Personal Exchange Research Articles

PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF WAR CRIMES

This article examines the problematic aspects that arise during the investigation of war crimes, focusing on identifying the main challenges and developing recommendations to overcome them. It analyzes the difficulties faced by investigative bodies in collecting evidence, the legal and procedural barriers that complicate the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators. Special attention is given to the role of international law and the cooperation of interstate organizations in improving the effectiveness of investigations. As a result of the research, specific recommendations are proposed to enhance the quality of war crime investigations and strengthen the rule of law at the international level. The research on this topic analyzes the works of scholars such as I. Hlovyuk, V. Zavtur, N. Lashchuk, V. Navrotskaya, M. Pashkovsky, R. Serkevich, N. Ustritskaya, and others. Greater attention is paid to current legislative acts and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The issue of exchanging prisoners of war in Ukraine is regulated by various normative legal acts, including the ICC RS and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (CPCU). The appendix to Article 3 of the CPCU establishes that a person who has the procedural status of a suspect, accused, or convicted can be exchanged as a prisoner of war. Amendments to the CPCU regarding the interrogation of persons for whom a decision on exchange has been made do not contain substantive additions or clarifications, which may lead to inappropriate application of these provisions. Although the CPCU does not contain a separate norm regarding the procedural status of prisoners of war, the legislator has made changes to regulate the exchange of persons during martial law, which became possible thanks to the law dated July 28, 2022. Despite the legislator’s attempts to improve the procedure for exchanging prisoners of war, some aspects remain complex, which may violate the principle of legality and the rule of law. Ukraine, even without being a state party to the ICC RS, is obliged to cooperate with this international body in accordance with Article 12(3) of this statute. The presence of implementing legislation that regulates national cooperation procedures is a prerequisite for the comprehensive fulfilment of Ukraine’s obligations to the ICC. Better definition of the statuses of participants in criminal proceedings, particularly those for whom the ICC’s request for co-operation has been received, as well as the regulatory establishment of the status of prisoners of war, is needed. Ukrainian prosecutors and pre-trial investigation bodies should adhere to the specifics provided by the ICC Rules of Evidence when conducting interrogations of witnesses, suspects, and victims. Failure to take appropriate actions during interrogations may lead to the recognition of interrogation protocols as inadmissible evidence, which will reduce the number of high-quality evidence on the part of the prosecution.

Volunteering and fake volunteering in Ukraine: a new research direction through the prism of informal institutions

This study delves into the emergence of fake voluntarism, a novel form of deception observed in Ukraine following the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war. The full-scale Russian aggression not only spurred the expansion of the volunteer movement but also fostered the proliferation of spurious volunteerism, primarily motivated by the pursuit of personal gain. We conceptualize these contrasting social practices as informal institutions, diverging in their functions. While traditional volunteering falls into the category of ‘complementary’ informal institutions, following G. Helmke and S. Levitsky's typology, fake volunteering represents ‘competing’ institutions that not only diminish the efficacy of formal institutions but also erode the credibility of genuine volunteer efforts. This research aims to expand the scope of study of informal institutions in wartime conditions, in particular, to contribute to the discussion on the reasons for Ukraine's resilience during the war and the challenges of overcoming internal threats. While volunteerism in various forms is an essential element of state resilience, fake volunteerism, along with other corrosive institutions, undermines it from within. Drawing on the open-source data, we extract distinctive attributes that enable the differentiation between these phenomena. Additionally, we delve into the structural factors that foster opportunities for fake volunteering in wartime Ukraine, including inadequate legal oversight, the persistence of personal exchanges, and a high level of trust in volunteers. These conditions, exacerbated by escalating economic pressures and social uncertainties, collectively contribute to the emergence of pseudo-volunteering. Our proposed model of fake volunteering allows for a better understanding of this institution's underlying nature. The research offers a novel perspective in explaining new social practices arising from wartime conditions and offering practical insights for establishing legal and social safeguards against fraud during periods of war and post-war reconstruction.

