Excessive Vaginal Discharge Research Articles

Cervical stump leiomyomata after supracervical hysterectomy; a case report with review of literature

BackgroundDespite being a highly debated issue, subtotal or supracervical hysterectomy (SCH) is still considered a safe and effective treatment for women with benign gynecological lesions. Benign and malignant cervical diseases have been reported after SCH, with fibroids being the most frequently diagnosed lesions in the excised cervical stump. Recurrence of cervical disease after SCH usually presents with vaginal bleeding, pelvic mass, or abdominal pain; moreover, it may necessitate reoperation and resection of the cervical stump or trachelectomy. Trachelectomy is known to be a difficult surgical procedure that may be associated with significant intra- and post-operative morbidity.Case presentationWe presented here a case of a 41-year-old nulliparous woman with a pelvic mass related to the cervical stump presented 2 years after subtotal hysterectomy, performed due to interactable abnormal uterine bleeding, which was attributed to a multiple fibroid uterus. Six years ago, she complained of pelvic pain, excessive vaginal discharge, and spotting. A transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging with contrast were performed, which revealed a 10.2 × 7.6 × 6.5 cm heterogeneous pelvic mass with irregular borders and marked vascularity on color Doppler. Surgical exploration and resection of the mass with cervical stump excision were performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of cervical stump multiple benign leiomyomata with no atypical features.ConclusionRecurrence or De novo development of leiomyomata and other cervical lesions might occur after supracervical or subtotal hysterectomy; thus, thorough pre-operative counseling for women requesting a SCH regarding the pros and cons of the procedure compared with total hysterectomy should be optimized. Meticulous follow-up, including the continuation of routine cervical cytological smears, is mandatory for patients with a retained cervix.

The Effect of Giving Water Extract Boiled Beluntas Leaves on the Prevention of Vaginal Discharge in S1 Public Health Students at the STRADA Indonesia Institute of Health Sciences

Background: The high rate of vaginal discharge in women is caused by infection of various fungi in the vagina by bacteria Thricmonas vaginalis and candida albicans. Excessive and abnormal vaginal discharge can be an early symptom of cervical cancer that can lead to death in women. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving water extract of boiled beluntas leaves on the prevention of vaginal discharge in S1 Public Health students at the STRADA Indonesia Institute of Health Sciences. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental method with a type of research one group pre test post test. The population in this study was all S1 Public Health students at the STRADA Indonesia Institute of Health Sciences and sampling using the simple random sampling method with a total of 84 respondents. Data analysis techniques used to test hypotheses are the Wilcoxon Test and data collection using questionnaires. Results: Data analysis using the Wilcoxon test shows that the significance level is 0.000< α = 0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted which means that there is an effect of giving beluntas leaf boiled water extract on the prevention of leucorrhoea in S1 Public Health students at the STRADA Indonesia Institute of Health Sciences. Conclusion: It is expected that female students who experience vaginal discharge can apply water extract of beluntas leaf decoction as a non-pharmacological drug that can be used if experiencing vaginal discharge.

MANAGEMENT OF ASRIGDRA W.S.R. TO DUB- CASE STUDY

In Ayurveda, the most common bleeding disorders in women are referred to as Asrigdara and are characterised by Pradirana (excess excretion) of Raja (menstrual blood). In modern medicine, it is called "Dysfunctional Uter-ine Bleeding." Despite their high costs, hormonal therapy, anti-prostaglandins, and anti-fibrinolytic agents have not proven their definitive efficacy in modern medicine; their side effects have resulted in hormonal imbalances. In Ayurvedic classics, all gynaecological disorders are classified as Yonivyapad. Charaka Acharya Raktapra-dara is described as Pradara Roga by Charaka Aacharya. Excessive vaginal white discharge is referred to as Shweta Pradara and excessive or heavy menstrual bleeding is referred to as Raktapradara. It is known as Pra-dara due to pradirana (excessive excretion) of raja (menstrual blood) and Asrigdara due to dirana (excessive excretion) of Asrk (menstrual blood). Menorrhagia is treated with Haemostatic, analgesic, and hormonal thera-pies in modern medicine, which has limitations. As a result, an integrated and comprehensive therapeutic inter-vention in Ayurveda is required to prevent recurrence. Sodhana and Shamana therapies are recommended, but if Rugnabala is low, only Shamana is recommended. Many herbals and herbo-mineral preparations are mentioned in Ayurveda to treat Asrgdara and related symptoms, and these can be used according to Anubandha Dosha and Lakshana. Because Asrgdara is primarily caused by Vata Pitta Dosha, Kashaya Rasa and Pittashamaka Chikitsa may be used. Ayurvedic formulations aid in the breakdown of Asrgdara pathogeneses and their recur-rence.

