Excess Payments Research Articles

Wholesale Pricing with Asymmetric Information About the Quality of a Private Label

AbstractThis article derives the optimal wholesale tariff that is proposed by the monopolistic manufacturer of a branded product to a monopolistic retailer if the retailer also sells a private label whose quality is unobserved by the brand manufacturer. The focus is on market-share contracts where the manufacturer controls the quantities of both products. To learn the quality of the private label and diminish the retailer’s information rent, it distorts the quantity of the branded product downwards and that of the private label upwards. The manufacturer can control the quantity of the private label if it combines an excess payment with an end-of-year repayment.

Accuracy of Conflicts in Interest in General Surgical Journals.

To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported conflicts of interest (COIs) for articles published in prominent minimally invasive and general surgical journals. Accurate reporting of industry relationships and COIs is crucial for unbiased assessment of a particular study. Despite the enactment of COI laws, such as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act in 2010, prior work suggests that 40-70% of self-reported COIs have discrepancies. We utilized three public databases -- Open Payments (USA), Disclosure UK, and Disclosure Australia -- to assess the accuracy of COI disclosures among authors of 918 published articles from these respective countries. Seven journals were utilized to review the COIs for authors of manuscripts published in 2022 - JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery (BJS), Journal of American College of Surgeons (JACS), Surgical Endoscopy, Obesity Surgery, and Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (SOARD). Among the analyzed 6206 authors, 5675 belonged to countries of interest: USA (4282), UK (718), and Australia (213). Of these, 774 authors (12.5%) self-reported a conflict of interest in their papers. Overall, only 4055 researchers (69.1%) reported COIs accurately. Authors from the US had the lowest accuracy of reporting COI at 69% as opposed to UK (93%) and Australia (96%). Inaccurate COI reporting was most common in corresponding/senior authors (39%) and least common amongst first authors (18%). Most payments in excess of $50,000 made to authors by an industry sponsor were not disclosed appropriately. Our study shows that inaccuracy of self-reported COIs in general surgery journals remains high at 31%. While our findings should encourage authors to overreport any possible COI, journals should consider verifying the authors' COI to facilitate more accurate reporting.

Regulating Roof-Top Solar Generation: Defending Sustainable Projects from Utility Proposals

Residential owned solar panels mounted on roof-tops generated 1.4% of the U.S. electricity supply in 2022. Utilities compensate residential customers using a net metering system by which each kilowatt-hour generated by the customer reduces the customer’s bill by the amount the utility charges for one kilowatt. Despite the small impact of roof-top solar on the total market, in 2022, thirty-two states conducted ninety-four proceedings investigating whether to change the net metering system. In these proceedings, utilities advocated changing the rates to discourage residential investment in solar panels. Utilities argue that net metering provides a subsidy to solar customers because the rate the utility pays is greater than the avoided cost of energy. That excess payment allows solar customers to avoid paying for the distribution network. The cost of the distribution network is shifted to non-solar customers. This article will evaluate these claims. It will show that if the social cost of carbon were in the calculation, it would generate a Kapp cost shift from solar customers to non-solar customers. The size of the Kapp cost shift is greater than the cost of distribution networks, reversing any private cost shift that utilities have estimated.

Does pay disclosure in job offers remove gender differences in pay estimations? Evidence from an experiment with students and job seekers in the context of Austria

Pay disclosure aims at closing the gender pay gap by providing employees especially women with better salary knowledge, yet the effectiveness of employers’ practices is little understood. We use a lab-in-the-field experiment where participants estimate the salaries for several common pay statements for job offers which employers use in the context of the legislation in Austria. Our study with management students ( n = 385) shows that employer practices offer no solution to the problem of gender differences, except for the practice of salary range. The replication of the experiment with the real job seekers ( n = 242) demonstrates that gender differences disappear also for some practices, but not for the practice of mentioning excess payment (or overpay) options, which is common in Austria. This means that legislation addresses the gender gap most effectively when it encourages employers to display the salary range.

