Excessive Intensity Research Articles

Harnessing microbes as sun cream against high light stress.

Plants rely on solar energy for growth through photosynthesis, yet excessive light intensity can induce physiological damage. Despite the considerable harm, inadequate attention has been directed toward understanding how plant-associated microorganisms mitigate this stress, and the impact of high light intensity on plant microbial communities remains underexplored. Through this Viewpoint, we aim to highlight the potential of microbial communities to enhance plant resilience and understand how light stress can shape plant microbiome. A full understanding of these dynamics is essential to design strategies that take advantage of microbial assistance to plants under light stress and to effectively manage the impact of changing light conditions on plant-microbe interactions.

Growing Tomato Seedlings Suitable for Mechanical Grafting under Regulated Light Regime

Abstract: The uniformity of growth and mechanical properties of grafted seedlings affect the quality of mechanical grafting operations. The growth uniformity of grafted seedlings in a greenhouse will be poor due to the uneven and unstable light and temperature conditions. Plant factories can cultivate grafted seedlings in the most suitable environment by regulating environmental parameters such as light and temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the light conditions on tomato seedlings in plant factory and to develop an optimal cultivation light formula. The effects of light intensity (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μmol m−2 s−2) and photoperiod (10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h a day(h/d)) on the morphological and mechanical properties of tomato seedlings were experimentally investigated. Orthogonal experiments were conducted involving light quality (R:B = 75:25, R:B = 50:50, and R:B = 25:75), light intensity (150 μmol m−2 s−2, 200 μmol m−2 s−2, and 250 μmol m−2 s−2), and photoperiod (14, 16, and 18 h/d) as independent variables to determine the optimal combination. Finally, a comparative grafting experiment was conducted between the seedlings cultivated using the optimal light formula and commercially available seedlings. The result showed that increasing light intensity inhibited hypocotyl length and promoted seedling stem growth, and excessive light intensity decreased seedling mechanical properties. The optimal light intensity for rootstocks is 200 μmol m−2 s−2, and the optimal light intensity for scions is 250 μmol m−2 s−2. Shortening the photoperiod would promote hypocotyl growth and inhibit seedling stem elongation. Different photoperiods had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of tomato seedlings. The most suitable photoperiod for rootstocks was 18 h/d and for scions was 16 h/d. The most suitable light formula was R:B = 50:50, 250 μmol m−2 s−2, 18 h/d. By analyzing the experimental results, the mechanical properties of seedlings grown by the regulated light environment were better than those of commercially available seedlings, and the success rate of mechanical grafting was 7% higher. Overall, in plant factories compared to commercially available tomato seedlings, tomato seedlings cultivated by the regulated light environment were more suitable for mechanical grafting. This research result provides theoretical support for subsequent research on grafting machinery.

Characterizing Wet Season Precipitation in the Central Amazon Using a Mesoscale Convective System Tracking Algorithm

AbstractTo comprehensively characterize convective precipitation in the central Amazon region, we utilize the Python FLEXible object TRacKeR (PyFLEXTRKR) to track mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed through satellite measurements and simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a convection‐permitting resolution. This study spans a 2‐month period during the wet seasons of 2014 and 2015. We observe a strong correlation between the MCS track density and accumulated precipitation in the Amazon basin. Key factors contributing to precipitation, such as MCS properties (number, size, rainfall intensity, and movement), are thoroughly examined. Our analysis reveals that while the overall model produces fewer MCSs with smaller mean sizes compared to observations, it tends to overpredict total precipitation due to excessive rainfall intensity for heavy rainfall events (≥10 mm hr−1). These biases in simulated MCS properties could vary with the constraints on the convective background environment. Moreover, while the wet bias from heavy (convective) rainfall outweighs the dry bias in light (stratiform) rainfall, the latter can be crucial, particularly when MCS cloud cover is significantly underestimated. A case study for 1 April 2014 highlights the influence of environmental conditions on the MCS lifecycle and identifies an unrealistic model representation in both stratiform and convective precipitation features.

