Exclusion In Poland Research Articles

Economic Aspects of Cash Access Problems

Purpose: The aim of the article is to examine if difficulty of access to cash may influence the financial exclusion in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis was performed using microdata collected in the survey on payment habits of Polish consumers and spatial data on ATMs locations. Estimated distance to points where cash can be withdrawn together with feature of respondents of the state of possession of a payment account helps to identify relationships between access to cash and financial exclusion. To prove significance of the relationship, a statistical test is used. Findings: The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the existence of a real risk associated with the problem of the physical availability of cash. which is caused by the systematic reduction of the network of ATMs and commercial bank branches handling cash, which are the main points where consumers can withdraw it. This may consequently lead to financial and social exclusion of certain groups of consumers for whom cash is the main, or even the only, means of making payments. Results support the thesis that payment account without (real) option of easy access to cash may discourage consumers from opening the account and contribute to increased financial exclusion. It is especially visible in rural regions and small towns where we observe high level of exclusion (lack of payment accounts) and longer distance to the nearest ATM. Research limitations/implications: The presented results were based on simple statistical analyses. Further research should include econometric modeling using logit/probit models. Originality/value: The obtained results are the first on the impact of access to cash on financial exclusion in Poland and consistent with the situation in other European countries. The results allow to show the importance of access to physical money in a broader context than just having means of payment to pay for purchases.

Analysis of the problem of transport exclusion in Poland

Purpose: The main aim of the article was to conduct a comparative analysis of transport availability divided into voivodeships in Poland. For this purpose, data on the number of regular, urban, suburban and long-distance lines from all voivodeships in Poland was collected and analyzed in terms of changes over the years and existing correlations. Design/methodology/approach: The research used basic data analysis, sign test and correlation study. Findings: The problem of transport exclusion in Poland is noticeable. It especially concerns residents of villages and small towns. Research results indicate that this problem has become more serious in recent years due to the reduction in the number of available connections. Originality/value: The article presents original research on the change in the number of connections over the years and the correlation between the number of inhabitants and the number of bus connections. Keywords: transport exclusion, passenger transport, city logistics. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Psychosocial Aspects of Seniors’ Transport Exclusion: Selected Issues

Social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon extending beyond poverty, unemployment, access to various goods and services, but also covering the scope of breakdown of social ties and a sense of isolation as well as dependence on others. This phenomenon affects various social groups, but seniors experience the effects of social exclusion in a special way. This article aims to show how the transport-related social exclusion of seniors influences their psychosocial functioning. The problem of transport-related exclusion in Poland currently affects 13.8 million people living in municipalities where there is no organized public transport. The article tries to answer the question about the extent to which the surveyed seniors experience transportation disadvantage and how the limited access to public transport affects their psychosocial functioning. The obtained results quite clearly indicate that the elderly experience many effects of transport-related exclusion, which has an impact on the quality of their life. The communication exclusion limits their access to health care, which results in decreasing their health. Seniors experience exclusion due to difficult access to public transport, goods and services that affect their life quality. Research shows that seniors feel dependent on others. Restricting contacts with family and friends causes them to feel lonely.

Digital Exclusion in Poland and South Korea - A Comparative Analysis of the Phenomenon

Comparative empirical studies of digital exclusion have been conducted in Poland and South Korea. Surveys of students (including doctoral candidates) and in-depth interviews with academic teachers at selected universities and fields of study were used (N=135). The average differences in the opinions of Polish and Korean students are not statistically significant at the level of p

Rola funduszy UE w promowaniu inkluzji cyfrowej w polskich regionach

The digitalisation process implies many benefits for its active participants. However, some companies, individuals and social groups are excluded from this process, which leads to digital inequalities. The aim of the article is to evaluate Polish regions (NUTS 2) in terms of their digital inclusion and to indicate the importance of EU funds in supporting digital inclusion in Poland. It is claimed that the role of external financial support from EU funds is important in promoting digital inclusion in Polish regions. Support for ICT development is becoming very important in Poland and its regions. In the perspective of 2014–2020, an operational programme dedicated to promoting the development and use of ICT was developed: Digital Poland 2014–2020 Operational Programme. Also within the framework of regional operational programmes implemented in the regions of Poland, including Silesia, priorities or undertakings related to the support for ICT development were identified. This requires the implementation of a wide range of projects, from the improvement of access to the Internet, through the improvement of accessibility and quality of public e-services, to further development of digital competences. Without prompt actions in this regard, the problem of digital exclusion in Poland and its regions will further intensify.

