Excess Sebum Research Articles

Acne and rosacea: similarities and differences. A review

Acne and rosacea are frequently encountered in the clinical practice of a dermatologist. These diseases can develop simultaneously in the same patient. Most often, the erythematous form of rosacea is combined with acne. Because of the similarity of clinical manifestations with acne, the diagnosis of rosacea can be easily missed. Common pathogenetic factors in the 2 diseases are thought to be genetics, alterations in the microbiome, immune disorders, and skin barrier dysfunction. There are few works addressing the relationship between acne and rosacea. A recent study identified a number of common differentially expressed genes, including interleukin-1B and matrix metalloproteinase 9, and showed that gamma delta T cells may play an important role in the development of both diseases. Despite the common pathogenesis and the similarity of some clinical manifestations (papules and pustules), acne and rosacea must be distinguished. In rosacea, there is persistent facial erythema induced by vasoregulatory neutropeptides, whereas in acne, the inflammatory process is due to excess sebum and changes in the skin microbiome. Isotretinoin is used for systemic therapy of both diseases. The drug affects the level of some cytokines, including inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9. In addition, it reduces sebum production in acne, and due to its ability to alter the skin microenvironment, it can reduce Propionibacterium acnes in acne and Demodex folliculorum in rosacea. Daily and cumulative doses for rosacea and acne will differ, as will topical therapy for these conditions. For acne, the combination of clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide is well established for the treatment of acne, allowing rapid meaningful clinical effect. In rosacea, metronidazole in cream form, which has better tolerability, is recommended as a topical agent. In patients suffering from both diseases simultaneously, a combination of clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide should be used to relieve acute inflammation, after which it is possible to switch to metronidazole.

The impact of energy-based devices on sebum in acne vulgaris: A systematic review.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a widespread inflammatory skin condition associated with increased sebum production, abnormal keratinization, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Overactive sebaceous glands (SGs) produce excess sebum, promote Cutibacterium acnes growth, and affect acne development. Energy-based treatments (EBDs), including light therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) devices, have emerged as effective treatment options. As the use of EBDs becomes more widespread, it is imperative to understand their effects on skin parameters, such as sebum, in AV. Searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The studies included were randomized and nonrandomized trials on facial AV that used EBDs and featured objective casual sebum level (CSL) measurements via Sebumeter. Data synthesis involved percentage reductions in CSL at follow-ups compared to baseline. Twenty-three studies were analyzed. PDT and RF consistently reduced CSL by 30%-40% and 30%-35%, respectively. Laser therapy showed lesser reductions, whereas light therapy varied significantly and studies had a high risk of bias. All EBD therapies were more effective than no treatment and PDT was superior to light monotherapy. Laser therapy combined with fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) or as a standalone was more effective than laser alone. Noninvasive sebum measurement provides valuable insights into AV treatment efficacy. PDT, lasers, especially the 1450-nm diode laser, and FMR are promising for reducing sebum. Standardization of measurement techniques and further research are vital for enhancing treatment personalization, reducing side effects, and improving AV management.

Antibacterial activity of palm leaf extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disorder in adults and young adults. The growth of acne is caused by many factors, including excess sebum secretion and changes in microbial flora, mainly the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to determine the anti-bacterial activity of palm leaf extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. The research procedure includes palm leaf extraction and anti-bacterial tests. Palm leaf extraction was carried out using ultrasonication, while the anti-bacterial test was carried out using disc diffusion. The palm leaf extract obtained was diluted to 10, 20, 30, 50, and 50%, and each variation of this concentration was tested for anti-bacterial activity. The results of the anti-bacterial test showed that all palm leaf extract samples from 10% to 50% concentration could inhibit the growth of P. acnes and S. aureus bacteria. The 50% extract of ultrasonicated palm leaves had the largest inhibition zone diameter of 13.8 mm for P. acnes bacteria and 10.1 for S. aureus bacteria. From the results of this study, palm leaf extract has the potential to be used as a product for the prevention or treatment of acne vulgaris.

Targeting sebaceous slands: a review of selective photothermolysis for Acne Vulgaris treatment.