Correlation of Pap Smear and Colposcopy in Relation to Histopathological Findings in Detection of Preinvasive Lesion of Cervix in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh

Background: Cervical cancer develops from well-defined precursor lesions in a variable period of time. Detecting in early or pre invasive stages, cervical cancer is preventable and curable, so detection of preinvasive lesions is very important. Objectives: The aim of our study was to correlate of Pap smear and colposcopy in relation to histopathological findings in detection of preinvasive lesion of cervix. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 110 women to attend in department of Gynecological Oncology OPD of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital from July 2016 to June 2017. Inclusion criteria were age of 30 to 60 years, who had unhealthy cervix, intermenstrual or post coital bleeding and excessive vaginal discharge. Exclusion criteria were any cervical growth, bleeding at the time of examination, pregnant women. Result: In present study sensitivity of Pap smear for detecting lesions above LSIL was 11(10.0%), specificity 68.38%, PPV was 94.44%, negative predictive value 71.86%. The incidence of preinvasive lesions (LSIL and HSIL) was 33.64% with LSIL 21(19.09%) and HSIL 16(14.55%) and of carcinoma were 10(9.09%). Conclusion: With a comprehensive approach to make awareness and doing proper screening by Paps smear, colposcopy and colposcopy directed biopsy; cervical cancer can be eliminated as a public health problem within a generation. Bangladesh Medical Res Counc Bull 2022; 48(3): 189-194

PREVALENCE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ASSOCIATED LIFESTYLE HABITS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of gynaecological problems and associated lifestyle habits among adolescent girls. Objectives:1. To determine the prevalence of gynaecological problems among adolescent girls 2.To assess the lifestyle habits of adolescent girls 3.To nd out the association between gynaecological problems and lifestyle habits. In this study quantitative research approach and Methodology: cross-sectional research design were used. The study was based on health belief model. Four schools from Trivandrum district were chosen for the present study. 440 subjects who satised inclusion criteria were selected. The tools used to collect data were socio personal proforma, gynaecological problem assessment questionnaire, PCOD risk assessment checklist, Standardized PMS screening tool and self-reported lifestyle habits assessing rating scale. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20. The ndings revealed tha Results: t severe menstrual pain was observed in 26.6% of adolescent girls. Nearly 46.4% of subjects had mild and 24.3% had severe risk of PCOD. One third of subjects (30.2%) had moderate to severe symptoms of PMS and 32.1% had Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. There was a highly signicant association between dysmenorrhea, PCOD and PMS with lifestyle habits at 0.001 level of signicance and there was signicant association between excessive vaginal discharge with lifestyle habits at 0.01 level of signicance. The results suggest that Conclusion: dietary habits and physical activities directly affect the reproductive health of adolescent girls. Hence its important to promote health awareness session on adolescent health and lifestyle habits for preventing the many present and future gynaecological problems

Analisis Dini Kanker Rahim dan Penanganannya untuk Meningkatkan Taraf Hidup Perempuan