The Issues of Justice in Economic and Environmental Policy

Abstract The article presents the gist, the kinds and manifestations of justice, with the discussion of the controversies around social justice. The analysis deals with the relationship between social justice and economic efficiency and effectiveness – especially in the environmental protection – as well as the concepts of international and cross-generational justice. In summary, the authors discussed inequality of income and the structure of welfare benefits as well as the scale of poverty and social exclusion in Poland.

FINANCIAL EXCLUSION IN POLAND FROM THE MALE POINT OF VIEW IN THE LIGHT OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

Although the phenomenon of exclusion has been present in our reality for thousands of years, it only became the point of scientific interest a quarter of century ago. It seems a vital issue since it may concern any citizen in any of their walks of life. They may become financially excluded due to their educational background, income, financial status, nationality, sex or even lifestyle. In practice, excluded individuals are deprived of performing certain social activities despite their abilities or willingness to do so. This paper is aimed at identifying the awareness of issues concerning financial exclusion in a group of males in Poland. It provides the outcome of a survey held in a research group of 898 males on the topic of perceived financial exclusion. Moreover, the study elaborates on the determinants of financial exclusion in Poland, as well as individuals or whole social groups potentially at risk, in the opinion of the male respondents. The results enhance the wider knowledge of financial exclusion in Polish society.

State action aimed at limiting financial exclusion in Poland in terms of sustainable and inclusive development

Purpose – The article was written to outline the State action (specifically central government’s) aimed at limiting financial exclusion in Poland in terms of sustainable and inclusive development in 2016-2019.Research method – In the article theoretical research is carried out on the basis of the subjective literature, existing legal requirements, international institutions’ and central government’s reports. Such research methods as descriptive analysis and inferential and inductive reasoning were used. First, financial exclusion is defined as a kind of social exclusion in the field of sustainable and inclusive development. Next, the author describes the most important central government’s activity aimed at limiting financial exclusion in 2016-2019 in three areas. It is analysed how the State affects household income through fiscal policy instruments. The most important legal regulations affecting entities offering financial services and their clients are also pointed out. Finally, the State activity aimed at improving financial education and financial allowance of the Polish people is described.Results – The article allows a better understanding of the State activity aimed at limiting financial exclusion in Poland undertaken in 2016-2019 with particular reference to fiscal policy instruments affecting household income. Originality / value – To the best of author’s knowledge, it is the only article concerning, as defined above, the three areas of the State activity aimed at limiting financial exclusion in Poland during the period considered, namely fiscal policy affecting household income; the most important legal regulations affecting entities offering financial services and their clients; improving financial education and financial allowance of the Polish people. It is very important considering sustainable and inclusive development.

Empirical analysis of the perceptionof financial exclusion in Poland by women

Empirical analysis of the perceptionof financial exclusion in Poland by women

Digital exclusion as a hindrance to the emergence of the information society: the case of Poland