Meso-economics. The Case of Personal Agrarian Exchange

Widespread is the view of the existence of three levels in the economy - macro, meso and micro. Economic theory also develops on three levels. Macroeconomics and microeconomics consist of well-grounded knowledge. Meso-economics is a relatively new subject and less developed. We try to contribute in this direction, pursuing two goals: theoretical – literature review, explanation of the economic nature of the meso-level, description of the purpose it serves and its characteristics; and practical – to demonstrate one possible research approach for studying the meso-economic level. We extend our previous research on a group of Bulgarian farmers-practitioners personal exchange instead of impersonal one. For many “personal exchange” is in the past. Not for us. Looking around one can see a growing number of cases of personal agrarian exchange. It is modern and differs from those we know from centuries ago. Prestigious restaurants show the farms where the products they use come from - names, location, features, more and more consumers shop their food only from certain producers, large retail chains present their farms-suppliers - names, photos, stories, etc. The volume of this type of exchange is still small. But its influence and potential to grow is important.

THE ISSUE OF PERSONAL EXCHANGE IN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BSSR AND POLAND IN 1921-1939

The article focuses on the issue of personal exchange in the relations between the BSSR and Poland in 1921-1939. It is emphasized that after the conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty, the issues of bilateral population exchange were dealt with by a specially created Joint Commission for Repatriation with centers in Warsaw and Moscow. In August 1924, the issue of personal became part of diplomatic relations between Poland and the USSR. In particular the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Poland and Bureau under the Central Committee of the RCP (b)-Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (b) began to deal with the problems of repatriation. Attempts were also made to effect an exchange of prisoners through the military authorities. It is indicated that according to the “Treaty on personal exchange between Poland, Russia (Belarus) and Ukraine” concluded in march 1923, the implementation of the largest number of persons subject to personal exchange between the parties was envisaged.

ВОПРОС МИГРАЦИИ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В РАБОТЕ СМЕШАННОЙ КОМИССИИ ПО РЕПАТРИАЦИИ В 1921-1924 ГГ.

The article examines the activities of the Mixed Commission for Repatriation in 1921–1924, highlights the main problems in its functioning. The work of the commission was in close connection with the existing state of the Soviet-Polish relations. The tension in establishing diplomatic ties between the parties greatly influenced the general course of repatriation. Attention is drawn to the fact that from the very beginning of the work of the Mixed Repatriation Commission, the reluctance of the Polish side to resolve controversial issues was revealed. Disagreements began when the parties started discussing the issue of personal exchange, which, in accordance with the additional protocol to the agreement of February 24, 1921, was to be carried out in the first place. The article shows the process of cooperation of the Mixed Commission for Repatriation with the bodies involved in improving the economic and sanitary conditions of the repatriates – with the branches of the Red Cross Society, the Central Directorate for the Evacuation of the Population (Tsentrevak) of the RSFSR.

Civilian participants’ responses to veteran artwork: exploring empathy and understanding

ABSTRACT Background Military-to-civilian transition is complicated for U.S. veterans when civilians lack detailed knowledge of their experiences and military culture. Aims The purpose of this research was to: (1) examine the experiences of a group of civilian participants who viewed a veteran art exhibition and engaged in responsive art making, and (2) to identify participants understanding of military service and the veteran experience may shift as a result of participation in study activities. Methods Case study research was used to examine the experiences of a group of civilian participants who engaged in a workshop that involved viewing veteran artwork and making response art. Data were collected through surveys, participant artwork and written responses, and researcher observation. Case studies were presented using thick description with interpretive and linked narratives to interpret the results. Results Participant experiences demonstrated that the pilot study interventions promoted four outcomes: (1) authentic and meaningful exchanges and engagement with veterans (2) challenged to think about veterans’ experiences more deeply, (3) inspired to show support for people who have served in the military in new ways, and (4) promoted empathy and understanding. Conclusions Results illustrate how active participation in an art exhibition through response art making can help to increase understanding of people with different lived experiences by promoting authentic and meaningful exchanges through art. Implications for practice/policy/future research Interdisciplinary partnerships between art therapists and museum professionals can support the development of programming that bridges divides between groups with different lived experiences and prompts social change through participatory action. Plain-language summary Civilian citizens often lack a complete understanding of veteran experiences and military culture. A civilian citizen is a person who has not serve in the armed forces, and therefore may hold stereotypical beliefs or limited knowledge about veteran experiences. Misunderstandings and assumptions between civilian citizens and veterans can result in a cultural gap, often referred to as the military-civilian divide. This divide can impact the amount and quality of social support veterans receive from civilian citizens as they transition from the military back to civilian life. Poor social support may increase veterans’ risk for mental health issues. Therefore, there is a need for increased understanding of veteran experiences. Public spaces, like art museums, can help veteran experiences to be seen and heard by the larger civilian population. This study explores the experiences of a group of civilian citizens who participated in a workshop. The group of civilian participants viewed a veteran art exhibition and then engaged in making response art. Response art is a tool commonly used in the field of art therapy to express and share complex or difficult experiences. Participants also completed three surveys where they were asked questions about their understanding of veteran experiences. A review of participants survey answers and written responses showed how viewing and creating art promoted personal exchanges veterans, challenged participants to think about veterans’ experiences more deeply, inspired participants to show support for people who have served in the military in new ways, and promoted empathy and understanding. These outcomes show how art can be used to increase understanding across groups with different lived experiences.