Uterine cancer is one of the diseases suffered by women because it is related to the uterus or womb. Acute uterine cancer that is not handled properly can cause death in women. So this must be addressed immediately to improve the standard of living of women, considering that women's roles are quite complex in life. This is what encourages researchers to conduct research on early analysis of uterine cancer and its treatment to improve women's lives. The purpose of this research is to find out how to analyze and treat uterine cancer in women so that women's living standards can increase. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through library research. The collected research data will then be analyzed so that the results of the research are known, that early analysis of uterine cancer can be carried out by self-detect with various symptoms that might indicate uterine cancer, such as feeling pain in the abdomen, experiencing bleeding outside the menstrual period, experiencing bleeding during menstruation. menopause, excessive vaginal discharge, stomach feels enlarged, where the symptoms that occur are also followed by systemic symptoms such as decreased appetite, decreased body weight, feeling weak and anemia. Meanwhile, the way to handle it is through diet, surgical removal of the uterus, chemotherapy, radiology, and so on.

Effectiveness of a Self-educational Module on Preterm Labor's Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention among Pregnant women in the OPD at particular hospitals in Kashmir

Background: Preterm labour is defined as labour that starts before the baby has been pregnant for 37 weeks. Approximately 9% of all pregnancies have it. If a woman experiences uterine contractions that result in cervical effacement and dilatation, she is thought to be in premature labour. Any woman who exhibits a pattern of labour lasting more than an hour, with contractions lasting 30 seconds and happening as regularly as every 10 minutes apart, should be diagnosed as being in labour. Because a premature baby is born as a result of preterm labour, it is serious. Premature mothers may experience more painless contractions, backaches, and excessive vaginal discharge than other pregnant women. Preterm delivery is responsible for 75% of all perinatal fatalities and up to 50% of infant neurological impairments. Preterm birth rates vary among different demographics, with the socioeconomically privileged population experiencing the lowest rates and the medically underprivileged population seeing the highest rates. Finding the women who are at risk for preterm labour is the first step in managing this issue. Method: 40 volunteers total were chosen for this experimental investigation using a non-probability handy sampling strategy. Design experimentation was done. Data was gathered using a structured interviewing method. Information collected for the two portions, including socio-demographic data, a knowledge quiz, and a practice checklist. The split half technique formula was used to determine the tool's dependability. Knowledge yielded a reliability result of r=0.904. prenatal care instruction manual that you prepared yourself. Result: Pre-test knowledge for the expectant women was only average for 16(40%) and low for 24 (60%) of the mothers. When post test results were compared to pre test scores, it was clear that prenatal moms' knowledge had improved, as 12 of them (30%) had good knowledge and the remaining 28(70%) had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score increased from 16.2+2.85 to 22.45+2.13 in the post test from the pre test. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the self-educational programme for primi para moms on the causes of preterm labor and how to prevent it was a rational, rational, and cost-effective technique.

Analysis on the Effect of Radiofrequency Ablation and Electrocautery in the Treatment of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia.

This research intends to investigate the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency ablation and electrocautery in treating grade I or II vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN). This is a single-center retrospective study, which collected the clinical data of 100 patients with VaIN diagnosed by colposcopy and pathological biopsy in the Gynecology and Cervical Center of Xiangzhu Branch of the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between January 2020 and June 2021. Patients were divided into the study group (radiofrequency ablation treatment) and the control group (electrocautery) according to differences in treatment approaches. 6- and 12-month follow-ups were performed on all patients. Gynecological examination results, liquid-based thin-layer cytology (TCT), negative conversion of human papillomavirus (HPV), curative effects, and prognosis were recorded. All patients completed regular follow-ups that lasted for 6 and 12 months. The 6- and 12-month cure rates of the study group were 76.0% and 92.0%, respectively, and the data in the control group were 70.0% and 82.0%, respectively. In terms of the 6- and 12-month negative conversion rates of HPV, the data in the study group were 68.0% and 78.0%, versus 60% and 68% in the control group, respectively. The lesion duration rate showed no statistical significance between the study group (8.0%) and the control group (P > 0.05). The analysis of postoperative follow-up complications revealed that the study group had a statistically lower overall incidence of vaginal bleeding, excessive vaginal discharge, vaginal burning sensation, and decreased vaginal elasticity than the control group (8.0% vs. 24.0% P < 0.05). Both radiofrequency ablation and electrocautery have obvious clinical effects in patients with grade I or II VaIN, but the former contributed to fewer operative complications and a good prognosis, which deserves clinical promotion.