Machine learning predict the degradation efficiency of aqueous refractory organic pollutants by ultrasound-based advanced oxidation processes

Ultrasound based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective for removing refractory organic pollutants by generating reactive species. Machine learning (ML) can systematically provide an excellent opportunity to determine the relationship between feature variables and output variables through large amounts of data, thereby reducing the need for experimental measurements. In this study, a ML approach was applied for the first time to predict the degradation efficiency of aqueous refractory organic pollutants by ultrasound-based AOPs. The obtained dataset was normalized and introduced into four ML models. Among them, Random Forest Regressor and XGB Regressor models had the best fit with 0.9546 and 0.9749 for training set R2 and 0.9548 and 0.9740 for test set R2, respectively. Relative importance analysis and SHAP analysis showed that catalyst type, oxidant concentration, reaction time, and catalyst dosage are the important variables affecting the degradation efficiency of refractory organic pollutants. In addition, excessive ultrasonic intensity, ultrasonic frequency, oxidant concentration, and catalyst dosage had little effect on the increase of degradation efficiency. Based on the descriptive data analysis, high degradation efficiency was obtained with ultrasonic intensity of 2 W·mL−1, ultrasonic frequency of 20–40 kHz, reaction time of 60–90 min, pH 3–7, oxidant concentration of ∼7.5 mmol·L−1, and catalyst dosage of >0.4 g·L−1. This work demonstrated a new predictive method to understand the comprehensive influence of operative factors on degradation efficiency in US-based AOPs, guiding parameter and process optimization.

Problematic anger among military personnel after combat deployment: prevalence and risk factors

BackgroundProblematic anger, characterized by excessive frequency, intensity, and duration of anger which causes substantial emotional distress and functional interference, poses a marked challenge in military populations. Despite its importance, research on this topic is limited. This study contributes to the literature by exploring problematic anger in a large sample of Norwegian military personnel who served in NATO missions in Afghanistan.MethodsAll Norwegian military personnel who deployed to Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020 were sent a link to a cross-sectional web-based survey by the Joint Medical Services of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2020. A total of 6205 individuals (response rate: 67.7%) participated. The cross-sectional survey assessed problematic anger, mental and physical health, war zone stressor exposure, and quality of life.ResultsOverall, 8.4% of participants reported problematic anger. Mental health disorders, deployment-related shame and guilt, chronic pain, and challenges with the military-to-civilian transition were independently associated with problematic anger. Both staying in service and maintaining a part-time connection with the military as a reservist mitigated the risk of problematic anger after deployment, compared to complete separation from military service.ConclusionFindings demonstrate a sizeable prevalence of problematic anger among veterans of combat deployments. Given the associations between problematic anger and mental health disorders, chronic pain, and transition challenges, interventions designed to mitigate problematic anger need to be multi-faceted, including the possibility of maintaining an ongoing connection to military service. By reducing the risk of problematic anger, occupational, interpersonal and health outcomes may be improved for service members. Future research should examine the impact of problematic anger on adjustment over time, prevention strategies, and problematic anger in other high-risk occupations.

A novel three-dimensional biofilm-electrode/anoxic-oxic process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal: Performance, mechanism and microbial community

Traditional anoxic-oxic (AO) process cannot meet increasingly high pollutants emission standards in China. In order to improve removal efficiencies of the pollutants and the electron transfer rate, graphite-graphite electrodes and iron carbon fillers were added into AO reactor to form three-dimensional biofilm electrode/anoxic aerobic reactor (3DBER/AO). Removal efficiencies of the pollutants, sludge properties and microbial community structure were investigated under different current intensities. The results showed that microbial activity and removal efficiencies of the pollutants were the maximum, and mass percentage of Fe reached the highest value of 5.11 % under the current of 40 mA. Excessive or insufficient current intensity could lead to a decrease in sludge activity and removal efficiencies of the pollutants. The removal of nitrogen mainly depended on the nitrification and denitrification of microorganisms, and dissolved phosphorus was removed through chemical precipitation. Current intensity affected microbial communities and biosynthesis. AKYH767 and Saccharmonadales were dominant microorganisms in the cathode and anode sludge, respectively, under the current of 40 mA. However, Azospira and Dechlorobacter were dominant microorganisms in the cathode sludge, and Hydrogenophaga was dominant microorganisms in the anode sludge under the current of 60 mA. These microorganisms were closely related to the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, microbial community structure and removal efficiencies of the pollutants could be regulated by controlling the current intensity in the 3DBER/AO process.