Acne vulgaris (AV), characterized by excessive sebum production and Cutibacterium acnes proliferation in the sebaceous glands, significantly impacts physical and psychological health. Recent treatment advancements have focused on selective photothermolysis of sebaceous glands. This review evaluates two innovative therapies: the 1726-nm laser and nanoparticle-assisted laser treatments. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase using the primary terms "acne vulgaris" or "acne" AND "laser," "photothermal therapy," "nanoparticles," "treatment," or "1726 nm laser." Inclusion criteria were articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals that focused on treating AV through targeting the sebaceous glands, yielding 11studies. Gold nanoparticles, used with 800-nm laser, 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser, or photopneumatic device, and platinum nanoparticles with 1450-nm diode laser, showed notable improvements in severity and number of acne lesions, safety, and patient satisfaction. The 1726-nm laser treatments also showed considerable lesion reduction and tolerability, with minimal side effects such as erythema and edema. Its efficiency is credited to its short, high-power pulses that effectively target sebaceous glands, offering precise treatment with fewer side effects compared to lower-power pulses. Selective photothermolysis using nanoparticle-assisted laser therapy or the 1726-nm laser offers a promising alternative to conventional AV treatments, showcasing efficacy and high patient satisfaction. The 1726-nm laser streamlines treatment but involves new equipment costs, while nanoparticle-assisted therapy integrates well into existing setups but relies on external agents and is unsuitable for certain allergies. Future research should include long-term studies and comparative analyses. The choice of treatment modality should consider patient preferences, cost implications, and availability of specific therapies.

How eating sweets affects the skin – the impact of high glycemic index diet on acne formation: A review

How eating sweets affects the skin – the impact of high glycemic index diet on acne formation: A review

Efficacy of Topical Treatments in the Management of Mild-to-Moderate Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review.

Acne vulgaris, commonly called acne, is a skin condition affecting many individuals globally. It is a chronic condition characterized by developing pimples, blackheads (open comedones), whiteheads (closed comedones), and other skin lesions. Acne usually appears on the face, neck, chest, and back. It is commonly associated with puberty and adolescence but can also affect adults of all ages. Acne can be very frustrating and embarrassing, leading to low self-esteem and social isolation. The condition arises from various factors, including clogged pores, excessive sebum production, bacteria, and inflammation. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of topical antibiotics, retinoids, niacinamide, azelaic acid, and clascoterone in treating mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. A comprehensive search across PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar yielded 10 articles focused on topical antibiotics, with findings from 198 subjects indicating the efficacy of doxycycline against inflammatory lesions. Retinoids, such as tretinoin and adapalene, significantly improved both lesion types (open and closed comedones). Niacinamide, examined in a randomized controlled trial involving 41 participants, reduced sebum production. Another study with 60 patients revealed that azelaic acid effectively reduced both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. Clascoterone emerged as a promising antiandrogenic treatment, supported by a randomized controlled trial involving 4,440 patients. It is essential that individualized therapy, incorporating patient preferences and considering adverse effects, is emphasized for optimizing acne management.

Piperine reduces hair oiliness by inhibiting adipogenesis of hair stem cells

Piperine, an alkaloid compound in black pepper (Piper nigrum), has beneficial bioactivities. Specifically, piperine inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by suppressing the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Control of hair oiliness, which is related to adipogenic regulation, is important to prevent hair loss. Excessive sebum from the sebaceous gland (SG) can cause acne, folliculitis, or irritated skin by clogging pores. To investigate the in vivo function of piperine in SG, we used mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD increased the size and Oil Red O (ORO) staining intensity of SG, which were significantly reduced by piperine. The HFD also upregulated the expression of sebocyte-associated genes, including PPARγ target genes, an effect reversed by piperine. In CD34/CD49f double-positive hair follicle bulge stem cells isolated from mouse vibrissae, piperine inhibited cellular adipogenesis, likely via transcriptional repression of related genes. Furthermore, piperine reduced the thickness of subcutaneous fat. In human dermal papilla cells, piperine inhibited cellular adipogenesis, as shown by the reduction in ORO staining and the downregulation of PPARγ target genes. In conclusion, piperine can be used to reduce hair greasiness by suppressing adipogenesis in hair stem cells.