Role of Sthanik Chikitsa in Shweta Pradara Associated with Madhumeha (DM Type- II): A Case Study

Shweta Pradara or excessive vaginal discharge is one of the commonest complaints among women of reproductive age group. An increase in the normal vaginal secretion develops physiologically at puberty, at ovulation, premenstrual phase and during pregnancy. Excessive discharge causes irritation and itching in the genetalia. Ayurveda explained this condition as Shweta Pradara. Shweta Pradara is a symptom which is present in most of the diseases or present as a complication. Shweta Pradara is not a disease it produces as a symptom, hence etiopathogenesis of principal disease and Shweta Pradara would be same. It is a Kaphaja disorder at the place of Apana Vayu. A 47 years old female patient suffering from intermittent Yonigata Shwet Strava since two years with aggravation of symptoms from one week presented to Prasuti Tantra Evam Stree Roga OPD. Yonigat Shwet Strava was associated with Yoni Kandu, Katishool, Yoni Daha. On enquiry, it was found that she was the known case of Type II Diabetes Mellitus since 10 years. She was taking medication for the same but her blood sugar levels were uncontrolled in spite of taking medication as per her recent investigations. In this case Shwet Pradar was the Updrava of Madhumeh, thus line of management was planned to control her sugar level by supplementing Ayurvedic drugs along with allopathic medicine for DM II (Madhumeh) and treated her with Yoniprakshalan with Triphala Kwath followed by Cutis ointment tamponing per vaginum for 14 days. She had followed the schedule of Yoni Prakshalana, oral medicines and Pathya-Apathya properly. It was observed that, symptoms were started to reduce gradually which has been depicted by documentation of investigations and local examination in this case study.

THE CORELATION BETWEEN PARENTAL COMMUNICATION ABOUT MENSTRUATIONAL AND PERSONAL HYGIENE BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 KALIANDA

Personal hygiene behavior for young women is something that needs to be considered, considering that poor personal hygiene can lead to reproductive health problems such as excessive vaginal discharge, the factors that influence personal hygiene behavior, namely parental communicationteenage girl.parent-child communication can determine how likely the child is to have good personal hygiene behavior during menstruation. The lower the communication, the more likely the child is to take personal hygiene actions that are wrong. The task of parents is to direct, provide information, and help children to avoid the possibility of making wrong decisions that will be bad for them. The design in this study is analytic with a cross sectional research design. The sampling technique used in this research is using purposive sampling technique, the number of samples is 140 respondents. Based on the results of the Chi Square statistical test output, the P-Value value (0.000) &lt; value (0.05), this indicates that Ha is accepted... Thus, it can be interpreted that there is a relationship between parental communication about menstruation and personal hygiene behavior for adolescent girls at SMP N 1 Kalianda

CRYOTHERAPY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT FOR CERVICAL ECTOPY