Early warning response to rainstorm: Designing a model with incentive and supervision mechanisms based on the principal-agent theory

Owing to the increasing frequency of rainstorm disasters, strengthening the link between meteorological warning and emergency response that is early warning response has become crucial. However, early warning response usually fail, the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon and their improvement measures need to be urgently explored. This study uses the principal–agent theory to establish an incentive-constraining model based on hierarchical government to explore this problem. Considering the interest game between the superior and local governments, we mainly discuss how to design the optimal incentive mechanism under the condition of information asymmetry to enhance the local government's enthusiasm for providing an early warning response to rainstorm, thereby maximizing the benefits for both parties in the model. Furthermore, based on actual conditions, we use numerical simulation to present the model results more clearly. The results indicate that incentive and supervision mechanisms are mutually substitutable. Strong early warning capability and active public cooperation can improve the local government's enthusiasm for providing an early warning response. Excessive costs lead the local government to adopt a negative attitude toward warning, regardless of supervision is introduced. Only when the local government exhibits strong risk aversion and its investment is affected by numerous random factors, introducing supervision is effective. Meanwhile, too many external factors, excessive or insufficient supervision's intensity also affect the optimization effect of supervision on incentive contract. To maximize the effectiveness of supervision, the superior government should improve the supervision team's capability, and maintain the supervision's intensity within a reasonable range.

Methods of Cognitive and Contextual Behavioral Areas of Psychotherapy in the Discourse of Conscious Living and Working with Emotional Dysregulation

Emotional dysregulation is a pathological condition characterized by insufficient or inadequate regulation of emotions. It can manifest itself as excessive intensity and duration of emotional reactions, as well as difficulties in managing and maintaining emotional stability. People with emotional dysregulation often feel an internal conflict between opposing desires and needs. For example, they may simultaneously strive for intimacy with other people and fear rejection, or strive for independence, autonomy in relationships, and, at the same time, fear the loss of attention to themselves and support. The article reviews modern scientifically evidence-based areas of cognitive and contextual behavioral psychotherapy based on the processes of awareness to work with emotional regulation; specific exercises are provided to work with cognitive distortions that lead to dysfunctional thoughts; visualization practice for working with cognitive division is demonstrated; introduces the concept of radical acceptance.

Regulation of fat crystals in water-in-oil emulsions by high-intensity ultrasound: Crystal size and tracing of droplet distribution

In this paper, two emulsion systems with high and low solid fat contents were prepared from 20 % water phase and 80 % oil phase by adjusting the palm oil/palm stearin/soybean oil ratio. Different ultrasonic power and time were used for the pretreatment of emulsion with different solid fat content, and the application characteristics of ultrasonic in W/O emulsions were explored and evaluated. Directly using high-intensity ultrasound to prepare fatty emulsions would weaken the hardness and storage modulus G' of the samples. Although ultrasound reduced the size of fat crystals in emulsions, the interaction between water droplets and fat crystals needs to be considered. After ultrasonic treatment, water droplets were difficult to immobilize on the crystal surface and thus acted as an active filler to stabilize the emulsion together with the fat crystal network. In high solid fat emulsion systems, an increase in ultrasound power (from 100 W to 200 W) could more affect the crystallization behavior of fats than an increase in ultrasound duration (from 30 s to 60 s), and the distribution of crystals and droplets was more uniform. In the low solid fat emulsion system, the texture of the sample after ultrasonic treatment was softer, and the surface was more delicate and smoother. However, the higher ultrasonic intensity (200 W) was not conducive to the preparation of the spread. Although the ultrasound with excessive intensity promoted the formation of small crystals, it would also lead to the aggregation of small crystals. These small crystals cannot form a uniform crystal network, which increases the fluidity of emulsions.

Application of high intensity focused ultrasound combined with nanomaterials in anti-tumor therapy

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has demonstrated its safety, efficacy and noninvasiveness in the ablation of solid tumor. However, its further application is limited by its inherent deficiencies, such as postoperative recurrence caused by incomplete ablation and excessive intensity affecting surrounding healthy tissues. Recent research has indicated that the integration of nanomaterials with HIFU exhibits a promising synergistic effect in tumor ablation. The concurrent utilization of nanomaterials with HIFU can help overcome the limitations of HIFU by improving targeting and ablation efficiency, expanding operation area, increasing operation accuracy, enhancing stability and bio-safety during the process. It also provides a platform for multi-therapy and multi-mode imaging guidance. The present review comprehensively expounds upon the synergistic mechanism between nanomaterials and HIFU, summarizes the research progress of nanomaterials as cavitation nuclei and drug carriers in combination with HIFU for tumor ablation. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential for further exploration in the development of novel nanomaterials that enhance the synergistic effect with HIFU on tumor ablation.