There is no doubt, that digital transformation (knowledge-based transformation) has emerged as the crucial megatrend in modern civilization. Artificial intelligence (AI), machines and autonomous vehicles, the Internet of Things (IoT), financial technology (Fin/Tech), smart investing and the analysis and processing of big data are the most recent manifestations of this trend, but not the only ones. All of these phenomena have led to the emergence and continuing development of the so-called ‘Information Society’ (IS), which refers to a new type of social organization that is clearly distinct from the earlier forms of society. In this new society, information and knowledge play an essential role in facilitating the Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE), where information is collected, transmitted and processed in a faster and more effective manner, and can subsequently be used to foster accelerated economic growth. Unfortunately, the problem of digital exclusion still occurs, also in Poland. The author in the conclusion comes to opinion that people who are digitally excluded find it much more difficult to overcome psychological rather than technical barriers to having access to the Internet and learning basic computer skills. This situation calls for urgent improvement. In the modern information society, a lack of basic knowledge about computers translates into partial or total digital illiteracy and makes it difficult to perform a range of everyday tasks. It is therefore essential in Poland to prevent digital exclusion. People who do not use the Internet are socially and professionally limited, or virtually handicapped, which results in quantifiable economic losses. This translates to lower creativity and innovativeness and reduced revenue of state budget, and impedes the competitiveness of the economy and the development of a post-modern, post-industrial social model. The main research goal is to show the causes of the phenomenon of digital exclusion in Poland and ways to counteract it. In the course of the research, the most frequently used method was causal and effect analysis as well as institutional and legal analysis. Elements of the decision-making, historical, comparative and statistical methods were also used.

Payment account with basic features and its significance in the reduction of financial exclusion in Poland

Motivation: The Payment Accounts Directive (PAD) constitutes an important regulation of the financial services market in the European Union resulting from premises of a social nature. Regarding the level of financial exclusion, Poland is third from the bottom in the European Union. Directive 2014/92/EU foresees an introduction of a payment account with basic features as a solution increasing the level of banking penetration ratio in the Member States. The changes introduced in the Polish Payment Services Act (PPSA) seem to be heading in this direction. Aim: The aim of this article is to evaluate the objectives of the aforementioned Directive and Act in the context of practical possibilities of achieving the basic objective of the regulations, i.e. the reduction of financial exclusion scale. An assessment of whether the implementation of the PAD in the Polish banking system will require considerable expenses and changes in the banks’ market offer constitutes an additional objective of the article. Such an assessment requires taking into consideration the problems occurring both on the supply side, that is banks, and on the demand side, that is their customers. Results: The limited functionality and also attractiveness of a payment account with basic features, clearly shaped by the provisions of PAD, indicate that it is a solution aimed at a small group of consumers with low income and also low payment needs. Simultaneously, the emphasis indicated in PAD on the comparability of fees on payment accounts and on creating a commonly accessible service of transferring a payment account by consumers (as a consequence of easier comparison of account fees with its functionality in the offer of various providers) indicates that using a payment account with basic features may be of temporary character.

Life Goals of Young People at Risk of Social Exclusion in Poland

Abstract Every young person in adolescence is looking for the meaning of life, concentrating their activities around specific goals. Selecting them independently, they are guided by specific values, strive to reach them by orientating themselves to the world in a specific way. An analysis of the ever-changing reality and its interpretation make it easier for them to function in the world and make choices. The decisions they take refer to different areas of life, have different levels of importance, degree of involvement in the action leading to implementation of the intentions. The first part of the article presents selected concepts of purposeful behaviour, depicting human activity in the category of goals set by an individual. These concepts are characterized primarily by individual life goals, their properties and mechanisms governing them. The second part of the article will present results of research on the life goals of pupils of Youth Educational Centres (YEC) in Poland. On the basis of the obtained results it can be noticed that the respondents obtained average results on all the scales – only in the case of the following goals: finances and permanent relationship were the results increased. This shows that it is important for them to start a family and have financial security in the future. Results of the Mann-Whitney U Test indicate that girls significantly higher than boys appreciate in their lives such goals as: permanent relationship, finances and society (statistically significant differences at the level of at least p <0.05). In addition, in the case of the indicated life goal scales, a trend is observed showing that along with the number of resocialization programs in which the respondents participate, the results obtained in the scale of assessing the importance of all life goals increased. It is therefore important to pay more attention to supporting and developing socially accepted life goals of young people at risk of social exclusion as this can significantly increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation interactions.