STRATEGI DINAS PERHUBUNGAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PELAYANAN PARKIR DI KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO

This study aims to determine and analyze the strategy of the Department of Transportation in improving parking services in Bojonegoro Regency and find out what further actions are needed by the government in an effort to improve parking services in Bojonegoro Regency through SWOT analysis by looking at internal factors regarding strengths and weaknesses, as well as external factors, namely opportunities (threats) and threats (opportunities) at the Bojonegoro Regency Transportation Office. This research method is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Determination of informants in this study using a purposive sampling method. The samples in this study were the Head of the Parking Management Section of the Transportation Agency, parking attendants, and the people of Bojonegoro Regency. The results of this study, the unavailability of electronic parking parking that makes people prefer illegal parking in order to avoid illegal levies or excessive payments, a very strategic strategy was found, namely by providing electronic parking at several parking spots to make it easier for people to make payments and minimize illegal levies which can result in a decrease in local revenue from parking.

Tax System Problems as a Cause of Sustainable Poverty in Japan

Japan is one of the developed countries in East Asia. It can be seen from advances in technology, education and a high level of discipline. However, poverty has hit this country due to problems with the tax system and the increase in elderly people. The research methodology used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research method. This article aims to provide a solution to the problem of poverty that occurs in Japan through the implementation of a zakat system based on the Koran and Sunnah. The urgency of this research is to offer or propose a solution to the problem of poverty for the Japanese embassy. The results of this research show that persistent poverty in Japan can be eradicated by implementing a taxation system based on the concept of zakat nishab, so that tax payments do not burden those who pay zakat and there is no excess payment to avoid embezzlement of funds by greedy individuals.

Stable and weakly additive cost sharing in shortest path problems

In a shortest path problem, agents seek to ship their respective demands; and the cost on a given arc is linear in the flow. Previous works have proposed cost allocations falling in the core of the associated cooperative game. The present work combines core selection with weak versions of the additivity axiom, which allows to characterize a new family of rules. The demander rule charges each demander the cost of their shortest path, and the supplier rule charges the cost of the second-cheapest path while splitting the excess payment equally between access suppliers. With three or more agents, the demander rule is characterized by core selection and a specific version of cost additivity. Convex combinations of the demander rule and the supplier rule are axiomatized using core selection, a second version of cost additivity, and two additional axioms that ensure the fair compensation of intermediaries. With three or more agents, the demander rule is characterized by core selection and a specific version of cost additivity. Finally, convex combinations of the demander rule and the supplier rule are axiomatized using core selection, a second version of cost additivity, and two additional fairness properties.

Kelebihan Pembayaran di SPBU dalam Kajian Filsafat Hukum Islam

­Fuel oil (BBM) for vehicles can be obtained at the Public Fuel Filling Station (SPBU) closest to the sale and purchase transaction, filling is done according to the buyer's wishes. Payments are made according to the nominal value shown on the gas station monitor screen, but it often happens that payments are made in excess of what is shown on the gas station monitor. This research aims to explain the philosophical study of Islamic law regarding excess payments at gas stations, which exceed the bills that are monitored at gas stations. This research uses library research with the main data coming from journals, books, and the internet. Data collection was carried out by reading and grouping according to the themes discussed, then analyzed using descriptive, inductive theory and presenting it in writing. The research results show that philosophically in Islamic law, excess payments at gas stations are at the hajiyah level. Because it is done to make transactions easier and less difficult at the gas station.

