Excessive Wage Research Articles

The Tunisian Economics’ Situations After the Revolution of Arab Spring 2011

The Tunisian economic facts after the so-called the Arab spring or social revolution have been marketed by numerous fluctuations and radical changes in the general situation of the management of the administrative affairs of the country. The most prominent of these facts, including the series of chaotic sit-ins and the political and security instability that has increased from 2011 to 2018, note in particular the emergence of the phenomenon of terrorism and assassinations. These negative results are too the expensive cost of the Tunisian national economy, which has been directed, affected by all vital sectors of the country’s economy, especially the tourism, trade and investment sectors. In addition, the increase in excessive wages during the first three years following the revolution and the increasing number of random sit-ins that led to the cessation of the production in the Gafsa phosphate mine and the failure to work for most of the public servants represented negative factors that led to a decline in productivity and an increase in the financial and trade deficit. Thus, the budget deficit and the accumulation of indebtedness represent the main obstacle to achieving social and economic stability.

청년 니트 결정요인

Youth period is a period of life in which individuals strive to design and realize their dreams and hopes. Recent profound changes in society, technology, the economy, ecology and environment, and politics have posed a crisis in youth employment and, if mishandled, can lead them into a state of NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training). In this study, we aimed to analyze the main factors contributing to youth NEET status, considering not only general demographic background information but also socio-economic variables such as self-efficacy, parents' occupation and education, housing type and residence, and financial independence from parents. To do this, we utilized data from the Korean Employment Information Service's Youth Panel from 2007 to 2015-2022 and conducted empirical analysis using logistic regression models.
 The analysis results indicated that, in general, young individuals with lower self-efficacy were more likely to transition into NEET status. Additionally, young adults who were financially dependent on their parents and lived with them were more likely to become NEETs. Regarding housing environment, it was found that young adults living in apartments or detached houses had a higher probability of becoming NEETs. Furthermore, the probability of NEET status was higher for males compared to females, and regional differences showed that young adults residing in the Jeolla-Gwangju region had a higher probability of NEET status.
 The implications of this study are as follows. Firstly, policy programs that can prevent youth unemployment (NEET) should be activated. Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the content of the subject and establish performance indicators to enhance self-efficacy in the knit prevention policy program. Thirdly, a tailored industry development policy that takes into account regional characteristics, along with strategic Human resource development(HRD) in the field of education and training, should be implemented to improve youth employment opportunities. Lastly, it is recommended to establish a fair recruitment and talent management culture based on competencies rather than academic qualifications, along with policies to alleviate excessive wage gaps between job positions. A holistic approach to youth housing and employment policies was also suggested.

Die Eigenkapitalrentabilität deutscher Industrieaktiengesellschaften 1925–1929

Abstract In historical works, one likes to argue with profits or gains. Corporate profits also play a central role in Knut Borchardt’s well-regarded thesis that the economy in the middle phase of the Weimar Republic could be described as an «abnormal, in fact sick, economy» and therefore problems had accumulated that were extraordinarily significant on the long run in the collapse of Germany’s first democracy. According to this view, excessive wages in particular have caused a compression of those incomes that normally finance investment. A verification of this profit compression thesis is not possible with only commercial balance sheets, as these are considered unreliable due to the large entrepreneurial discretion involved in balance sheet preparation. The situation is different with tax balance sheets: tax law severely restricts the scope for discretion in balance sheet preparation, and tax balance sheets have been subject to scrutiny by the tax authorities since 1925. Therefore, tax balance sheets are considered as a very reliable basis for return calculations. By using all surviving tax balance sheets, Mark Spoerer has presented a study of the return on equity of industrial stock corporations for the years 1925 to 1941. For the years from 1925 to 1929, he concludes that in the «Golden Twenties» the return on equity of industrial stock corporations could not have been more than two to a maximum of five percent. He claims that through his work the profit compression thesis has been empirically verified. So far, there has been no critical examination of this work. The aim of this paper is to make up for this. It is shown that the surviving balance sheets do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the profitability of all industrial joint-stock corporations. On the other hand, it is shown that some tax balance sheets of very large companies, which have been included with a high degree of weight in the calculation of returns, contain considerable errors. In addition, some companies have used special tax rules to transfer the expense of future or previous periods to the years 1925 to 1929. Both – the erroneous accounting and the special tax rules – result in significant understatements of profits in the surviving tax balance sheets. Consequently, the calculated returns cannot be correct. Finally, an outlook is given on the consequences of the results of this paper for the use of tax balance sheets.

