watched out for in Indonesia. One of the factors causing stunting is the mother's education level and the provision of breast milk (ASI) to infants and toddlers. The study analyzed the relationship between maternal education level and exclusive breastfeeding for children under five with stunting in Central Kalimantan Province. This study used a cross-sectional research design with univariate data analysis and bivariate analysis. The Univariate analysis aims to describe the distribution of children under five by age, by gender, level of mother's education, distribution of exclusive breastfeeding, and nutritional status of children under five based on health profile data in the form of a frequency distribution table. Bivariate analysis in this study used the Chi-square test. The results showed that there was a significant or significant relationship between the level of mother's education and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting in children under five in the province of Central Kalimantan in 2019.

Hubungan perceived susceptibility dan perceived benefits dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif pada balita di Puskesmas Kasihan I Bantul

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is breast milk given to babies from birth for six months without adding and / or replacing it with other foods or drinks. Based on Article 6 in the same government regulation, every mother who gives birth must provide exclusive breastfeeding to the baby born to her. Based on the results of Riskesdas 2018, the proportion of breastfeeding patterns for infants aged 0-5 months in Indonesia was 37.3% exclusive breastfeeding, 9.3% partial breastfeeding, and 3.3% predominant breastfeeding.Objective: to determine the relationship between the variable perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits with exclusive breastfeeding for children under five in the working area of Kasihan I Health Center,Methods: This study is an analytic survey study using a cross sectional approach. The population are mothers who had babies aged 6-24 months. The statistical test used bivariate chi square statistical testResults: mothers who do not provide exclusive breastfeeding are 26.3% (10 people). In the variable perceived susceptibility, most of it was in the high category of 60.53% (23 people), the variable of perceived benefits, mostly in the high category was 60.53% (23 people). There is no relationship between perceived susceptibility and breastfeeding (p = 0.122; OR = 3.167). There is a relationship between perceived benefits and giving (p = 0.021; OR 5.833)Conclusion: There is a relationship between perceived benefits and exclusive breastfeeding, while the variable perceived susceptibility has no relationship with exclusive breastfeeding.

Prevalence of ankyloglossia and factors that impact on exclusive breastfeeding in neonates

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the prevalence of ankyloglossia in neonates and verify factors that interfere with exclusive breastfeeding and cause difficulties in breastfeeding. Methods: an observational longitudinal study conducted at a public maternity hospital in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. The sample comprised 397 mother-child pairs. Ankyloglossia was diagnosed with the part I of the Baby Lingual Frenulum Assessment Protocol with Scores. Six months after the children were born, the mothers were interviewed and answered questions on the indication and performance of frenotomy and time of breastfeeding. Descriptive analysis of the data, chi-square test and bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression were conducted (p &lt; 0.05). Results: the prevalence of ankyloglossia was 4.3% (n = 17). The attendance rate for the second moment of the research was 70.8% (n = 281). Of the examined children, 14 were indicated for lingual frenotomy, but only one was submitted to the procedure. The time of exclusive breastfeeding of children with ankyloglossia was equal to that of children with a normal lingual frenulum (p-value = 0.876). Ankyloglossia was not associated with breastfeeding difficulties (PR = 1.0 95%CI 0.8-1.1, p-value = 0.441), neither was it a factor for not breastfeeding exclusively for 6 months (PR = 1.1 95%CI 0.9-1.2, p-value = 0.390). Conclusions: the prevalence of ankyloglossia in the studied population was 4.3%. Baby bottle use in the first month of life and breastfeeding difficulties were hindering factors for exclusive breastfeeding.

