Exceptional Electrical Conductivity Research Articles

Comparative enhancement of H+ and OH− treatment on electromagnetic interference shielding in aligned and compact Ti3C2Tx MXene film

Abstract The pressing demand for ultrathin and flexible shields to counter electromagnetic interference (EMI) has sparked interest in Ti3C2Tx MXene materials due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and layered structure. However, pure Ti3C2Tx MXene films often lack the mechanical properties required for practical engineering applications, and traditional reinforcement methods tend to reduce electrical conductivity. This work demonstrates an effective strategy to enhance the alignment and densely packed layered structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene films by regulating the acidity and alkalinity of Ti3C2Tx MXene aqueous solutions. This approach simultaneously improves mechanical strength and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Compared with original Ti3C2Tx MXene films, MXene films modified with ammonia solution (NH3·H2O) via OH− show a significant improvement in tensile strength (27.7 ± 1.9 MPa). Meanwhile, MXene films treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) via H+ reach an even higher tensile strength of 39 ± 1.5 MPa. Moreover, the EMI SE values of the treated MXene films increase significantly, each reaching 66.2 and 58.4 dB. The maximum improvements in EMI SE values for the acid- and alkali-treated samples are 17.9% and 4%, respectively. In conclusion, the simultaneous enhancement of mechanical strength and EMI shielding efficacy highlights the potential of acid- and alkali-treated Ti3C2Tx MXene films for applications in ultrathin and flexible EMI shielding materials. Graphical abstract

Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Using Bimetallic NiFe Metal-Organic Frameworks Integrated with Carbon Nanotubes

Hydrogen is considered a very clean and highly available renewable energy resource for the future. Water electrolysis (WE) is a conspicuous promising technology to produce hydrogen on a large scale, without generating carbon dioxide. In this study, we prepared bimetallic NiFe-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) integrated with CNTs (NiFe–BTC@CNTs) as highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water electrolysis. Combining NiFe MOFs and CNTs significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance and structural integrity of the catalyst. The NiFe–BTC@CNT (30 wt.% CNTs) demonstrates a significant low overpotential of 230 mV at 10 mA·cm⁻2, superior catalytic activity with a Tafel slope of 36 mV·dec⁻1, and excellent stability under both constant and dynamic operating conditions. These unique characteristics are attributed to the high surface area and abundant active sites provided by the bimetallic MOF structure, combined with the exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of CNTs. Furthermore, the integration of CNTs improves the dispersion while preventing the agglomeration of MOF particles, ensuring a more uniform and accessible active surface area. This research highlights the potential of the NiFe–BTC@CNT catalysts as high-performance durable electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production, offering a significant advance in the development of advanced materials for energy conversion and storage applications.

Structural regulation of 1T-MoS2/Graphene composite materials for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors

Heterogeneous composite structures are considered an effective strategy by utilizing the advantages of heterogeneous components. However, the relationship between structural modifications and electrochemical performance remains inadequately understood. In this study, we leveraged DFT calculations to elucidate the key advantages of the 1T-MoS2/Gr heterostructure, including its exceptional electrical conductivity, enhanced Li+ adsorption capabilities, and improved Li+ diffusion kinetics. To synthesize the 1T-MoS2/Gr composite, we developed a facile, one-step hydrothermal method using glucose as a reducing agent, achieving an optimal heterostructure that maximized the synergistic properties of the components. By comparing different levels of graphene content, the relationship between structural regulation and electrochemical performance has been studied, and a remarkably significant heterostructure composite material (1T-MoS2/Gr-0.8) was identified. As the anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), 1T-MoS2/Gr-0.8 presents excellent cycle performance with 467 mAh g−1 under the condition (0.5 A g−1, 600 cycles). Simultaneously, when assembling the lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) device with an activated carbon (AC) cathode, even at a high power density of 11.7 kW kg−1, the energy density of the 1T-MoS2/Gr-0.8//AC LIC is as high as 137.0 Wh kg−1. Moreover, the capacity retention rate remains at 89.9 % even after 2000 cycles at 2 A g−1, demonstrating its candidacy as a high-performance anode material for LICs.