Conciliation, Co-operation, and Consensus: The One Nation Conservative Approach to Industrial Relations and Trade Unions, 1945-1990

Although the relationship between the Conservative Party and the trade unions has often been characterised by mutual distrust and hostility, there was a unique period, from 1945 until the early 1960s, when senior Conservatives pursued a conciliatory and constructive approach to the trade unions, and insisted that harmonious industrial relations could not be secured by punitive legislation or political diktats. Instead, the paternalistic One Nation Conservatives who dominated the Party during this time, such as Rab Butler, Joseph Godber, Ian Macleod, Harold Macmillan, and Walter Monckton, emphasised that peace in industry could only be secured by developing trust via closer co-operation, dialogue and industrial partnership. This reflected the One Nation view that industrial conflict was often a consequence of workers feeling alienated, insecure and under-valued in large-scale, and impersonal, industries, where a growing gulf between workers and managers developed, and minor grievances smouldered. It was envisaged that this consensual and conciliatory strategy would result in reduced trade union militancy, and thus fewer strikes in pursuit of inflationary wage increases. This, in turn, would reduce the pressure from right-wing Conservatives for repressive legislation against the trade unions. From the 1970s onwards, though, this cohort of conciliatory One Nation Conservatives was superseded by a new generation of Conservative MPs and Ministers who heralded an ideological transformation in the Party. Often emanating from lower middle class or petit bourgeois backgrounds, many of these newer, younger, Conservatives were self-made men and women, and saw themselves as representatives or symbols of small businesses, individual entrepreneurs, and the self-employed especially. They were openly hostile towards trade unions, believing that they and their industrial militancy were responsible for many of Britain’s economic problems, such as excessive wage increases, high inflation, low productivity, and management’s inability to take tough commercial decisions, including the introduction of new working practices and technologies, due to the likelihood that these would prompt strikes by trade unions concerned with defending jobs. The decline of the One Nation Conservatives was therefore accompanied by a much more combative and confrontational approach by the Conservative Party towards workers and trade unions since the 1970s.

Preisschocks bei Energie und Nahrungsmitteln

AbstractThe sharp revisions in inflation forecasts are not rooted in analytical flaws, overly hesitant ECB policies or model failures. Energy price shocks of historic dimensions are the key factor. They have ended the prolonged phase of excessively weak inflation with risks now clearly increasing. In contrast to the United States, the euro area shows no signs of overheating or excessive wage increases. Provided second-round effects remain muted, the ECB should proceed gradually given the high war-related uncertainty and the energy-cost related drag on the economy. Monetary policy flexibility is of key importance particularly with regards to sovereign yield differentials.

The English Premier League and the City of London (1980–2010): a tale of two ‘revolutions’

ABSTRACT This work analyzes the English football ‘revolution’ of the 1980s–90s, epitomized by the launch of the English Premier League, through the lens of the financial ‘revolution’, which transformed Britain from the late 1970s. It identifies analogies between the two industries’ transformation and the attempts to regulate them, as well as differences, related in particular to the nature and implications of the respective crises. While research has concentrated on Americanization and globalization of English football, this article focuses on its (supposed) financialization. It looks at attempts to apply the shareholder value principle to English football and to generate profits for football clubs through financial, rather than traditional, channels. This article identifies instances of financialization in football. It argues, however, that unlike the financial sector, the fundamental causes of the crisis in English football were not rooted in its financialization, but in traditional factors, such as excessive wage costs.