Growth of Medicare Advantage After Plan Payment Reductions

ImportanceVarious policy proposals would reduce federal payments to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans. However, it is unclear whether payment reductions would compromise beneficiary access to the MA program.ObjectiveTo quantify the association between MA payment reductions under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and MA enrollment growth.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study examined the MA market before and after the ACA, which mandated cuts to MA benchmark payment rates. Using 2008 to 2019 county-level enrollment and payment data, a difference-in-differences analysis was conducted comparing MA enrollment changes between counties with larger vs smaller benchmark reductions, before vs after the ACA.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the MA enrollment rate, defined as the proportion of a county’s Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in MA. A secondary analysis examined MA plan payments per member per month.ResultsAmong 3138 counties with 37 639 county-year observations, ACA-induced benchmark cuts were sizeable and varied, ranging from 0% to 42.9% (mean [SD], 5.9% [6.6%]). Counties with benchmark cuts above the 75th percentile had population-weighted average benchmark cuts of 14.9% compared with 4.4% in other counties. In the 8 years following the ACA, there was no differential change in MA enrollment between counties with larger vs smaller benchmark cuts (difference-in-differences estimate, 0.02 [95% CI, −1.18 to 1.21] percentage points; P = .98). Plan payments differentially fell in counties with larger benchmark cuts by $78.35 (95% CI, $62.21-$94.48) per member per month (P < .001).Conclusion and RelevanceThis cohort study found no evidence that the MA benchmark and ensuing payment cuts imposed by the ACA were associated with reduced MA enrollment, compromising access to MA. This evidence can inform ongoing policy debates regarding the growth of MA, concerns about excess payments to MA plans, and proposed Medicare reforms, including further reductions in MA payments.

Adaptation and application of the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving in the design of the automatic control system for pumping water station

The growing demand of visitors to hotels oriented to the ecological and cultural tourism approach represents a challenge for the optimization of water resources, in contrast to traditional hotels, these depend exclusively on water wells. This type of commercial establishment is growing in Latin American countries such as Mexico, El Salvador, Ecuador, as well as in European countries such as Spain. The solution to this problem is of great importance for this type of tourist establishments. The environmental and economic spheres are the most affected due to this problem. This is due to the waste of water and excessive payment for electricity. There are many advantages related to the automation of the pumping system: the ability to save fuel resources, reduce machine wear for maintenance and repair time. This cost and time savings will increase the profits of the hotels, while the workload of the maintenance Department is reduced because the constant monitoring of the water level in the tanks would not be necessary. This article focuses on the specific case of a hotel in the province of La Libertad in El Salvador. The data is analyzed to determine the initial conditions of the technical problem. An algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving is applied in order to develop a system that performs the water supply automatically, receives signals by means of level sensors, starts or stops the pumps (if necessary), and detects water leaks with the use of pressure sensors, reducing the waste of water and electricity.

Micro‐level reserving for general insurance claims using a long short‐term memory network

AbstractDetailed information about individual claims are completely ignored when insurance claims data are aggregated and structured in development triangles for loss reserving. In the hope of extracting predictive power from the individual claims characteristics, researchers have recently proposed to use micro‐level loss reserving approaches. We introduce a discrete‐time individual reserving framework incorporating granular information in a deep learning approach named Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. At each time period, the network has two tasks: first, classifying whether there is a payment or a recovery, and second, predicting the corresponding non‐zero amount, if any. Based on a generalized Pareto model for excess payments over a threshold, we adjust the LSTM reserve prediction to account for extreme payments. We illustrate the estimation procedure on a simulated and a real general insurance dataset. We compare our approach with the chain‐ladder aggregate method using the predictive outstanding loss estimates and their actual values.

EFEKTIVITAS DAN EFISIENSI APLIKASI PEMBAYARAN TAGIHAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN BULANAN INDIHOME PADA PT.TELEKOMUNIKASI,TBK WITEL MEDAN

Payment of receivables collection at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia (IndiHome) has a payment system that follows the times. Payment Collection is one part of the company that is in charge of processing monitoring and billing data for consumers who are negligent in making payments and making reports on billing evidence, reports of consumer internet disturbances and then input into the data system which will later be seen by the regional. This study aims to see which is more effective and efficient between cash payments and non-cash payments (digital). This study uses qualitative methods with primay data types. Based on the research results, IndiHome payment transactions, both cash and non-cash, have their respective advantages and disadvantages. IndiHome payments in cash can be said to be effective because customers get payment receipts in detail, clearly and transparently. However, cash payments cannot be said to be efficient because it uses such a long process. One of them is that customers have to come and queue to pay monthly for IndiHome and this can take a long time, requires energy and money. In contrast to non- cash payments (digital). Non-effective payments have not been said to be effective because of frequent errors in making payments such as different bills, bills that do not appear, and excess payments. However, for the efficiency of digital payments, it is said to be quite efficient because the payment process is quite easy and fast. Digital payments can be made anywhere and anytime.