Seeger Lecture, Society for Ethnomusicology Virtual Meeting 2021

Seeger Lecture, Society for Ethnomusicology Virtual Meeting 2021

25 years International Bladder Cancer Network (IBCN): The past, the present, and the future.

In 1997 an international group of scientists organized a meeting in Barcelona, Spain, to discuss the use of biomarkers in the management of patients with bladder cancer. This meeting was the offspring of an - initially informal - group that finally resulted in the foundation and incorporation of the International Bladder Cancer Network (IBCN) e.V. in 2005. Over the years the group has supported several research initiatives and generated several recommendations on the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. Meeting quality was generated by inviting experts presenting state-of-the-art lectures or work in progress reports, interdisciplinarity and the limited number of participants supporting an open and personal exchange resulted in a format increasingly attracting participants from all over the world. The recent limitations caused by the Covid-19 pandemic were partially met by organizing several well attended webinars. The future challenge is to maintain the IBCN meeting spirit despite an increasing interest of the scientific community and industrial partners to participate. However, the integration of and interaction between increasingly more specialized disciplines is a challenge that can be better catalyzed by an international multidisciplinary network than mostly national professional associations.

Two sides of a coin: Examining mentor and student teacher relationships during student teaching

This qualitative study deconstructs the often taken for granted idea of “relationship building” between mentors and student teachers by examining how they are conceptualized and enacted during practice teaching. Data gathered from interviews and questionnaires reveal that mentors and student teachers hold different relational priorities. Mentor teachers prioritize personal exchanges rooted in respect and regard to build productive relationships with their student teachers, while student teachers identify their teachers’ instructional competence and mentoring commitment as more important considerations during early interactions. Findings suggest that mentoring relationships are built through a focus on learning teaching rather than expressions of care alone.

International Criminal Cooperation in the Shadow of the Coronavirus Pandemic

European cooperation in criminal matters is a priority in all EU Member States, whether in the detection, investigation or judicial fields. In recent years, I have been carrying out research in the field of organised crime, during which I have realised that in investigations involving two or more Member States, it is almost impossible to achieve the desired objective without criminal cooperation. Then, in the spring of 2020, investigative authorities had to deal with a variable such as the coronavirus pandemic, one of the consequences of which was that personal contact was minimised. However, one of the most important factors for successful and effective police cooperation are personal contacts, which can be achieved through training, meetings or even personal exchanges of views during the course of a criminal case.However, the activity of organised crime groups is ongoing, although it is fair to say that they favour cyberspace, but they have not given much thought to overcoming the obstacles that arose during the coronavirus pandemic. They have emerged in e-commerce, online marketplaces, but at the same time, they have expanded their existing network of recruiters and started to think globally. Their distribution activities and logistics have also changed. Typically, the online space can be observed for criminal activities such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking or fraud.The pandemic has also reduced the effectiveness of international cooperation on crime. In the research for this study, I am looking for answers to the question: what tools and methods of cooperation were available to the investigating authorities in the period before the pandemic and could they be further expanded? I will then contrast this period with the escalated situation during the pandemic. My research questions will include how and to what extent the coronavirus pandemic affected international criminal cooperation, in particular the use of Joint Investigation Teams. I also shed light on the question: what are the opportunities and obstacles to the use of available tools for criminal cooperation in the case of crimes committed in the online space?The threat is growing, it has more and more international aspects, so I think there is a need for deeper cooperation, not only between law enforcement agencies, but also involving the private sector and civil society. It is important to make the citizens of all countries aware of the threats they face.

The Associate Editor in the peer review process—what's that?

The Associate Editor in the peer review process—what's that?