The Tunisian Economics’ Situations After the Revolution of Arab Spring 2011

The Tunisian economic facts after the so-called the Arab spring or social revolution have been marketed by numerous fluctuations and radical changes in the general situation of the management of the administrative affairs of the country. The most prominent of these facts, including the series of chaotic sit-ins and the political and security instability that has increased from 2011 to 2018, note in particular the emergence of the phenomenon of terrorism and assassinations. These negative results are too the expensive cost of the Tunisian national economy, which has been directed, affected by all vital sectors of the country’s economy, especially the tourism, trade and investment sectors. In addition, the increase in excessive wages during the first three years following the revolution and the increasing number of random sit-ins that led to the cessation of the production in the Gafsa phosphate mine and the failure to work for most of the public servants represented negative factors that led to a decline in productivity and an increase in the financial and trade deficit. Thus, the budget deficit and the accumulation of indebtedness represent the main obstacle to achieving social and economic stability.

The Tunisian Economics’ Situations After the Revolution of Arab Spring 2011

The Tunisian economic facts after the so-called the Arab spring or social revolution have been marketed by numerous fluctuations and radical changes in the general situation of the management of the administrative affairs of the country. The most prominent of these facts, including the series of chaotic sit-ins and the political and security instability that has increased from 2011 to 2018, note in particular the emergence of the phenomenon of terrorism and assassinations. These negative results are too the expensive cost of the Tunisian national economy, which has been directed, affected by all vital sectors of the country’s economy, especially the tourism, trade and investment sectors. In addition, the increase in excessive wages during the first three years following the revolution and the increasing number of random sit-ins that led to the cessation of the production in the Gafsa phosphate mine and the failure to work for most of the public servants represented negative factors that led to a decline in productivity and an increase in the financial and trade deficit. Thus, the budget deficit and the accumulation of indebtedness represent the main obstacle to achieving social and economic stability.

The Tunisian Economics’ Situations after the Revolution of Arab Spring 2011

The Tunisian economic facts after the so-called the Arab spring or social revolution have been marketed by numerous fluctuations and radical changes in the general situation of the management of the administrative affairs of the country. The most prominent of these facts, including the series of chaotic sit-ins and the political and security instability that has increased from 2011 to 2018, note in particular the emergence of the phenomenon of terrorism and assassinations. These negative results are too the expensive cost of the Tunisian national economy, which has been directed, affected by all vital sectors of the country’s economy, especially the tourism, trade and investment sectors. In addition, the increase in excessive wages during the first three years following the revolution and the increasing number of random sit-ins that led to the cessation of the production in the Gafsa phosphate mine and the failure to work for most of the public servants represented negative factors that led to a decline in productivity and an increase in the financial and trade deficit. Thus, the budget deficit and the accumulation of indebtedness represent the main obstacle to achieving social and economic stability.

PRAKTEK PEMBAYARAN HUTANG DENGAN BEKERJA PRESPEKTIF FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi Kasus di Jorong Malintang Nagari Lawang Mandahiling Kecamatan Salimpaung Kabupaten Tanah Datar)

This study aims to explain the practice of paying debts by working in terms of fiqh muamalah in Jorong Malintang Nagari Lawang Mandahiling, Salimpaung District, Tanah Datar Regency. This research is a field research. The data sources consist of primary data sources, namely 7 people who owe, 7 people who give debts and 1 scholar, while secondary data sources are documentation and books and scientific works related to accounts payable. Data collection techniques that the author uses are interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique that the author uses is descriptive qualitative analysis. This study found that the implementation of debt payments by working carried out by the community in Jorong Malintang Nagari Lawang Mandahiling, Sallimpaung District, Tanah Datar Regency, namely debt and money receivables which was only done verbally without any written evidence. If it is due, but the borrower is unable to pay it and the payment is made by working in the person's field with his wages taken in exchange for the debt. The execution of debts paid by work is included in usury where the debtor takes the excess wages for working money when paying his debts.