Introduction: Cervical erosion is a common physiological process seen in almost all women of reproductive age group. Cervical erosion/ ectopy is histologically dened as a condition in which the squamous covering of the ectocervix is replaced by single-layer columnar epithelium which is continuous with the lining of the endocervix. This retrospective study was carried out at gynaecology clinic in district Shi Material And Method: vpuri M.P. From December 2017 to April 2022. 69 patients were included in the study. A detailed history including name, age, residence, socioeconomic status, parity, and any inammatory condition in past was taken. Per-speculum &amp; per-vaginal examination was done. After counselling and written consent, all patients with cervical erosion (cytologically negative for intraepithelial lesions) were treated in an outpatient Colposcopy clinic by cryotherapy. After treatment, all patients were asked to come for follow-up th th th after 4 , 8 and 12 weeks. In our study most common age group was 25-40 years (5 Results: 0.72%), most of them were of low socioeconomic status (52.17%) and were from rural areas (79.71%) most of them were para 2 (42.02%). The most common presenting complaint was excessive vaginal discharge (68.11%), followed by intermenstrual bleeding (15.94%) and vaginal itching (4.34%). The most common problem experienced after cryotherapy by patients was Hydrorrhoea (Watery discharge) 81.15% which lasts for 2-4 weeks. In our study, symptomatic cure was found in 85.50% patient. On clinical examination, healing of the cervix [clinical cure (ectopy completely disappeared in maximum patients after 8-12 weeks)]. was found in 89.85% of the patient after 12 weeks of cryotherapy. we concluded that cryotherapy is a safe and effectiv Conclusion: e and acceptable method to treat symptomatic ectopy of the uterine cervix. It is cost effective, as fast acting, easy to acquire therapy and can be practiced by health personnel, and can be used in lowor middle income countries.

A STUDY OF VIA AND VILI AS A CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING METHOD

Introduction: As per globocan 2020, 604100 new cases of cervical cancer were detected worldwide in 2020, and 341831 deaths were there due to this malignancy. About 90% of these cases are found in low and middle-income countries. Cervical cancer is the only female genital tract cancer which can be diagnosed and treated in precancerous state by simple screening techniques. VIA/VILI are cheap and noninvasive methods and can be done in a low-level health facility. More importantly, VIA and VILI provide instant results, and those eligible for treatment of the precancerous lesions can be treated immediately. This retrospective study Material And Methods: was carried out in a Gynecology clinic in district Shivpuri M.P. From 1 April 2019 to 31 march 2022. 450 patients were studied. A detailed history regarding name, age, residence, socio-economic status, parity, any previous study, and any allergy was enquired. All ndings of VIA and VILI-positive cases were carefully documented in the proforma. In this study visual inspection of the cervix was done in 450 cases and 59 biopsy specimens were sent. In this study most of the patients were between 21-40 ye Results: ars of age (40%), multipara (74.88%), of low socioeconomic background (50.66%), and most of them were from rural areas (64%). The most common presenting symptom was excessive vaginal discharge (58.88%) followed by abnormal bleeding (13.11%). (13.11%) cases were VIA positive and (10.44%) cases were both VIA/VILI positive. Biopsy was taken from 59 patients who were VIA positive, this test detected 5.55% (25 patients) of CIN I, 2% (9 patients) of CIN II, 1.77% (8 patients) of CIN III, and 0.22% (1 patient) cases of squamous cell carcinoma. W Conclusion: e found that VIA and VILI can be adopted as screening tools for the diagnosis of cervical lesions. Result and follow-up treatment can be provided in a single sitting hence fewer women are lost to follow-up.

“COLPOSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREMALIGNANT INTRAEPITHELIAL LESIONS OF THE CERVIX”

Introduction Cervical malignancy is the fourth most common cancer in women. By 2030, cervical cancer is expected to kill over 474,000 women per year and 95 % of these deaths are expected to be in low- and middle-income countries. Colposcopy is a simple non-invasive procedure to study benign and premalignant lesions of the cervix. It also determines the location, size, and extent of abnormal cervical lesions and guides to detecting the site for biopsies. Material and method This retrospective study was carried out at a colposcopy clinic in district Shivpuri M.P. From 1 April 2019 to 31 July 2022. About a total of 59 patients were selected for this study. After counseling and written consent, the colposcopy was carried out in screened-positive patients. All results were noted and documented. In the patient with a positive nding suspicious of the premalignant lesion, a biopsy was taken from the suspicious area and sent for histopathological examination. Result The most common age group nding in this study was between 31-40 (44.06%), Most of the patients were of low socioeconomic group (50.84%), most common age at marriage was 18-20 years (54.23%) most of them were multipara (76.27%) and most of them were belong to rural area (61.01%). The most common presenting symptom was excessive vaginal discharge (61.01%) followed by post-coital bleeding (11.86%) and abnormal intermenstrual bleeding (11.86%). Out of 59 patients, with Swede score on Colposcopic examination LSILcases were 54.23% and HSILcases were 18.64%. On a colposcopy-directed biopsy, among a total of 59 patients, histopathology examination results showed Chronic cervicitis in (18.64%) patients, CIN I in (40.67%), CIN II (28.81%), and CIN III (11.86%). Conclusion Colposcopy is an important triaging investigation between a screen-positive woman and the histopathological diagnosis and thus represents an important component of cervical cancer screening.