The Problem of Defining a Cyber Attack

The author discusses problematic aspects in terms of developing a definition of a cyber attack. It is noted that such illegal actions capable of disabling nuclear centrifuges, air defense systems and electrical networks, etc., undoubtedly pose a serious threat to national security. In fact, in their destructive power, cyber attacks are approaching armed action. There are no treaties or other normative documents in international law that can regulate international cooperation in the prevention and limitation of cyber attacks. A new comprehensive legal framework, both at the domestic and international levels, is needed to counter cyberattacks more effectively. The importance of using theoretical and legal developments in the field of information security in law-making activities is fixed. International efforts to regulate cyberattacks should begin with an agreement on the definition of cyberattack, cybercrime and cyberwarfare. This would lay the foundation for expanding international cooperation in the field of information exchange, evidence collection and criminal prosecution of persons involved in cyber attacks, and more importantly, for a new international legal act on cyber attacks. The author presents some recommendations for further improvement of legal measures to counteract epistemological wars.

Science and engineering practice prosper from personal exchange – SDSS 2022 and the special session of ECCS‐TC8 in Aveiro

Science and engineering practice prosper from personal exchange – SDSS 2022 and the special session of ECCS‐TC8 in Aveiro

11.F. Workshop: Can digital health literacy act as a protective factor for students in times of crisis?

Abstract As mental health related issues become more and more prevalent across all ages and social groups around the globe, the identification of protective factors related to well-being is of high importance. In times of the COVID-19-pandemic, this proves to be even more crucial. Young adults and especially students were particularly burdened by social isolation and missing opportunities for personal exchange and supporting relationships during the pandemic. Within this workshop we will discuss the significance of a possible protective factor for the promotion and strengthening of well-being: digital health literacy (DHL). It involves the ability to search for health-related information, to add self-generated content, to evaluate the reliability of health information, to determine the relevance of health information and to protect one's privacy. Findings suggest that it plays a vital part as a protective resource when it comes to maintaining or promoting well-being. This might be particularly the case when the possibility of accessing health-related information is restricted due to reduced social contact. Since important sources for health information are available within the digital space, digital competencies are becoming important to access such information and to conduct a successful and healthy life. The competence of adequately dealing with digital health information, in particular, became more relevant during the COVID-19-pandemic. DHL can be seen as a two-dimensional construct. On the one hand, it refers to the ability to use digital resources to gather health information and, on the other hand, it refers to critical information literacy. Critical information literacy is the ability to collect, understand, evaluate and apply information. Within the proposed workshop, findings of a university survey, conducted within the global COVID-HL network, will be presented. Presentation 1 seeks to address the role of individual factors for the interaction between well-being and DHL. It will further examine the importance of being able to properly assess the relevance of health information. Presentation 2 sheds light on actions, such as adding self-generated health content, when it comes to mental health promotion. It will also take up the relevant individual factors that mediate the relationship between DHL and well-being. Presentation 3 highlights the ability of students to search for health-related information and to use it as a factor to improve their well-being. Presentation 4 provides insight into the importance of DHL for future health professionals in a health sector that is under digital transformation. Lastly, presentation 5 argues for the necessary enhancement of DHL and sense of coherence of students and stresses the need for health promoting and target group specific interventions. In a second step, the audience will be encouraged to ask questions and to engage in a discussion about the suggested conclusions and implications. Key messages • It has been shown internationally that there is a strong relationship between digital health literacy and students’ well-being. • Individual factors are relevant mediators in the relationship between well-being and digital health literacy.

Communication disconnect concerning erectile dysfunction in male heart failure patients: cardiologists and GPs need to talk about sex

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) and erectile dysfunction (ED) share risk and pathogenetic factors manifesting in a higher prevalence of ED in male HF patients. Despite being a recognized comorbidity, scientific research in this field is limited. Purpose This research aims to better understand the patient journey from a patients' as well as health care professionals' (HCP) perspective in terms of communication, education and ED treatment as recognized concomitant disease in HF patients. Methods Data was collected using two independent online surveys between Nov 21 and Jan 22 from diagnosed male HF patients (N=927) and HCPs including general practitioners (GP), cardiologists and internists (N=78) on quality of life (QoL) with focus on sexual life. As part of the patient survey, male HF patients with ED (N=176) were asked to provide further information about their experiences and ED-related communication with HCPs. Results Male HF patients reported their sexual life as being important (56%*) and their sexual health impacting QoL, with 43% of all men asked (N=927) being unsatisfied with their sexual life. Focusing on HF patients with ED (N=176), half was not aware of the link between HF and ED. Only 33% of male HF patients stated that they were informed about a potential link by their HCP, equally distributed to GPs, cardiologists and urologists. HCPs in turn reported that only 20% of their patients proactively consult them, but the majority of male HF patients with ED (69%) stated that they feel left alone and wish for more personal exchange regarding the topic of ED with a doctor (74%). HCPs reported awareness of strong ED burden in 70% of their male HF patients. In contrast to the patients' perspective, 56% of HCPs report that they do address the topic of ED to their HF patients. Top ranked reason for not addressing the topic of ED from HCP side were the assumption and/or knowledge that patients feel uncomfortable talking about ED. Interestingly, only 7% of male HF patients with ED indeed indicated feeling uncomfortable. Despite their pronounced sexual dissatisfaction only 40% of male HF patients with ED indicated that they talk to a doctor about ED treatment options. In consequence, only 22% of them take prescription drugs. More frequently, HCPs reported that about one third of their patients are non-compliant with HF medication due to ED highlighting the high importance of sexual health for patients' QoL. Conclusions We identified a communication disconnect between HCPs and HF patients regarding ED. As patients' QoL is strongly affected by sexual health, they wish for more personal exchange and information. There is a strong need to proactively address the topic of ED by cardiologists and GPs as the first point of contact for HF patients. New ideas for tools generating a better understanding and more confident conversations about HF and ED are warranted. *On a scale from 1 = “not important” to 10 = “very important” rated ≥7. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Novartis Pharma GmbH