New Method for Monitoring and Early Warning of Fracturing Construction

During fracturing operations, special situations are often encountered. For example, the insufficient proppant-carrying capacity of fracturing fluid can cause quartz sand or ceramsite to settle near the wellbore and form a sand plug. Alternatively, excessive sand injection intensity can lead to severe accumulation of injected sand near the wellbore and also form a sand plug. These special situations are reflected in the fracturing operation curve as an abnormal increase in oil pressure over a short period of time. If not handled promptly, they can have unimaginable consequences. Sand plugs in fracturing operations, characterized by their speed and unpredictability, often form rapidly, within about 20 s. Conventional methods for on-site sand-plug warnings during fracturing include the oil pressure–time double logarithmic slope method and the net pressure–time double logarithmic slope method. Although these methods respond quickly, their warning results are unstable and vary significantly during actual operations. This is mainly because the fluctuations in the actual fracturing operation curve are often large, and there can be sudden pressure rises and drops even during stable periods, albeit less pronounced. To address the identification of anomalies in conventional fracturing operation monitoring and warning methods, a sand-plug warning index method has been proposed for sand-plug identification. This method combines the oil pressure–time double logarithmic slope with the oil pressure increment within 5 s, the rate of change in the oil pressure–time double logarithmic slope, and the fitted oil pressure intercept as indicators. The method has been validated using Well A in Fuling as an example. The validation results show that the dynamic analysis method can predict sand plugs while reducing warning fluctuations without affecting sensitivity. Compared to conventional methods, the warning time can be advanced by about 10 s.

Microstructural characterization and wear performance of shot-peened TA15 titanium alloy fabricated by SLM

Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1 V (TA15) is a kind of near-α titanium alloy widely used in the aerospace industry, known for its excellent thermal strength and weldability. However, its low thermal conductivity and high deformation resistance make traditional machining methods challenging. Despite some researchers have manufactured TA15 alloy using SLM, the issue of tensile residual stresses on component surfaces remains prominent. This study aims to investigate the impact of shot peening on the surface residual stresses, microstructure, and wear performance of SLM-formed TA15 alloy. Experimental results demonstrate the successful introduction of surface compressive residual stresses through shot peening, with a maximum value of -897 MPa (at 0.45mmA intensity). Shot peening reduces the grain size within the deformation layer, resulting in a significant presence of dislocation entanglement and dislocation cells. When the intensity reaches 0.35mmA, the emergence of nanocrystals is observed, attributed to the influence of dislocation activity and dynamic recrystallization. Additionally, shot-peened samples exhibit notably improved wear resistance compared to their non-peened counterparts. However, excessive shot peening intensity may compromise surface quality. Therefore, under specific load conditions, higher intensity is not necessarily better. In conclusion, shot peening proves to be an effective technique for enhancing the surface stress state and wear performance of SLM-formed TA15 alloy.

Are peppery notes the main negative driver of liking for young French consumers in a Duras red wine made from a cool and wet season?

It has been shown that rotundone, the only identified aroma compound imparting peppery notes in red wine, was neutrally or positively perceived by consumers, except for young non-anosmic respondents who disliked it. This work aimed to explore the main negative driver of liking for this target of consumers in a peppery Duras red wine from a cool and wet season and for which other penalties might apply. A convenience panel of one-hundred and thirty-four young French consumers from Ecole d’Ingénieurs de Purpan in Toulouse (18–24 years) was recruited for the study. Panellists were asked to rate their overall liking on a 9-point hedonic scale of such wine and their perception of seven sensory attributes on a 5-point just-about-right (JAR) scale, with 3 corresponding to the central just-about-right word anchor. Results from penalty analysis demonstrated that a lack of fruity notes followed by an excessive sourness and an excessive intensity of peppery notes were the main penalising sensory characteristics. The findings, that are still preliminary and would deserve to be confirmed using a panel composed of young consumers with other social and cultural background, highlight that the intensity of peppery notes was not the main negative driver of young consumers’ liking of Duras wine produced during a vintage year with unfavourable cool and rainy climate conditions. However, the results of this study encourage Duras producers targeting such consumers to propose a wine exhibiting a good balance between fruity and peppery notes and a moderate acidity level that could be achieved during such season through deacidification. This research is a good illustration of the fact that the penalty analysis method can be implemented on a single wine sample.