Molecular hydrogen (H2) – therapeutic properties for the skin and methods of application

Hydrogen, a two-atom gas with unique properties such as colourlessness, odourlessness and non-metallicity, has gained significant interest due to its potential therapeutic applications. Due to its small molecular size, it is an effective antioxidant, capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the article was to present methods for the application of molecular hydrogen in cosmetology, especially in hydrogen purification treatments. Its positive effects on reducing skin rashes, increasing hydration and reducing excessive sebum secretion especially in people with acne vulgaris were presented. Hydrogen shows promise as a therapeutic agent in the context of oxidative stress, which disrupts normal skin function and accelerates the ageing process. Molecular hydrogen’s adaptability makes it highly attractive for use in several therapeutic applications within the fields of medicine and cosmetology.

Acne vulgaris - review on pathogenesis and treatment

Introduction:
 Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological problem, resulting from a complex interaction of many factors. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of this condition, examining key aspects such as inflammatory factors, sebum production, colonization by P. acnes, endocrine disruption and lifestyle influences. In addition, various treatments are discussed, including the effectiveness of isotretinoin-based therapy and the potential benefits of antibiotics and retinoids in specific patient groups.
 Aim of study:
 The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about the Acne vulgaris. The epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment were summarized and described.
 Materials and methods:
 The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using following keywords: “Acne vulgaris”, “Isotretinoin”, “Therapy of Acne”.
 Conclusion:
 Research into acne vulgaris has been extensive, yet variations in study methods and descriptions have prevented definitive conclusions. Tailored care for each patient is crucial due to these differences. The disease's development involves various factors including inflammatory mediators, excess sebum production, P. acnes colonization, hormonal imbalances, and lifestyle impacts. Isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment, albeit with potential side effects that need consideration. For specific patient groups, topical antibiotics and retinoids may offer beneficial effects.

Exploring the Metabolic and Endocrine Preconditioning Associated with Thyroid Disorders: Risk Assessment and Association with Acne Severity.

Metabolic preconditioning, characterized by conditions like obesity and insulin resistance syndrome, disrupts hormonal balance. Elevated androgen levels stimulate excessive sebum production and follicular cell proliferation, leading to acne lesions. Similarly, thyroid hormone imbalances affect sebaceous gland activity, epidermal lipid composition, and skin cell turnover, impacting acne occurrence and severity. This study aimed to assess the potential contribution of metabolic and endocrine preconditions to acne development. A total of 389 patients diagnosed with acne were included and divided into three groups: the metabolic precondition group (MPG, N = 163, 41.9%), the endocrine precondition group (EPG, N = 162, 41.65%), and the control group (CG, N = 89, 22.88%). Data related to the degree of acne severity and comorbidities of interest were collected from the patients' medical records. In the groups with concomitant diseases, moderate and severe acne were significantly more prevalent (56.44% and 41.10% in MPG, and 35.80% and 61.11% in EPG) compared to the control group (5.61% and 4.89%). The most prevalent preconditions observed were insulin resistance syndrome in MPG (63.8%) and autoimmune thyroiditis in EPG (95.06%). Significant age-related differences in acne severity were found across all study groups (p < 0.05). In MPG, the age variable was significantly higher in the presence of mild acne, while in EPG, the age variable was significantly lower for the mild acne group. A positive association was observed between the severity of acne and insulin resistance syndrome, obesity, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism (p < 0.05). Risk analysis indicated a significantly higher risk (RR > 1, 95% CI RR > 1, p < 0.001) of developing moderate and severe acne in the presence of these preconditions. The presence of both metabolic and endocrine preconditions significantly increased the likelihood of developing severe acne, leading to the hypothesis that both conditions may be contributing factors to the development of acne.

Side effects of anti-acne medications: a narrative review

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin, which may present in various forms such as papules, comedones, pustules, cysts, or nodules. Due to the underlying varied pathogenesis involving excess sebum production, underlying infection, genetic causes, and environmental factors, a multitude of treatment options has been used on an individual basis. Although the therapeutic armamentarium for acne treatment has grown, it brings with it, its share of adverse effects. Here, we review the side effects associated with topical and systemic acne therapy and their management.

Comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and safety of a clay mask in oily and acne skin.

Oily skin, characterized by excessive sebum production, can lead to acne and have psychosocial impacts due to changes in appearance. Recent research has shown interest in treatments for oil control, with kaolin and bentonite emerging as promising options. Despite their potential, comprehensive studies on these ingredients are still in the nascent stages. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a clay mask (La Roche-Posay Effaclar Sebo-Controlling Mask) in reducing skin oiliness and acne, and its safety for use. In this study, 75 adults with oily or combination skin were enrolled and provided with a clay mask for twice-weekly use over 4 weeks. Clinical assessments, using instruments like Sebumeter, Vapometer, and Corneometer, were conducted at baseline, and after 1, 2, and 4weeks, evaluating acne lesions, skin irritation, sebum content, and skin hydration. Participant self-assessment questionnaires were also utilized for subjective evaluation. Statistical analyses were performed accordingly. The study revealed significant improvements in acne-related outcomes, sebum content, skin evenness, stratum corneum water content, and transepidermal water loss following the application of the clay mask. Pore area and porphyrin area showed no significant changes. Tolerance assessment showed reduced dryness and irritation, with self-assessment indicating high product acceptability and perceived oil control effectiveness. This study demonstrated the clay mask's efficacy in managing acne and oily skin, improving hydration and texture. Significant improvements in skin parameters and high product safety were observed, supporting its suitability.

Exploring the Connection Between Facial Skin Cleansing Habits and Acne Vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review

Acne Vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the pilosebaceous follicles, characterized by multifactorial causative factors and clinical manifestations such as cysts, pustules, comedones, nodules, and papules. While AV is not life-threatening, it can significantly impact an individual's well-being by reducing self-esteem, increasing anxiety, and affecting their economic and social life. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, synthesizing information from multiple reputable sources. The main objective of this review is to explore the implementation of treatments related to the relationship between skin cleansing habits and Acne Vulgaris. The connection between facial skin hygiene and the occurrence of Acne Vulgaris is of significant interest. One key aspect is the potential reduction in Acne Vulgaris when individuals maintain good facial skin hygiene practices. When facial skin is cleaned appropriately, it hinders the accumulation of excess sebum, one of the contributing factors to the development of Acne Vulgaris. It is essential to acknowledge the variability in research outcomes. While certain studies propose that excessive facial cleansing may worsen Acne Vulgaris due to potential skin irritation and glandular complications, others recommend a minimum of twice-daily facial cleansing with a gentle cleanser to maintain skin well-being. The optimal cleansing frequency may depend on individual skin conditions and the presence of comedonal lesions.

A review on Yuvanpitika with special reference to Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory condition of skin in youth. In Ayurveda, acne has been elaborated as one of the Kshudra Rogas (minor ailments). It is manifested in adolescence thus called as Yuvanpidika or Tarunyapitika. Symptoms of Mukhadushika show close resemblance with bacterial infection and inflammatory factors of acne. According to Ayurveda, vitiation of Kapha dosha, Vata dosha and Rakta dhatu lead to acne development. Kapha vitiation may resemble with excess sebum production, Vata vitiation may resemble with hyperkeratinization and Rakta vitiation may resemble with inflammatory mediators in blood, play an important role in pathogenesis of acne. Both modernand Ayurvedic sciences have considered the use of topica Dr. Rahul Ishwalal Desai l as well as oral medications and their combinations for the treatment of acne. Modern medications provide relief from acne vulgaris but causenoticeable side effects. In Ayurveda, acne has been treated mainly by Shodhana (purification of body) and Shamana (conservative treatment) Chikitsa or combination of both. Though, several Ayurveda texts such as Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrudaya etc., have elaborated the pathophysiology and treatment of acne, the available references are scattered. Thus, there is need of in-depth review and compilation of Ayurvedic texts and literatures. This review may be helpful in better understanding ofcomparative pathophysiology and management of acne vulgaris.

Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium of ApoB gene polymorphisms and its relationship with hyperlipidemia in patients with acne vulgaris.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit brought on by hormonal imbalance, excessive sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, inflammation and Cutibacterium acne. Acne patients are characterized by alteration of the lipid profile. Apolipoprotein B gene (ApoB) plays an essential role in lipoprotein biosynthesis and multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ApoB are associated with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to estimate the alteration of lipid profiles in AV, determine the genetic association with lipid profile alteration by studying the ApoB gene polymorphisms, and to identify the exact haplotypes associated with acne and lipid profile alteration. In a case-control study consisting of 63 non-obese acne patients and 43 healthy controls, all participants underwent biochemical, anthropological assessments, and genetic analysis for ApoB polymorphisms. Our results indicate that serum ApoB and the lipid profile were higher in acne patients compared with healthy subject. The most common haplotypes in acne patients were rs562338 A/rs17240441 I/c.12669 A/rs1042034 G, whereas the most common haplotypes in healthy subjects were rs562338 G/rs17240441 D/c.12669 A/rs1042034 G. Patients with mild acne had higher serum ApoB levels p= 0.005. Also, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was higher in mild acne compared with other acne groups, with a highly significant variation of p≤0.001. We found a significant variation between the acne group and healthy controls in serum ApoB, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C. The most common haplotypes in acne patients are rs562338 A/, rs17240441 I/, c.12669 A/ and rs1042034 G, and there is a linkage disequilibrium between the four selected SNPs.

Apo B-48 gene expression and low-density lipoprotein as a factor for increased insulin resistance and severity of acne

BackgroundThe contribution of insulin to acne is that it stimulates the synthesis of androgenic hormones, which are important in the development of excess sebum, hyperkeratinization, and sebaceous gland cell growth. ObjectiveTo ascertain whether the lipid profile abnomalies seen in acne vulgaris are genetically induced, we also seek to establish a link between insulin resistance and lipid profiles. MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study with case-control design research investigation of 72 individuals with acne vulgaris and 72 healthy volunteers was carried out. Both groups' medical histories were taken, as were the severity and duration of the disease among acne sufferers, as well as demographic data. Anthropometry tests were performed on both groups, including their weights, height, and circumference of waist, as well as the profile of lipids, blood glucose levels after a fast, insulin levels during fasting, resistance to insulin, and Apo B-48 folding change. ResultsSevere acne vulgaris patients showed significantly increased TG, TC, LDL-C, blood glucose levels after a fast, fasting insulin, and resistance to insulin levels. P = 0.005 showed that Apo B-48 expression increased in patients compared to healthy people. Apo B-48 folding change and insulin resistance were found to have a substantial positive simple linear association. Acne vulgaris, whether mild, moderate, or severe, has a significant positive linear connection with insulin resistance. ConclusionAcne patients had an abnormal in lipid profile. Acne individuals with severe form are more inclined to acquire resistance to insulin as well as higher glucose and insulin levels. Apo B-48 gene expression is elevated in acne individuals with severe form who have lipid abnormalities. This illustrating the importance of genetic variables in acne, insulin resistance, lipid profile modifications as well as Isotretinoin, a standard acne medication, can also cause lipid irregularities.

DNA methylation mediated genetic risk in severe acne in a young men population.

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects the pilosebaceous follicle and is influenced by heredity, hormones, inflammation, and the environment. At present, the recognized pathogenesis mainly includes four categories: excessive sebum secretion, excessive Cutibacterium acnes proliferation, excessive keratinization of sebaceous glands in hair follicles, and inflammatory mechanisms. Previous studies have found that DNA methylation is closely related to some chronic inflammatory skin diseases, and there is evidence that DNA methylation is controlled by genetic factors, making us want to know the relationship between DNA methylation, genetic variation and acne. In our previous study, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in peripheral blood samples from 44 patients with severe acne and 44 unaffected normal subjects, and identified 23 differentially methylated probes (DMPs). In this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with severe acne by genome-wide association analysis in these 88 samples. To test the association between SNPs and DMPs, we conducted DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (methQTL) analysis. Next, causal inference testing (CIT) was used to determine whether genetic variation influences DNA methylation, which impacts disease phenotypes. We found 38,269 SNPs associated with severe acne. By methQTL analysis, we obtained 24 SNP-CpG pairs that reached the threshold (FDR < 0.05), which included 7 unique CpGs and 22 unique methQTL SNPs. After CIT analysis, we found that 11 out of 24 pairs of SNP-CpG showed a weakened SNP effect after adjustment for methylation, indicating a methylation-mediated relationship between SNPs and severe acne. These 11 SNP-CpG pairs consist of four unique CpG sites and 11 SNPs, of which three CpG sites, cg03020863, cg20652636, and cg19964325, are located on the gene body of PDGFD, the intron of SH2D6, and the 5'UTR of the IL1R1 gene, respectively. During this study, the DNA methylation of certain genes was found to be influenced by genetic factors and mediated the risk of severe acne in a young Chinese male population, providing a new perspective on the pathogenesis of severe acne.