Structured Reporting in Multiple Sclerosis - Consensus-Based Reporting Templates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spinal Cord.

As a result of technical developments and greater availability of imaging equipment, the number of neuroradiological examinations is steadily increasing [1]. Due to improved image quality and sensitivity, more details can be detected making reporting more complex and time-intensive. At the same time, reliable algorithms increasingly allow quantitative image analysis that should be integrated in reports in a standardized manner. Moreover, increasing digitalization is resulting in a decrease in the personal exchange between neuroradiologists and referring disciplines, thereby making communication more difficult. The introduction of structured reporting tailored to the specific disease and medical issue [2, 3] and corresponding to at least the second reporting level as defined by the German Radiological Society (https://www.befundung.drg.de/de-DE/2908/strukturierte-befundung/) is therefore desirable to ensure that the quality standards of neuroradiological reports continue to be met.The advantages of structured reporting include a reduced workload for neuroradiologists and an information gain for referring physicians. A complete and standardized list with relevant details for image reporting is provided to neuroradiologists in accordance with the current state of knowledge, thereby ensuring that important points are not forgotten [4]. A time savings and increase in efficiency during reporting were also seen [5]. Further advantages include report clarity and consistency and better comparability in follow-up examinations regardless of the neuroradiologist's particular reporting style. This results in better communication with the referring disciplines and makes clinical decision significantly easier [6, 7]. Although the advantages are significant, any potential disadvantages like the reduction of autonomy in reporting and inadequate coverage of all relevant details and any incidental findings not associated with the main pathology in complex cases or in rare diseases should be taken into consideration [4]. Therefore, studies examining the advantages of structured reporting, promoting the introduction of this system in the clinical routine, and increasing the acceptance among neuroradiologists are still needed.Numerous specific templates for structured reporting, e. g., regarding diseases in cardiology and oncology, are already available on the website www.befundung.drg.de . Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system and is the most common non-trauma-based inflammatory neurological disease in young adults. Therefore, it has significant individual and socioeconomic relevance [8]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and follow-up of this disease. MRI is established as the central diagnostic method in the diagnostic criteria. Therefore, specific changes are seen on MRI in almost all patients with a verified MS diagnosis [9]. Reporting of MRI datasets regarding the brain and spinal cord of patients with MS includes examination of the images with respect to the relevant medical issue in order to determine whether the McDonald criteria, which were revised in 2017 [10] and define dissemination in time and space clinically as well as with respect to MRI based on the recommendations of the MAGNIMS groups [11, 12], are fulfilled. A more precise definition of lesion types and locations according to the recommendations of an international expert group [13] is discussed in the supplementary material. Spinal cord signal abnormalities are seen in up to 92 % of MS patients [14-16] and are primarily located in the cervical spine [15]. The recommendations of the MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS working group published in 2021 [11] explicitly recommend the use of structured reporting for MS patients.Therefore, a reporting template for evaluating MRI examinations of the brain and spinal cord of patients with MS was created as part of the BMBF-funded DIFUTURE consortium in consensus with neuroradiological and neurological experts in concordance with the recommendations mentioned above [11] and was made available for broad use (https://github.com/DRGagit/ak_befundung). The goal is to facilitate efficient and comprehensive evaluation of patients with MS in the primary diagnostic workup and follow-up imaging. These reporting templates are consensus-based recommendations and do not make any claim to general validity or completeness. The information technology working group (@GIT) of the German Radiological Society and the German Society for Neuroradiology strive to keep the reporting templates presented here up-to-date with respect to new research data and recommendations of the MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS group [11]. KEY POINTS:: · consensus-based reporting templates. · template for the structured reporting of MRI examinations of patients with multiple sclerosis. · structured reporting might facilitate communication between neuroradiologists and referring disciplines. CITATION FORMAT: · Riederer I, Mühlau M, Wiestler B et al. Structured Reporting in Multiple Sclerosis - Consensus-Based Reporting Templates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2023; 195: 135 - 138.