Przebieg reintegracji zawodowej w spółdzielniach socjalnych w województwie łódzkim

Spółdzielnie socjalne są jednym z narzędzi aktywnej polityki społecznej. Mają one na celu wsparcie osób zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym i prowadzenie do nich skierowanych działań inkluzyjnych poprzez reintegrację społeczno‑zawodową. Dzięki temu osoby te odzyskują zatrudnialność w dalszych etapach swoich karier zawodowych i mogą prowadzić życie według modelu akceptowanego przez społeczeństwo. Spółdzielczość socjalna w Polsce rozwija się od ponad 10 lat, co pozwala na analizę skuteczność tych organizacji w zakresie ich celów działania. Tego typu analizy są szczególnie istotne ze względu na fakt, że spółdzielczość socjalna jest hojnie wspierana i promowana przez władze krajowe. Warto zatem dowiedzieć się, czy należy przeznaczać znaczne środki budżetowe na rozwój tego typu organizacji. Referat został oparty na wynikach badań ankietowych prowadzonych na grupie 116 założycieli oraz 74 pracowników najemnych z 42 spółdzielni socjalnych z województwa łódzkiego w okresie od grudnia 2013 do czerwca 2014 roku Badania te były częścią większego projektu związanego z oceną skuteczności spółdzielczości socjalnej w zakresie reintegracji zawodowej osób zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym w Polsce. Prowadzono je w województwie łódzkim i podjęto próbę dotarcia do wszystkich 82 spółdzielni socjalnych zarejestrowanych w regionie na koniec listopada 2013 roku. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły zweryfikować spółdzielnie socjalne jako skuteczną metodę ograniczania wykluczenia społecznego poprzez reintegrację zawodową. Spółdzielców socjalnych trzeba oceniać osobno w dwóch podgrupach, tj. pracowników najemnych oraz założycieli. Różnili się oni stopniem oddalenia od otwartego rynku pracy, co wynikało z różnej skali problemów wpływających na ich zagrożenie ekskluzją społeczną. Pracownikami byli ludzie o małym stopniu samodzielności, oczekujący na zaproponowanie im gotowych rozwiązań ich sytuacji społeczno‑zawodowej. Założyciele to ludzie o zupełnie innej charakterystyce – samodzielni i przedsiębiorczy. Spółdzielnia socjalna dała im możliwość przezwyciężenia chwilowych problemów poprzez założenie przedsiębiorstwa będącego często spełnieniem ich marzeń i pasji. Dzięki pracy w spółdzielni przedstawiciele obu podgrup rozwijali kompetencje w zakresie umiejętności zawodowych i postaw. Dzięki temu stawali się atrakcyjnymi do zatrudnienia przez pracodawców z otwartego rynku pracy.

STATYSTYCZNA ANALIZA EKONOMICZNEGO UBÓSTWA W POLSCE Z WYKORZYSTANIEM PROGRAMU R

Economic poverty is one of the more common and complex problems in the modern world, as well as in Poland. This is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, and therefore there is no single universally valid definition of poverty. This article presents a statistical analysis of economic poverty in Poland based on real data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland. An in-depth statistical analysis of the social situation of Poles will be presented, as well as an attempt to examine interdependencies in the occurrence of various forms of poverty and social exclusion in Poland. In the article, several multivariate statistical methods are presented together with the graphical presentation of results. We present a correspondence analysis with a perception map, as well as the advanced modern visualizing tool for categorical data. All the calculations were conducted using R software.

Social and Occupational Activation of People at Risk of Social Exclusion in Poland Against the Background of the EU Cohesion Policy