Moving for Better Sleep: A Narrative Review of Exercise and Sleep Quality

Objective: This narrative review aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the influence of exercise on sleep quality, exploring how various types, intensities, and timings of exercise impact sleep across different populations. Materials and Methods: A systematic search for relevant literature was conducted in scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The search included terms related to physical activity and sleep, focusing on studies published in English from the past 10 years (2014-2024). Studies involving human participants and employing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational study designs were prioritized. Results: Regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, significantly reduces sleep onset latency, improves sleep efficiency, and enhances subjective sleep quality across various populations. Potential mechanisms include stress hormone reduction, neurotransmitter regulation, and body temperature control. Emerging evidence suggests that resistance training can improve sleep onset latency and subjective sleep quality, particularly in older adults and individuals with chronic conditions. The benefits may be linked to muscle repair processes and stress reduction. The effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on sleep are mixed, with moderate-intensity programs showing potential benefits while excessive intensity or duration may disrupt sleep. Timing also plays a crucial role, with late-night HIIT potentially having negative impacts on sleep quality. Conclusion: Regular exercise, especially moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, is a powerful tool for improving sleep quality. Resistance training also holds promise, particularly for specific populations. The impact of HIIT on sleep requires further research to determine optimal training parameters. Healthcare professionals should guide patients in tailoring exercise programs to optimize sleep benefits.

Evolution of infectious diseases induced by epidemic prevention publicity and interaction between heterogeneous strains

<p>The spread of viruses can be effectively reduced by the publicity of epidemic prevention. Additionally, the interaction between heterogeneous strains has a significant effect on virus evolution. Thus, we first establish an evolutionary dynamics Susceptible-Infected- Recovered (SIR) model which considers the interaction between heterogeneous strains. We utilize adaptive dynamics to investigate the evolutionary outcomes of the trade-off between transmission and virulence. Second, we perform a critical function analysis to generalize the results independent of specific trade-off assumptions and to determine the conditions for evolutionary stability and convergence stability. Last, we investigate the effects of different publicity measures on virulence evolution under two types of interactions, including the case of excess mortality alone and the coexistence of excess mortality and superinfection. Based on the general hypothesis of transmission virulence trade-off, we introduce the cost of host mobility caused by the scope and intensity of publicity. Numerical simulations present a set of evolutionary results, including continuously stable strategies, evolutionary branching points, repellers, and the Garden of Eden. Our results indicate that an excessive publicity scope and intensity can drive the epidemic evolution towards higher virulence. Both types of interactions suggest that continuously increasing the publicity scope under a low publicity intensity can effectively reduce virulence. Furthermore, the concurrent presence of excess mortality and superinfection induces the emergence of a higher virulence.</p>

Методологические проблемы формирования и применения интегральных территориальных индексов

The article discusses the problems of improving the methodology for constructing composite territorial indices, as well as solving practical problems for their use in managing the socio- economic development of countries and regions. It is shown that, at their core, composite indices, by aggregating a significant array of diverse information, provide an opportunity for an analytical assessment of the current situation in a region (country), comparison of a territory’s position relative to other regions, and construction of analytical regional ratings. Despite the frequency of use, the questions of the applicability of composite indices, the specifics of the methods for their construction, and the objectivity of the estimates obtained on their basis remain unclear. It is shown that at each stage of calculating index estimates there are a number of problems and assumptions that impose restrictions on their use in statistical and economic analysis. The main problems include poor comprehensiveness of assessments, low comparability of information and lack of unambiguous interpretation of results (especially at the regional level), poor representativeness of information and results for international comparisons, and «incompleteness» of the national statistical system (especially at the municipal level). Lack of unified generally accepted indicators of territorial development and widespread use of expert assessments. The latter often leads to excessive labor intensity and subjectivity of calculations. Particular attention is paid to the issues of modifying the use of integral indices for the purposes of regional policy. The work shows that in the absence of real alternatives to integral indices, on the basis of which series of rating comparisons are then built, it is necessary to continue working on their improvement in order to use them as regional diagnostic tools and factors for making strategic management decisions

Status of Living with Parents, Smartphone Addiction, and Problematic Eating Behavior in Adolescents