Using CNN in Surveillance Videos for Recognizing Human Actions Based on Machine Learning in Examination

Video analytics is the process of processing a video, obtaining data, and analyzing the data to derive domain-specific information. In recent years, examining live surveillance films for recognizing events that occur within its coverage area has become increasingly important, in addition to analyzing any video for information retrieval. Face identification from recordings is easy when training models are used. Estimating skin colour aids hand detection. This study project aims to detect suspicious acts such as object exchange, new person admission, peeping into another's answer sheet, and person exchange using footage captured by a security camera during exam. People are paying greater attention to the fairness of exams these days, therefore detecting anomalous conduct to ensure examination order is important. Most of the current methodologies propose a fraudulent model. We extract the optical flow of video data in this system and present a 3D convolutional neural networks model to solve the problem. Face recognition, hand recognition, and detecting contact between the face and hands of the same person and that of distinct people are all required. The automation of suspicious activity detection' will aid in lowering the mistake rate associated with manual monitoring.

Harvesting Life, Mining Death: Adoption, Surrogacy and Forensics across Borders

Transnational adoption and surrogacy make explicit the relations between war, structural violence and crisis, and global shifts in the organization and governance of reproduction. This article focuses on the interrelatedness of vitality and death, and the nexus between biopolitics and necropolitics, through an analysis of adoption and surrogacy. It reinscribes the transnational circulation and exchange of persons, substance and bodily capacities within the logics of multiple genealogies of war, violence, and extraction in the globalized borderlands between Guatemala and Mexico. The article charts the simultaneous demise of transnational adoptions in Guatemala and growth in surrogacy arrangements in the southern Mexican state of Tabasco, as well as the inception of oocyte harvesting for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in reproductive medicine providers in Guatemala City. The article then tracks forms of expertise and technical infrastructure across national borders and domains of knowledge and practice. It shows the proximity between reproductive medicine and forensic science evident in DNA analysis used in forensic anthropology to document human rights violations, but also offered as commercial services in an expanding reproductive medicine sector. This configuration of biolabor encompasses the extractive practices tied to reproductive medicine and forensics, as persons, bodily substance, and, increasingly, bioinformation transverse contexts, jurisdictions, and social and racial formations.

ОБМІН ОСІБ-ВІЙСЬКОВОПОЛОНЕНИХ: ТЕОРІЯ ТА ПРАКТИКА КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ІНСТИТУТУ ЗВІЛЬНЕННЯ ВІД ВІДБУВАННЯ ПОКАРАННЯ

The article analyzes the theory and practice of the exchange of persons as a prisoner of war through the prism of the functioning of the institution of release from serving a sentence, which in general allows to restore the rights and freedoms of defenders of Ukraine who were captured and assigned to the exchange fund of the foundation. It has been established that the content and essence of release from serving a sentence as an institution of criminal law, in particular in the context of prisoner of war exchange processes, is an extremely important and effective tool, the mechanism of which is the return to Ukraine of its defenders who were captured by the Russian side in exchange for those combatants who were captured by the defense forces of Ukraine and whose guilt was proven. It has been proven that in the conditions of the current legal regime of martial law in Ukraine and active hostilities, it is necessary to apply the institution of release from serving the punishment of prisoners of war, taking into account all procedural aspects of criminal and criminal procedural legislation. At the same time, it is stated that the role and place of the relevant institute in the context of the exchange of prisoners of war requires additional study at a higher scientific level, because researchers are constantly blurring the line between the release from serving the sentence of convicted persons and the release from criminal responsibility in the context of the exchange of prisoners of war who have the status of a suspect. Accordingly, this topic is on the border of the sciences of criminal law and criminal process, which will require the involvement of a wider range of researchers.

Progress in a Time Loop

Progress in a Time Loop