Progress of highly conductive Graphene-reinforced Copper matrix composites: A review

Enhancing the electrical conductivity of metals remains a critical challenge, as it directly determines the transmission efficiency of power electronic systems. Graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites have garnered widespread attention due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and low-temperature coefficient of resistance. This review thoroughly examines the intrinsic physical properties of Graphene and Cu, identifying specific obstacles in developing highly conductive composite materials. Despite the weak van der waals interactions between Graphene and Cu, the work principle and interaction mechanism between Cu and Graphene are elucidated. The primary focus of this review is to explore methods for enhancing the electrical conductivity of Cu/Graphene composites through different design strategies and processing techniques. The more complex and critical factors encompass the quality of raw materials, processing techniques, dimensional precision, crystallographic orientation, and the interfacial properties between Graphene and Cu. The perspectives on the research gap and further development trends of Cu/Gr composites are also discussed.

Nanomaterials in electronics: Advancements and challenges in high-performance devices

Nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides, are revolutionizing the field of electronics by enabling the development of high-performance devices. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, and application of these nanostructured materials. The unique properties of nanomaterials, including exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal management capabilities, and potential for device miniaturization, offer significant advantages over traditional materials. Graphene, for instance, exhibits remarkable electrical and thermal conductivity, making it an ideal candidate for applications in transistors and sensors. Carbon nanotubes, known for their strength and conductivity, enhance the performance of various electronic components, while metal oxides play a crucial role in semiconductor applications. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain. Issues related to scalability hinder the large-scale production of nanomaterials, while reproducibility concerns affect the reliability of devices fabricated from these materials. Moreover, the environmental impact of synthesizing and disposing of nanomaterials raises significant ethical considerations that must be addressed as the field progresses. This paper aims to provide insights into the current research trends and potential future directions, highlighting the need for sustainable practices in the synthesis and application of nanomaterials in electronics. By addressing these challenges, we can pave the way for the next generation of high-performance electronic devices that are not only efficient but also environmentally responsible.

Graphene reinforced magnesium metal matrix composites by infiltrating coated-graphene preform with melt

Graphene’s exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal conductivity capabilities make it an ideal reinforcement for metal matrix composites. However, graphene is hard to be dispersed in the melt metal due to its high surface energy, non-wetting nature, and strong van der Waals interactions between graphene sheets, which weaken the reinforcing efficiency of composites. A novel process by infiltrating the coated-graphene preform with melt magnesium was proposed to improve the dispersion of graphene in the magnesium matrix. Graphene preforms with oriented pores were prepared by a directional freeze-drying method. Magnesium oxide coatings were deposited on the surface of graphene inside the graphene preform using the evaporation of magnesium atoms to enhance the strength as well as the wettability between the preform and magnesium matrix. Magnesium matrix composites were fabricated by liquid-solid pressure infiltrating coated-graphene preform with molten magnesium. The microstructure of graphene preforms and composites and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results show that graphene is uniformly dispersed in the matrix and presents a reticular structure, and the hardness, elastic modulus, and compressive strength of the composite were improved apparently compared to the matrix. This study suggests that the method of preparing composites by infiltration provides a novel strategy for fabricating nano-material reinforced magnesium matrix composites.

Preparation and Electrochemical Applications of Magnéli Phase Titanium Suboxides: A Review.

Magnéli phase titanium suboxides (M-TSOs) belong to a type of sub-stoichiometric titanium oxides based on the crystal structure of rutile TiO2. They possess a unique shear structure, granting them exceptional electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. These two advantages are crucial for electrode materials in electrochemistry, hence the significant interest from numerous researchers. However, the preparation of M-TSOs is uneconomic due to high temperature reduction and other complex synthesis process, thus limiting their practical application in electrochemical fields. This review delves into the crystal structure, properties, and synthesis methods of M-TSOs, and touches on their applications as electrocatalysts in wastewater treatment and electrochemical water splitting. Furthermore, it highlights the research challenges and potential future research directions in M-TSOs.

Novel 2D Material of MBenes: Structures, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Energy Conversion and Storage.

2D transition metal borides (MBenes) have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, strong mechanical rigidity, excellent dynamic and thermodynamic stability, which stimulates the enthusiasm of researchers for the study of MBenes. Over the past few years, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the study of MBenes, resulting in a growing number of synthesis methods being developed. However, there remains a scarcity of comprehensive reviews on MBenes, particularly in relation to the synthesis techniques employed. To address this gap, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research findings on MBenes. An exhaustive exploration of the crystal structure types of MBenes is presented, highlighting the greater structural diversity compared to MXenes. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in MBenes synthesis methodologies is provided. The review also delves into the physical and chemical properties of MBenes, while elucidating their applications in the realms of energy conversion and energy storage. Lastly, this review concludes by summarizing and offering insights on MBenes from three angles: synthesis, structure-property relationships, and application prospects.