ACCESS TO JUSTICE

ACCESS TO JUSTICE

The cost of mental disorders in Denmark: a register-based study

The aim of the study was to undertake a detailed analysis of healthcare cost, public transfer payments, and income loss associated with a broad range of mental disorders in Denmark. Based on all persons living in Denmark, we identified those with a hospital diagnosis of one of 18 types of mental disorders and 10 age- and sex-matched controls per case. For each mental disorder, the outcomes were nationwide totals, cost per case, and cost per capita, investigated by sex, age strata, and the number of years after diagnosis. We found a substantial annual income loss of 5 billion Euros and excess healthcare cost of 1 billion Euros for persons with any mental disorder. Each mental disorder was associated with an income loss, excess healthcare cost, and excess public transfer payments compared to matched controls. An interactive data visualisation site with summary data is available at https://nbepi.com/cost.

Pemex: oil price and financial management in the context of elevated fiscal burden

PurposeThe article analyzes how oil price fluctuations are reflected in the management of Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) based on its balance sheet (BS) and particularly how oil price fluctuations affect Pemex's corporate income.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses a vector auto-regressive (VAR) model with seven variables for the period 1977–2019. The first variable is the oil price and the others belong to Pemex's BS: total income, sales revenue, operating costs, investment, payment of taxes, duties and contributions (TDC) and the payment of interest on debt.FindingsThe results show that in an environment of elevated fiscal burden that is of an excessive payment of tax by Pemex to the state, the price increases positively affected the income obtained from sales, but that surplus is used primarily to finance the fiscal expenses coming from the TDC, which is associated with the production and commercialization of hydrocarbons; physical and financial investment is disconnected from the evolution of price. Under a fiscal scheme that extracts, on average, 98.46% of Pemex's income, investment is not a priority.Practical implicationsThe findings of the research have important implications for Mexico's energy policy because of affecting the long-term financial and productive sustainability of Pemex.Originality/valueFirst, the study contributes to the literature on oil prices in Mexico by analyzing Pemex's fiscal burden from a corporate finance perspective, an area in which there are few rigorous studies. Second, the study contributes by providing quantitative support for the relationship between oil prices and BS variables through the VAR model.

Love Match, Marriage Distance, and Marriage Payment: Evidence from Rural China

The excessive marriage payment indicated by brideprice/dowry imposes a huge family financial burden, especially on rural households. Although some determinants have been examined, the relationship between matching types of couples and marriage payment is rarely known. The goal of this study is to analyze this relationship and the role of marriage distance in it. We adopt Logit, Tobit, and SUR models with the database across 70 years in rural China from a nearly national representative sample. The results show that love-match couples are 10.7% and 10.3% less likely to pay brideprice and dowry than that of parental matchmaking, respectively, and they pay less amount of brideprice and dowry. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between marriage distance and brideprice/dowry, and love match has the largest correlation with marriage payment behaviors for couples with long marriage distance.