Excessive intensity of smartphone use can disrupt eating behavior in adolescents. This study aims to analyze the relationship between smartphone addiction and problematic eating behavior. This research involved 230 junior high school students in Jakarta. The research design uses a cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and Independent Sample T-Test. The results of the Chi-Square test show that the Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) for the smartphone addiction category with a problematic eating behavior category is 0.000 (p<0.05). The correlation test result shows a relationship between the smartphone addiction category and the duration of smartphone use in the morning, afternoon and evening. The Chi-Square Test shows a relationship between the categories of problematic eating behavior and the duration of smartphone use in the morning and afternoon. The Independent Sample T-Test result shows a significant difference in the daily-life disturbance and positive anticipation dimensions between respondents who live with their complete parents (TOL) and those who do not live with their complete parents (TTOL). The result shows a significant positive relationship between smartphone addiction and problematic eating behavior (r=0.711; p=0.000). Adolescents need to raise awareness to use smartphones as needed. In addition, adolescents are advised to adopt healthy eating habits to optimize their growth.

Group Counseling Self-Management Techniques in Reducing Nomophobia Through Self-Control

Information technology is developing rapidly, especially for smartphone users. Smartphones have become a communication and information tool in everyday life. The activity of using smartphones with excessive intensity can cause various impacts on users, such as nomophobia. Someone who is unable to exercise self-control in using a smartphone or has low self-control will be susceptible to addiction. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of group counseling on self-management techniques to reduce nomophobia by increasing self-control. This research uses a pretest and posttest design. The subjects of this research were 10 people. The sampling used was purposive sampling. Data was collected using self-control and nomophobia questionnaires. Data analysis used mediation analysis with a bootstrap bias-corrected method with a confidential interval of 95% assisted by micro-process software (N=5000). The research results show that there is an effect of group counseling on effective self-management techniques in reducing nomophobia by increasing self-control.

Multi-objective land use optimization based on integrated NSGA–II–PLUS model: Comprehensive consideration of economic development and ecosystem services value enhancement

Urbanization and industrialization have resulted in an excessive intensity of land use, structural imbalances, and regional ecological deterioration. To achieve sustainable development, it is essential to optimize different land use types and enhance the ecosystem service value (ESV). However, previous studies rarely combined the optimization of land use quantitative structure with the simulation of land use spatial layout under the background of maximizing economic and ecological benefits at the same time, and this kind of research was rarely applied to state-level new areas. On the premise of maximizing economic and ecological benefits, this study develops an improved optimization method that integrates the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) with the patch generating land use simulation (PLUS) model. The approach optimizes land use while predicting ESV for a state-level new area-Liangjiang New Area (LJNA). The model operation takes into full account ecological spatial constraints, including ecological protection red line, prime farmland, and urban development land use suitability. Results show that LJNA encountered the most substantial increase in built-up land (392.31 km2) due to farmland occupation, leading to a continuous decrease in ESV (443.6 million yuan) from 2000 to 2020. Optimization results for 2030 indicate that the main difference between different scenarios is the area of forest and built-up land. Under ecological protection priority scenario, ESV will increase in 2030 but built-up land should be confined within 620 km2. We present multiple land use scenarios based on decision makers’ preferences, offering important implications for the balance and optimization of land resources under different policy priorities using coupled spatiotemporal simulation-quantitative allocation model. This study provides valuable references for future land use optimization research.

Temporomandibular disorder patients with excessive daytime sleepiness present greater pain intensity and reduced jaw function.

Sleep disorders are associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Limited studies have focused on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and its impact on jaw functions in TMD patients. The aim of the present investigation was to identify the impact of EDS on pain and jaw function in TMD patients. A total of 338 TMD patients (50 males and 288 females) was included. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to classify patients into EDS group (score ≥ 10) and non-EDS group (score < 10). The Jaw Functional Limitation Scale 8-item (JFLS-8) was used to assess the severity of jaw dysfunction. Pain intensity was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9). All included patients were diagnosed with pain-related TMD (PT), intra-articular TMD (IT) or combined TMD (CT). Compared with non-EDS patients, EDS patients exhibited more severe jaw dysfunction, greater pain intensity and higher PHQ-9 scores (p < .05). Multivariate analyses showed that EDS (B = 3.69), female gender (B = 3.69), and elevated GAD-7 score (B = 0.73) were significantly associated with an increased score on the JFLS-8 (p < .05). Moreover, bivariate logistic regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between EDS and PT (OR = 2.70, p = .007). The presence of EDS was more closely related to PT, but the causal relationship between them needs to be further confirmed. More concern and intervention to alleviate poor sleep quality might be highlighted during the treatment of TMD, especially PT subtype.