Colposcopic Findings of Cervix in VIA (Visual Inspection of Cervix by Acetic Acid) Positive Cases at BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer in women in developing countries and the second most common form of cancer in the world as a whole. An estimated 468,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 233,000 deaths occurred in the year 2000. Cervical cancer constitutes about 26 % of female cancer in different areas of Bangladesh. Objective: To find out the role of VIA for the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix with co-relation of Colposcopic findings and ultimate. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January, 2010 to June 2010 on 100 women attending at the "Colposcopy Clinic" of Gynae Oncology Division of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of BSMMU, Dhaka. Only VIA positive cases were taken into consideration for the study. Results: The mean age of the participants were 33.39 years (range 18-60) with 41.0 % in the age group between 36-45 years. Among all the subjects, the majority (75%) was housewives and 70.0% the patients hailed from urban area. The yearly incomes of 46% families were between 50,000 to 60,000 Tk. The mean parity of the respondents was 1.75 and 4. More than 4 children were found in 14% cases. Up to 35.0% had 2 children only. About 46.0 % had experienced menarche at the age 13 years and the range was 12-14 years. In regard to risk factors, 64% used hormonal methods. Among the participants 80% experienced first coitus of age between 13-20 years. Excessive vaginal discharge and backache were the principal complaints. Colposcopy evaluated 65 cases as CIN (CIN I 34 %, CIN 11-17%, CIN-III 14%) and 3.0% as invasive lesions. Biopsy evaluated 45% as CIN (CIN I-20% CIN-15%, CIN-III 10%) and 1% as invasive lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy were 82.14 % and 50.00% respectively. This suggests the role of colposcopy in the evaluation of CIN and cervical cancer. Conclusion: The study concludes that the VIA and colposcopy are the important methods of diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of cervical pre-malignancy. VIA may be used as a tool for screening in underdeveloped countries and may be associated with a referral procedure for further methods like colposcopy and biopsy. Colposcopy is an indispensable procedure in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix through it requires considerable training and experience.

Clinical efficacy of Karanj Tail Yoni Pichu in the management of Shwetapradar w.s.r. to Leucorrhoea

Background: Shwetapradar is one of the most common of all gynaecological complaints. Shwetapradar (Leucorrhoea) is a condition characterized with excessive white vaginal discharge. It may be thick or viscid and foul smelling if it is caused by some infections. Inflammation of the womb, displacement of the uterus following childbirth and general weakness along with lack of cleanliness or infections may result as leucorrhoea among young females. In our text Shwetapradar is described directly or indirectly in many Yonirogas as a symptom. In the present study we have used Karanj Tail Yoni Pichu with the aim to validate the directives of classics on parameters of a systematic and scientific research work. Aim: Aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of Karanj Tail Yoni Pichu in the management of Shwetapradar. Materials and Methods: The method adopted in present study is clinical, open study. This study was done on 15 patients selected from OPD, having complaints of leucorrhoea and who fits in inclusion criteria. Patients were given Karanj Tail Yoni Pichu. All the patients result were assessed subjectively and objectively. Conclusion: This can be made out from the study that Karanj Tail Yoni Pichu is having Kaphavatashamak, Krimighna, Kandughna, Shothahara, Yonidoshahrita, Vranasodhana, Vranaropana etc. properties which successfully control &amp; cure Shwetapradar.

Assessment of excessive vaginal discharge among women who presented to Phuentsholing General Hospital: A hospital-based study.