Pandemi Covid-19: Inflasi dan Pengangguran Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

This study aims to analyze the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment based on an Islamic economic perspective. Inflation and unemployment are important indicators of economic performance and both are major problems that must be controlled immediately because they will have a wide impact on various things, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic conditions. Inflation and unemployment have a negative relationship, the lower the level of unemployment, the higher the inflation rate. One of the causes of inflation is the increased price of goods which results in an increase in production costs. Whereas in Islam the existence of costs is caused by the monopoly of goods or labor, but in an Islamic-based market it is not applied. Therefore Muslim entrepreneurs will not face high costs to meet excess wages because workers get wages that must match the earned productivity. Furthermore, the handling of unemployment affected by the Covid-19 pandemic can be done by maximizing the Islamic economic philanthropic scheme, namely zakat, infaq, shadaqah, and lending on a qardhul hasan basis.

History dependence in wages and cyclical selection: Evidence from Germany

Using administrative employer-employee data from Germany, we investigate the behavior of individual wages over the business cycle. We present evidence that both contractual wage arrangements and cyclical match quality are a key feature of the German labor market. We show that parts of the excess wage cyclicality of new hires discussed by the literature can be explained by cyclical job ladder movements in match quality of new hires from employment. Guided by the literature of job reassignments, we additionally allow for variation in the match quality within an employer-employee match. Besides support for job-specific contracts, our novel main results show that much of the excess wage cyclicality of job changers can be explained by occupation switching workers.

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Wage and tax competitiveness: The case of Hellenic shipping

Shipping and related activities account for a considerable proportion of Greek GDP, rendering proceeds from shipping sector activities indispensable for the Greek economy, especially during the ongoing economic crisis. This study focuses on the mitigating impact of wage regulation and tax uncertainty in Greece upon net receipts from shipping. Using quarterly data for 2002–2017 and employing the General Method of Moments, we find a substantially negative effect on net receipts from shipping as a result of waning wage competitiveness, with the tonnage tax-rate increase aggravating the problem. Our results point to two major policy conclusions: First, excessive wage increases over and above those provided for in international agreements erode the competitiveness of Greek shipping. Second, the pioneering tonnage-based taxation framework of Greece, which has contributed to securing Hellenic shipping a roughly 50% market share in the EU and 16.7% in the world, should by no means be challenged. Given the ease of relocation and the antagonistic fiscal incentives provided in rival shipping centers, the tonnage tax system must be left intact and even be used as a model to help boost the competitiveness of the entire EU fleet.

Having a Finger in the Pie: Labor Power and Corporate Payout Policy

AbstractExploiting time‐series data on labor laws from 39 countries, we investigate how labor power influences firms’ payouts. We find that legislative changes that strengthen labor power reduce firms’ dividend payments and total payouts. The payout restriction effect of labor power is more pronounced in firms with greater labor intensity and in firms operating in countries with broader collective bargaining coverage and more effective law enforcement. Tightened operating flexibility and excess wage extraction are two plausible channels through which labor power affects payouts. These findings indicate that labor power is another important country‐wide institution that shapes corporate payout policy.

Upah Berkeadi lan Ditin jau dari P erspektif Islam

This study is motivated by the popular use of human power in human civilization and in accordance with its nature as a creature of god that needs each other. The need for more manpower to spur the growth of production that ultimately the utilization of human labor is identical to the work and wages provided by the company. While the government sees wages, on the one hand to ensure the fulfillment of a decent life for workers and their families, increases employee productivity and increases people’s purchasing power, on the other hand to promote business progress and competitiveness. This study uses a qualitative approach with literary research nuances. The study also aims to provide answers to wage polemics, in which workers hold that wages are a source of income to meet the needs of himself and family and a reflection of job satisfaction. It is therefore necessary to provide salary or wage solutions in Islamic perspective. The results of this study indicate that wages in Islam are compensation received by workers for the benefits of work done properly and correctly, in the form of material and reward based on the principles of al-’adl and morals with respect to humanity aspect. Based on the principle of justice and morals, the excess wages in Islam is closely related to the principle of morality that is able to meet basic needs, education, and health security well and honorable, so that wages are not only limited to mere material (dimension of the world) but penetrate the limits of life, the dimension akherat .