Electrically Conductive Nanomaterials: Transformative Applications in Biomedical Engineering - A Review.

In recent years, significant advancements in nanotechnology have improved the various disciplines of scientific fields. Nanomaterials, like, carbon-based (carbon nanotubes, graphene), metallic, metal oxides, conductive polymers, and 2D materials (MXenes) exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, flexibility, thermal property and chemical stability. These materials hold significant capability in transforming material science and biomedical engineering by enabling the creation of more efficient, miniaturized, and versatile devices. The indulgence of nanotechnology with conductive materials in biological fields promises a transformative innovation across various industries, from bioelectronics to environmental regulations. The conductivity of nanomaterials with a suitable size and shape exhibits unique characteristics, which provides a platform for realization in bioelectronics as biosensors, tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. It can be explored for state-of-the-art cardiac, skeletal, nerve, and bone scaffold fabrication while highlighting their proof-of-concept in the development of biosensing probes and medical imaging. This review paper highlights the significance and application of the conductive nanomaterials associated with conductivity and their contribution towards a new perspective in improving the healthcare system globally.&#xD.

Efficient Formaldehyde Gas Sensing Performance via Promotion of Oxygen Vacancy on In-Doped LaFeO3 Nanofibers.

Perovskite oxide LaFeO3(LFO) emerges as a potential candidate for formaldehyde (HCHO) detection due to its exceptional electrical conductivity and abundant active metal sites. However, the sensitivity of the LFO sensor needs to be further enhanced. Herein, a series of LaxIn1-xFeO3 (x = 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7) nanofibers (LxIn1-xFO NFs) with different ratios of La/In were obtained via the electrospinning method followed by a calcination process. Among all these LxIn1-xFO NFs sensors, the sensor based on the L0.8In0.2FO NFs possessed the maximum response value of 18.8 to 100 ppm HCHO at the operating temperature of 180 °C, which was 4.47 times higher than that based on pristine LFO NFs (4.2). Furthermore, the L0.8In0.2FO NFs sensor also exhibited a rapid response/recovery time (2 s/22 s), exceptional repeatability, and long-term stability. This excellent gas sensing performance of the L0.8In0.2FO NFs can be attributed to the large number of oxygen vacancies induced by the replacement of the A-site La3+ by In3+, the large specific surface area, and the porous structure. This research presents an approach to enhance the HCHO gas sensing capabilities by adjusting the introduced oxygen vacancies through the doping of A-sites in perovskite oxides.

Hierarchical CuO nanosheets encasing nanorods via a singular potential-cycling activation: Innovations in supercapacitor energy density and longevity

Copper oxides (CuO), by virtue of their exceptional electrical conductivity, benign environmental profile, and economic viability, have emerged as indispensable constituents in the design and development of binder-free electrodes for advanced supercapacitor systems. The ongoing quest for the synthesis of CuO nanomaterials through gentle yet economically feasible methodologies held considerable promise for broadening their applicability within the domain of energy storage devices. In this investigation, a novel architectural innovation was achieved through the integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within the framework of an in-situ electrooxidation process, culminating in the formation of a distinctive CuO-CNT nanorod configuration. Subsequent to this fabrication, the electrode material was subjected to an extensive cyclic voltammetry (CV) activation for 2000 cycles, which precipitated a profound morphological evolution. This process resulted in the emergence of 2D hierarchical nanosheet arrays enveloping 1D nanorods, a configuration herein designated as CuO-CNT-2000. This meticulously engineered lamellar structure conferred upon the material an extraordinary specific surface area, quantified at 219.6 m2 g⁻1, and an impressive specific capacitance of 709.1 F g⁻1. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled utilizing this advanced material exhibited a remarkable energy density, measured at 38.09 Wh kg⁻1. Notably, even after enduring 60,000 charge-discharge cycles, the device demonstrated a retention of 82.36 % of its initial energy density, coupled with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.43 %, thus attesting to its superior electrochemical stability and longevity. The efficacy of the CV activation technique in facilitating significant morphological refinement, augmenting the specific surface area, and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the material suggests a broad applicability of this method to a diverse array of other electrode materials, potentially revolutionizing the design and fabrication of next-generation energy storage systems.