IntroductionExcessive vaginal discharge is troublesome for females. The majority of the women seek gynecological consultation due to excessive vaginal discharge. The causes vary from physiological to pathological discharge. Unless the cause is identified and treated, women will remain in distress. The present study was thus carried out to determine the most common cause of the excessive vaginal discharge.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Phuentsholing General Hospital, Chukha, Bhutan, from May 1 to October 31, 2021. All females aged 18 years and older, irrespective of marital status, who presented with excessive vaginal discharge were recruited for the study. With due informed consent, a sterile speculum examination was performed and a high vaginal swab was collected and subjected to various tests. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Descriptive statistical tests were used for frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviations; the χ 2 test was used to determine associations, and a logistic regression test was performed to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables.ResultsA total of 400 women were recruited for the study, of whom 362 (90.5%) women had infective causes for vaginal discharge. Trichomoniasis was the most common infection identified in 162 (40.5%) women, followed by bacterial vaginosis (91, 22.8%) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (52, 13.0%). In 38 (9.5%) women, infective cause was not found and categorized as physiological vaginal discharge. Malodorous, profuse discharge, vulval itching, dyspareunia, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain were significantly associated with infectious vaginal discharge.ConclusionsExcessive vaginal discharge was mainly caused by infections. The most commonly detected infection was trichomoniasis, followed by bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Every female with vaginal discharge requires proper evaluations to identify the infection and treat it adequately.

The Pap smear in inflammation and repair.

Cytology of the uterine cervix is one of the most widely utilized tests and is best known primarily for the cytologic changes seen in precancerous lesions and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. The more common inflammatory conditions of cervicitis and vaginitis are close clinical differentials, especially when they give rise to excessive blood-stained vaginal discharge. These infective conditions also result in variation in the appearance of otherwise benign squamous and glandular cells in cervical cytology specimens. A variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions are responsible for the conversion of polymicrobial flora of the vagina to a monomicrobial one. The latter may overgrow the others and result in inflammation of the cervix and the vagina. Chronic irritation of the cervix due to intrauterine devices, chemical irritants, inflammation/infection, endocrine changes, and reparative changes can lead to worrisome parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and squamous metaplasia of non-keratinized squamous mucosa of the cervix and the vagina and may mimic HPV-related changes. Although some benign changes are specific for certain infections, for example, Trichomonas infestation, most of the reactive and hyperplastic cell morphology are important to recognize only due to the significant morphologic overlap with neoplastic changes in cytology specimens. Identification of different pathogens specifically may not be relevant from a clinical point of view, but is undoubtedly a cytologists’ privilege to inform the clinician! This chapter describes in detail the cytoplasmic and nuclear reactive changes that are found in specific and non-specific inflammatory conditions. In addition, diagnostic pitfalls are emphasized where necessary.

Awareness of Cervical Cancer among Staff Nurses in a Tertiary Level Cancer Centre in Bangladesh

Background: Cervical cancer is the second leading malignancy and cause of death in Bangladeshi women. Health professional’s misconceptions about the disease and lack of knowledge may worsen the situation. Nurses form a large proportion of the health care provider workforce. Among them who had opportunity to work in cancer hospital should know better about cervical cancer than other hospitals in the country. This survey was undertaken with an intention to address this important health issue by determining the awareness of cervical cancer among nurses at a tertiary cancer centre of Bangladesh.&#x0D; Objective: To provide the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among staff nurses.&#x0D; Methods: A pretested structured self-administered questionnaire based cross sectional survey was done on 154 staff nurses working in National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH), Dhaka, containing mostly recognition and some recall type questions about knowledge of cervical cancer, its risk factors, screening techniques, attitude towards cervical cancer screening and its practices.&#x0D; Results: 100% respondents heard the name of cervical cancer but 35.7% did not know about any of its risk factors and only 3.2% aware about more than 3 risk factors. Twenty seven percent not aware about any symptom, only 51.9% identified the foul smelling excessive vaginal discharge and irregular abnormal vaginal bleeding as the symptom and 16.8% know that post coital bleeding may be the symptom. Only 42.2% know VIA as a screening test, 39.6% know actual screening interval, 23.37% know who should be screened, 42.2% aware about HPV vaccine, 35.7% can do VIA, 42.2% said that they referred patient for screening but only 16.2% of themselves have ever been screened.&#x0D; Conclusion: The majority of nursing staff in NICRH had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer screening and their attitude and practice towards cervical cancer screening could not be termed positive. There is an urgent need for orientation course for working nurses and integration of cervical cancer prevention issues in the existing curriculum of nurses in Bangladesh.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2020; Vol. 35(2): 102-106