THE APPLICATION OF FEDERAL CHARACTER PRINCIPLE IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STUDENTS’ ADMISSIONS INTO FEDERAL UNITY SCHOOLS

This paper examined the implications of the application of the FCP for students’ admissions into Unity Schools. The paper is an historical analysis that relied on secondary sources of data. The study, observed that efforts made by government to unite the nation through this policy option in its implementation in the education sector did not yield the desired result, as the principle created more distortions such as lopsidedness, outright lowering of standards, excessive wage bill and this largely created disunity among Nigerians. The study therefore, recommends among others, that its current constitutional status should be reconsidered to reposition it towards the achievement of sustainability of development efforts in this sector.

Gift Exchange in the Workplace: Addressing the Conflicting Evidence with a Careful Test

Tests of gift exchange, wherein agents receive excess wages which are noncontingent on performance in one-shot settings, have yielded contradictory evidence: they sometimes find effort boosts, consistent with gift exchange, whereas they sometimes find no effort increases, consistent with a standard model. We identify eight confounds that could have led to the mixed evidence—agent disutility from being viewed as selfish, small samples, insufficient wage raises, an effort ceiling, fatigue, selection of abler workers, reemployment concerns, and peer effects—and run a comprehensive test addressing them. Our test consisted of a field experiment hiring workers for a data entry job, followed by laboratory games assessing their prosocial behavior. After addressing these confounds, we find that behavior during the field test was consistent with a standard model: workers did not repay fixed wage raises with an effort boost, but they did raise effort in response to a piece rate. The piece-rate scheme was also more efficient: the effort boost came at lower expense than paying fixed wage raises. Further, workers who behaved prosocially in laboratory games did not behave prosocially in the field. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2801. . This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.

Dash-peonage: the contradictions of debt bondage in the colonial plantations of Fernando Pó

AbstractDashin pidgin English means an ancillary gift to an exchange. What happened when thedashbecame attached to the indentured labour contracts that the Spanish Empire brought from Cuba to their last colony, Spanish Guinea? On the island of Fernando Pó, which came to be almost wholly populated by Nigerian labour migrants, the conditional gift in the form of a large wage advance produced a particularly intense contradiction. In the historiography of unfree labour, the excess wage advance is thought to create conditions for the perpetuation of bondage through debt. However, in imperial contexts, the wage advance did not generate compliance and immobility; exactly the opposite – it produced unprecedented waves of further escalation and dispersed flight. Thedashwas pushed up by workers themselves and relayed by informal recruiters. Together they turned this lynchpin of indentured labour and debt peonage into a counter-practice that almost led to the collapse of the plantations in the 1950s. The trajectories of thedashled to a more pointed version of the foundational thesis of global labour history: namely, that it was actually free labour, not unfree labour, that was incompatible with labour scarcity-ridden imperial capitalism.

ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ECONOMIC AND FISCAL IMPACTS IN COLORADO

INTRODUCTION The oil and gas industry, along with nearly all extraction industries, inherently provides substantial economic benefits due to its integrated supply chain, high-wage jobs, and propensity to sell nationally and globally. It brings in outside investment and often operates in rural areas where high-wage jobs are scarce and industry is fleeting. Much of Colorado's oil and gas is sold outside of the state, contributing wealth to owners, employees, governments, and schools, all of which are beneficiaries of oil and gas revenues. In 2011, Colorado's oil and gas industry recorded $10.5 billion in production value, accounting for some 27,300 direct drilling, extraction, and support jobs with average annual wages in excess of $105,000. Coupled with the oil and gas supply chain within Colorado—transportation, refining, wholesalers, parts manufacturers, and gasoline stations—direct employment totaled nearly 49,400 jobs, with average wages over $80,000, which is 65% higher than the state average for all ...