Beyond COVID-19: Prospect of telemedicine for obstetrics patients in Pakistan

ObjectiveTo explore obstetrics patients' experiences with telemedicine during COVID-19 and assess their intent for its future use. DesignAn exploratory design was applied considering that telemedicine was a new phenomenon in Pakistan particularly for antenatal care services during COVID-19. MethodPrimary data was collected through a telephonic survey of 132 respondents randomly selected from the pool of obstetrics patients who used telemedicine services of Shifa International Hospital (SIH) in Islamabad, Pakistan during the pandemic. We changed the survey tool of Medical Group Management Association to the study purpose. Required information included the respondents’ socioeconomic and antenatal characteristics and their telemedicine use experience on four parameters, namely, Appointment, Staff Attitude, Communication, and Telemedicine Services. Patients were inquired about their intent to use telemedicine beyond COVID-19 and the reasons supporting their answer. The data was analyzed descriptively and through t-test mean comparisons and binary logistic regression. ResultsMajority (54%) intend to use telemedicine in future. Average age of respondents was 30 years with gravidity 2.36, parity 1.40 and gestational amenorrhea 27.3 weeks. The respondents average schooling was 9.5 years, marriage duration was 4.5 years and monthly household income was PKR ∼83,000. However, the overall experience of those who were confident in future use of telemedicine was 0.677 points higher and significantly different than those who were not inclined to use it in future. Of those lacking interest in future use of telemedicine, nearly two-third felt in-person visit was more satisfying, 11% needed physical examination, ∼6% experienced long waiting time, 5% each had inadequate access to ICT and online payment facilities, and 6% faced other issues such as excess payments. The binary logistic regression analysis (R2 37.3%) held Medical Consultations and Communications as the most important determinants and could predict nearly two-fifth of variation in respondents’ intent for future use of telemedicine. ConclusionUptake of telemedicine for obstetrics patients is one of the positive externalities of COVID-19 and may appear as a cost-effective and culturally acceptable way to ensure universal coverage of antenatal care in Pakistan. However, telemedicine’s future beyond COVID-19 for obstetrics hinges upon improving users’ experience primarily through consultant and staff trainings and provision of effective communication e.g., in regional languages. Besides, offering physical examination facility and ability to use mobile wallet payment solutions may motivate future use of telemedicine in obstetrics.

Medicolegal Sidebar: A Fast Route To A Criminal Indictment-Violating Fraud and Abuse Laws.

Medicolegal Sidebar: A Fast Route To A Criminal Indictment-Violating Fraud and Abuse Laws.

Accessibility for money? An evaluation of subsidized air transport services in Europe and the United States

The United States Essential Air Service (EAS) programme and Europe's imposition of Public Service Obligation (PSO) air services are nationally funded and intended to increase access to remote areas. In 2018, the programmes together, involved subsidy payments in excess of US$590 million. Applying a generalized travel-cost-based methodology, this paper analyses to what extent 264 subsidized air services in 12 countries contribute to the locational accessibility of remote regions. It also assesses the routes' viability in the presence of transport alternatives at nearby airports. The results indicate that the accessibility contributions of subsidized services vary considerably across countries. More than 45 routes are identified for which no measurable accessibility improvements are found. In total, only 15% of all services appear to yield accessibility contributions sufficient to justify the corresponding subsidies. The implications of the findings for future policymaking is discussed. • The contribution of 264 PSO/EAS-services to locational accessibility is assessed. • A generalized travel cost-based method makes benefits clearable against subsidies. • The presence of transport substitutes at nearby alternative airports is considered. • A majority of routes is found ‘non-profitable’, and policy insights are discussed.

Real-Time Operative Coding for Endoscopic Sinonasal Procedures: Quality Improvement in Practice

Objective: investigate the impact of an intraoperative coding sticker (ICS) on the accuracy of coding in endoscopic sinonasal procedures. Methods: this was a two-cycle audit evaluating the accuracy (and financial impact) of intraoperative coding of sinonasal procedures at a single tertiary centre. An ICS was introduced following consultation with the coding department. The accuracy of coding was measured before (cycle 1) and after (cycle 2) the ICS was introduced to a pilot firm and compared to a control firm. The ICS was used in 35% of the pilot firm cases. Results: the accuracy of clinical coding for endoscopic sinus surgery was 60% in the first cycle. Switching to the ICS has improved the accuracy in that firm from 50% in first cycle to 70% in the second cycle (p = 0.936; Chi-squared test). The median reimbursement for endoscopic sinus surgery was equal in both cycles of £1493.00 per patient. However, inaccurate coding resulted in £109.92 excess tariff payment in first cycle and £130.96 deficiency in the second cycle. Users of ICS reported it to be easy to use for clinicians, staff and clinical coders, whilst minimizing human error. Conclusions: The integration of the ICS improves the coding in sinonasal procedures and offers low-fidelity option alternative to live coding on the computer. The accuracy was not statistically significant in the study possibly due to the low number of observations. This can allow a precise coding standard with reliable service remuneration.