How Do Urban Slum Women Manage Excessive Vaginal Discharge? A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Abnormal vaginal discharge (VD), which is a recurring problem for most of the women at reproductive age, is a good predictor for many gynecological morbidities. Many women constantly neglect abnormal VD because of the prevailing “culture of silence.” Women who live in urban slum are vulnerable to many unhealthy practices and have a high prevalence of reproductive tract infection, especially sexually transmitted infections. Hence, this study aimed to describe urban slum women' understanding, attitudes, and related practices for abnormal VD. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 550 women living in urban slum in the Colombo Municipal Council area, Colombo District, Sri Lanka, during September 2015–March 2016. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used. A validated, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from females. Data were analyzed using descriptive and relevant inferential statistics (Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance). Results: The mean age of the women was 32.51 (standard deviation [SD] ±7.94) years. The mean knowledge score was 29.18 (SD ± 8.68). Most of the women (97.1%) had inadequate level of knowledge (&lt;50%). A significant association was observed between the knowledge score levels with the participants' educational level (P = 0.00). Major areas of knowledge deficit include causes for pathological VD and reproductive tract infections. Majority (95.9%) agreed that abnormal VD should be taken seriously but from the women who accepted (78.2%) that VD has ever been a concern to them, only 59% had consulted a general practitioner. There was a significant relationship with having accompanying symptoms such as burning sensation and lower abdominal pain and consulting a general practitioner (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Culture-specific health education intervention measures need to be targeted in order to improve their knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward VD.

Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding leucorrhoea and its prevention among B.Sc nursing students studying in selected nursing college Bhilai, Chhattisgarh

Introduction: Leucorrhoea is an abnormal excessive vaginal discharge often associated with irritation1. This is the most common gynaecological problem that brings the women to gynec out patient. The symptom may be associated with cancer phobia2. It can be symptom of underlying pelvic pathology3. It accounts for more than an estimated of 1/4th genaec patients visits to gynaecologis4. It is one of the common problems that women’s has to face in their lifetime. Sometimes this symptom is so severe that, it over shadows actual disease and women seek the treatment of only this symptom3. Material And Methods: Pre-experimental, one group pre-test post-test research design was adopted. A total of 60 samples were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique. The tool used for the study comprises of two sections. Section A-Socio-demographic variables such as Age, Religion, Educational status, Type of family, Residential area, Period of work exposure in clinical area, Previous knowledge related to the topic and main source of information. Section B- comprises of online self- structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding leucorrhoea and its prevention among B.sc nursing 3rd year students which includes 30 questions. Result: The study findings reveled that pre- test score of the majority of students 18 (30%) had average knowledge score whereas 21 (35%) need for improvement in their knowledge level, post-test majority 60 (100%) had good knowledge. Pre-test mean score were 15.5 and SD was 5.7 whereas the post-test mean was 25.83 and SD 1.65. The t-value 3.04, (df.59) which is highly significant and greater than table value 2.0010 at 0.05 level of significance which proves the effectiveness of the planned teaching programme. Chi-square analysis shows significant association between period of work in clinical area and source of information of subjects. Conclusion: The results suggest that supporting, reassuring and educating B.Sc. nursing students and giving information on leucorrhoea and its prevention was effective to increase knowledge and helps them to changes their strategy in self care and are recommended to promote positive attitudes towards personal hygiene.