Factors Related to Exclusive Breastfeeding in East Java – Indonesia

Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) is very crucial for the growth and development of toddlers in the future, both physically and mentally. The study aims to analyze factors related to EBF in East Java, Indonesia. The analysis material for the study was the 2017 Indonesian Nutritional Status Monitoring, a cross-sectional survey. In East Java, the study obtained 3977 toddlers using the multi-stage cluster random sampling process. The study used binary Logistic Regression tests to interpret the data. The results show for toddlers living in cities have a 0.951 times lower probability of experiencing EBF than toddlers residing in rural areas. Toddler age (in months) is one of the determinants of EBF. All categories of maternal marital status are more likely than mothers who are never married to having an EBF toddler. All maternal education levels have a better chance than mothers who have no education to have EBF children. Except for mothers in the senior high school category, which has no significant relationship with the incidence of EBF in children under five in East Java, Indonesia. The study also found toddler’s age associated with the incidence of EBF in children under five in East Java, Indonesia. Finally, the toddler boy has a probability of 0.943 times compared to the toddler girl to experience EBF in East Java in Indonesia. The study concluded that six variables were related to the incidence of EBF in East Java - Indonesia, namely residence, mother’s age, mother’s marital, mother’s education, toddler’s age, and toddler’s gender.

Prevalence of rotavirus infection and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among under-five children admitted with acute diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Rotavirus has been recognized as the most common cause of acute watery diarrhoea among under-five children worldwide. It is considered as a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. Considering the high morbidity and significant mortality, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of rotaviral diarrhoea among children less than five years in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College from 1st January to 31st December, 2018. Total 184 under-five children admitted in paediatrics department of the same institute with acute watery diarrhoea were enrolled in this study by convenient sampling. Stool samples were obtained and assayed for rotavirus antigen by sandwich type enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Rotaviral antigen was found positive in 86 cases and disease prevalence was 46.74%. The rotavirus infection was found highest in age group of 7 to 12 months (50.56%) and in male (59.30%) children. Prevalence of infection was associated with age (p= 0.004), socio-economic condition (p=0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding of children (p=0.01). Conclusion: Rotavirus was a significant cause of acute watery diarrhoea and mainly affected children below 12 months age. BIRDEM Med J 2021; 11(3): 186-190

The Potential Contribution of the Health System to Reducing Stunting in SUN Countries.

Background:The global nutrition community has called for a multisectoral approach to improve nutritional outcomes. While most essential nutrition interventions are delivered through the health system, nutrition-sensitive interventions from other sectors are critical.Objective:We modeled the potential impact that Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) interventions delivered by the health system would have on reaching World Health Assembly (WHA) stunting targets. We also included results for targets 2, 3, and 5.Methods:Using all available countries enrolled in the SUN movement, we identified nutrition interventions that are delivered by the health system available in the Lives Saved Tool. We then scaled these interventions linearly from 2012 up to nearly universal coverage (90%) in 2025 and estimated the potential impact that this increase would have with regard to the WHA targets.Results:Our results show that only 16 countries out of 56 would reach the 40% reduction in the number of stunted children by 2025, with a combined total reduction of 32% across all countries. Similarly, only 2 countries would achieve the 50% reduction in anemia for women of reproductive age, 41 countries would reach at least 50% exclusive breastfeeding in children under 6 months of age, and 0 countries would reach the 30% reduction in low birth weight.Conclusions:While the health system has an important role to play in the delivery of health interventions, focusing investments and efforts on the health system alone will not allow countries to reach the WHA targets by 2025. Concerted efforts across multiple sectors are necessary.

The factors which influence exclusive breastfeeding on toddlers in North Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is the process of giving breast milk to babies without any additional food from birth until they are six months old. It takes the role of mothers, health workers and families, especially husbands so that exclusive breastfeeding can be successful. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding for children in North Minahasa regencyMethods: This study used a cross sectional design on 132 toddlers aged 7-12 months. The sampling in this study was carried out by using purposive sampling technique.Results: The results of the study found that 44.7% of children under five received exclusive breastfeeding and 25.0% of children had early initiation of breastfeeding from their mother. From this study it is also known that 55.3% of mothers' knowledge level about exclusive breastfeeding is in the sufficient category, 52.3% of health workers have a good role and as many as 54.5% of husbands play a good role in exclusive breastfeeding.Conclusions: The results obtained based on statistical tests using chi square were there is association of early initiation of breastfeeding (p=0.018), knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.045), the role of health workers (p=0.030), and the role of husband on the exclusive breastfeeding for children in North Minahasa regency. However, maternal knowledge and supervision regarding the early initiation of breastfeeding and health workers needs to be more improved.