Efficacy of FRO on Acne Vulgaris Pathogenesis.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease characterized by increased sebum production, inflammation, and Cutibacterium acnes (CA: formerly Propionibacterium acnes) hyperproliferation in pilosebaceous follicles. This study evaluated the efficacy of FRO, a formula composed of fermented Rhus verniciflua Stokes and Orostachys japonicus, against acne pathogenesis via antimicrobial assessment and an in vitro analysis. Stimulated model cells treated with hormones, CA, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were designed based on the characteristics of acne pathogenesis, including inflammation and sebum hypersecretion. High-performance liquid chromatography, disc diffusion, MTS, and western blotting assays were used to examine potential anti-acne effects. FRO was determined to contain phenolics such as gallic acid, fisetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. FRO exerted antimicrobial activity against CA and inhibited reactive oxygen species production that was otherwise increased by LPS or CA in HaCaT cells. Additionally, FRO exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, p-STAT-3, and p-NF-κB, which were previously upregulated by LPS or CA in THP-1 and HaCaT cells. FRO inhibited lipogenesis induced by steroid hormones and CA by decreasing FAS and SREBP-1 levels in sebocytes. Additionally, FRO down-regulated the androgen receptor, 5α-reductase, SREBP-1, and FAS levels, which were upregulated by steroid hormone in LNCaP cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that FRO alleviates acne by inhibiting the growth of CA, inflammation, and excess sebum and could be used for functional cosmetics or acne treatments.

BIOSINTESIS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK (AgNPs) DENGAN EKSTRAK DAUN KIRINYUH (Chromolaena odorata) TERIMPREGNASI ZEOLIT DALAM MENGHAMBAT BAKTERI PENYEBAB JERAWAT

Acne is a chronic inflammation of the human skin. One of them is caused by the activity of the oil glands that produce excess sebum to cover the pores and is exacerbated by the presence of bacterial infections, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely synthesized uses of nanotechnology because they are toxic to bacterial cells so that they can be used as antibacterial agents. This study aimed for the biosynthesis effectivity against acnes bacteria. The method was using experimental research with analyze the data through ANOVA. The results showed that zeolite-impregnated AgNPs had the potential as antibacterial agents against acne-causing bacteria that had strong inhibition as evidenced by the diameter of the inhibition zone formed on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes in the range of 11-20 mm at any given concentration used. Based on the average diameter of the inhibition zone formed, it can be seen that the largest inhibitory zone occurred at 15 mm and 20 mm AgNO3, with 18 mm in Staphylococcus epidermidis and 14.6 mm in Propionibacterium acnes bacteria respectively. This study was the first initially test the AgNPs effect to the acne’s bacteria and its further potential for anti-acnes.

Marketing Research - An Examination of Consumer Preferences for Shampoo Brands

The most common type of hair care product, shampoo, comprises the majority of the hair care cosmetics market. Shampoo was created to replace soap in the process of washing the scalp and hair by eliminating excess sebum, dandruff, environmental dust, and product residue. Today's consumers are preferring more natural products, and as a result, the demand for herbal shampoo is increasing, particularly in Asian nations. In the retail stores, there are numerous options for shampoos. The level of customer awareness that the business community possesses determines how effectively a free market system of enterprise functions. Which shampoo is best for all hair types will be made evident by this survey and meta-analysis study, which will provide us with a comprehensive view of the shampoo industry.