Abstract The subject of the article is social and occupational activation of persons at risk of social exclusion. The phenomenon of social exclusion is an important socio-economic problem today and an important area for the implementation of the priorities of EU cohesion policy. This policy sets out the indicators to be achieved by 2020. Among the specific measures to achieve the set goals particularly significant is the implementation of the concept of supported employment targeted at people at risk of social exclusion. It has been outlined that the core document defining current EU policies and guidelines is the aforementioned “Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, EUROPE 2020” setting out the following key priorities for the focus of for EU Member States: 1) intelligent development - development of knowledge- and innovation based economy, 2) sustainable development - supporting a more resource efficient, more environmentally-friendly, and more competitive economy, 3) inclusive growth - supporting economy with high employment rate which ensures social and territorial cohesion. It has been stated that. “National Strategy for Social Integration for Poland” the areas of exclusion include: 1) living in unfavorable economic conditions, 2) unfavorable effect of social processes resulting from massive, dynamic developmental changes, 3) insufficient life capital, 4) lack of access to appropriate institutions, 5) experiencing discrimination, 6) personal traits that hinder the use of common social resources. It seems that the basis task of a researcher in this context is not so much solving but rather identification of a problem stemming from objective conditions generating phenomena of marginalization and social exclusion. This analytical effort, taken in the frames of different research orientations is aimed at changing mechanisms ruling this process. It is not so much about providing universal solutions as these may be different for each society and must be looked for taking consideration of local economic and specific cultural conditions.

The risk of poverty and social exclusion in Poland in the period 2006–2015 in the comparison to the European Union countries

Motivation: The study of poverty is extremely important because of the negative impact it can have on the economy. Improving the situation of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion is one of the most important objectives of the social policy both in Poland and in the European Union. The aim is consistent with such official Polish documents as: Strategy for the Development of Human Capital 2020 National Development Strategy 2020. Aim: The aim of the article is to assess the risk of poverty and social exclusion in Poland in the period 2006–2015, and to compare the degree of risk of poverty in Poland and other European Union countries. Results: The study shows that the risk of poverty in Poland decreased in the analyzed period. In comparison to the EU countries, Poland made the greatest progress in reducing the risk of poverty. Dynamics of changes in reducing the risk of poverty in Poland was the highest among the EU countries. The scale of the risk of poverty in Poland in 2006 was one of the highest (with a higher risk noted only in Latvia). The situation in Poland in 2015 indicated that in 2015 the degree of risk of poverty was lower in Poland than in many EU countries: Portugal, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Greece, Ireland, Estonia. In addition, the world economic crisis of 2008–2010 did not affect the risk of poverty in Poland. In most EU countries during the crisis the risk of poverty increased, however in Poland it declined. This undoubtedly allowed for improving the situation in Poland to a higher extent than in other EU countries.

Chlorinated herbicides in fish, birds and mammals in the Baltic Sea.

The aim of the present work was to determine the concentration levels, as well as accumulation and magnification coefficients, of triazine derivatives in herring gulls and Baltic grey seals 11 years after a ban on their use in the EU and eight after their exclusion in Poland. Dead birds were collected in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk in the years 2010–2012. The grey seals, on the other hand, were from before 2007, when s-triazine derivatives were still in use. Triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine, propazine, terbutrine, prometrone, prometrine and ametrine) were found in the muscles and livers of birds and mammals and also in fish. The obtained results indicated the presence of all the assayed triazines in whole Baltic herring and their livers, while fish muscles were found to be free of prometrone and ametrine. In the muscles and liver of the grey seal, no ametrine, propazine or terbutrine were found, while prometrine was found in the liver of only one specimen. Research showed that simazine did not accumulate and magnify in marine birds and mammals. Atrazine became accumulated in the liver of birds and mammals while magnification was determined in their muscles. The accumulation of ametrine was found in the muscles of seals.

Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion in Poland: National Survey

This survey conducted in Poland was the first in-depth one of non-commercial character. It was conducted in July 2007 on a quota sample covering people in the age bracket 18-75 years. The executed survey confirmed that factors explaining financial exclusion in Poland are the same like for social exclusion. These include: low level of education, retirement age, low level of income, lack of stable employment or unemployment, living in a small locality, in particular a rural village.No significant differences were found in the situation of women and men or a greater risk of financial exclusion for women. Risk of financial exclusion affects primarily persons obtaining low income. The group of seriously threatened with exclusion or directly affected includes also the unemployed aged over 40, also usually characterized by low level of education, and those benefit-takers, who do not work. Percentage of persons seriously at risk of financial exclusion may be estimated at 20-22%.