Breastfeeding practices in Mexico: Results from the National Demographic Dynamic Survey 2006–2018

Although actions have been taken to improve breastfeeding in Mexico, trends over the last decade and their associated factors have not been analysed. We estimated trends in breastfeeding practices at the national, rural/urban, and regional level indigenous ethnicity and socio‐economic level, and their associated factors using the National Demographic Dynamics Survey (2006, 2009, 2014 and 2018). We assessed breastfeeding indicators of women with children <24 months according to The World Health Organization recommendations. Logistic regressions models of pooled data were used to estimate trends and associations with biological and sociodemographic characteristics. Between 2006 and 2018, the prevalence of ever breastfed increased from 91.8% to 94.2% (p < 0.001), whereas early initiation of breastfeeding increased from 40.8% to 59.7% (p < 0.001), with similar increments by urban/rural level. Between 2009 and 2018, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children <6 months increased from 13.0% to 20.7% (p < 0.001). The largest increase was seen in Mexico City, in nonindigenous women and those with a high socio‐economic status, whereas indigenous women and those from the South had the lowest or no improvements. Breastfeeding education during pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.5] was positively associated with exclusive breastfeeding, whereas being employed (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.6–0.9) was negatively associated. Breastfeeding practices improved but are still far from recommendations. Implementing strategies like breastfeeding counselling and programmes and policies that promote and support breastfeeding for poor, indigenous, single and working mothers should be a priority for the government to ensure that all children have the best start in life.

Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Mexico: results from Ensanut 2018-19

To update the prevalence of infant and young child feeding indicators (IYCFI) in children under 24 months in Mexico. Ensanut 2018-19 national representative survey with probabilistic design. Popu-lation: Women 12-59 years and their children <24 months. The indicators proposed by the World Health Organization were assessed by sociodemographic variables of the mothers using the sample design. Wald's test was used to compare between categories. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months was 28.3%, 42.9% of children under 12 months consumed infant formula and 29% continued breastfeeding at two years. Around 30% of children between 6 and 11 months did not meet the recom-mended minimum dietary diversity and only 49.4% consumed iron-rich foods. There are improvements in breastfeeding practices in Mexico, although the figures are low. The coordinated contribution from all sectors of society is required to improve infant feeding practices.

Relationship between Mother's Knowledge and Family Support with Giving Exclusive Breastfeeding for Children 6-24 Months in the Ogomatanang Village, Lampasio District, Toli-Toli Regency

Exclusive breastfeeding is giving breast milk only without giving other food and drinks to babies from birth to six months. In Indonesia, it shows that currently breastfeeding is still a concern, the percentage of infants who are exclusively breastfed for up to 6 months is only 30.2%, of the national breastfeeding target of 80%. This figure is clearly below the WHO target, which requires breastfeeding coverage of up to 50%. One of the areas that are still worrying about exclusive breastfeeding is the village of Ogomatanang. There are still many breastfeeding mothers who do not provide exclusive breastfeeding in Ogomatanang Village. Therefore, the researcher wanted to know the relationship between maternal knowledge and family support with exclusive breastfeeding for children 6-24 months in Ogomatanang Village. The design of this research is analytical research with the Cross-Sectional Study approach. This study used an Accidental sampling technique, with a total sample of 45 respondents. The test used in this research is using the Chi-square test. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding with p-value = 2.31&gt; 0.05. There was a meaningful relationship between family support and exclusive breastfeeding in Ogomatanang Village, Lampasio District, Toli-Toli Regency with p-value = 0.00 &lt;0.05 This study suggests mothers and families in the Ogomatanang Village, Lampasio District, Toli-Toli Regency always to provide exclusive breastfeeding to children 6-24 months of age because breastfeeding is essential for children's growth and development.