Enhanced dopamine detection using Ti3C2Tx/rGO/Pt ternary composite synthesized via microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

A novel electrochemical sensing platform for dopamine (DA) detection was developed by fabricating the ternary composite of Ti3C2Tx MXene (M) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) through microwave-assisted hydrothermal heating. The exceptional electrical conductivity and rich surface chemistry of MXene provide abundant active catalytic sites for electrochemical reactions, while the large surface area of rGO facilitates ion and electron pathways. The integration of rGO in the MXene sheet, forming MXene-rGO (M_rGO) heterostructure composite, imparts long-term stability to the 2D heterostructure while providing additional electron pathways and significantly enhancing conductivity. Pt NPs synergistically increased the electrocatalytic activity of the electrochemical sensor's performance. Ternary nanocomposites were fabricated with different weight percentages (wt.%) of Pt NPs, ranging from 5 to 20. Characterizations of the samples (rGO, M, M_rGO, and 5–20 wt% Pt@M_rGO) were conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical evaluations of the samples were investigated in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analyses. The analysis revealed that the ternary composite with 5 wt% of Pt NPs (5% Pt@M_rGO) exhibited a uniform well-distribution of Pt NPs and the highest oxidation peak for DA oxidation in CV studies. The presence of metal nanoparticles, aided by the synergistic effects between the MXene and rGO, resulted in an excellent DA sensor with a 0.147 μM detection limit from 1 to 14 μM linearity range. The sensor demonstrated outstanding selectivity, reproducibility (RSD values of 8.10%), repeatability (RSD value of 2.46%) and, excellent stability over 14 days. In human urine samples, the sensor exhibited excellent DA recovery (88.62–110.65%). This study significantly advances the development of electrochemical sensors for DA detection by introducing a rapid, facile and, efficient method for fabricating ternary composites. The fabricated sensor exhibited high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and robust electrochemical performance, offering valuable insights into human and behavioral health advancements.

Phytic acid-based super antifreeze multifunctional conductive hydrogel for human motion monitoring and energy harvesting devices

Conductive hydrogels have broad application prospects in the field of self-powered sensors and energy harvesting devices due to their good electrical conductivity and flexibility. However, at low temperatures, conductive hydrogels are usually frozen, resulting in problems such as poor electrical conductivity and flexibility, which seriously hinder the application of these fields. To address these challenges, phytic acid (PA) was employed as the crosslinker and antifreezing agent in this study. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), chitosan (CS), and PA were used as raw materials to successfully synthesize PVA/AMPS/CS/PA (PACP) multifunctional conductive hydrogels with outstanding antifreeze and water retention properties (freezing point below −80 °C, 30-day water loss rate of 3.5%). In addition, PACP hydrogels exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity of up to 9.4 S/m, along with antibacterial and biocompatible properties, enabling their utilization as wearable sensors on human skin tissue. Notably, the PACP hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PACP-TENG) excels in accurately monitoring human motion and powering small electronic devices, facilitating remote control of small light switches. The resulting open circuit voltage is as high as 314 V at 25 °C and about 110 V at low temperature. Therefore, PACP hydrogels with excellent properties are expected to expand their applications in these fields.

Enhanced Oxidation‐Resistant and Conductivity in MXene Films with Seamless Heterostructure

AbstractMXene‐based films have garnered significant attention for their remarkable electrical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the practical application of MXene is impeded by its intrinsic instability caused by spontaneous oxidation. The traditional anti‐oxidative strategies frequently lead to a compromise in stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties. In this study, a novel approach is proposed involving metal nano‐armoring, wherein a copper layer with nano thickness is deposited onto MXene film surfaces to establish a uniform and seamless heterogeneous interface (MXene@Cu). The precise tunability and uniformity of this heterostructure are consistently demonstrated through both theoretical calculations and experimental results. The MXene@Cu films exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity of 1.17 × 106 S m−1, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 77.1 dB, and tensile strength of 43.4 MPa. More importantly, this heterostructure significantly improves MXene's stability against oxidation. After exposure to air for 30 days, the resultant MXene@Cu films exhibit a remarkable conductivity retention of 72.0%, significantly exceeding that of pristine MXene films (44.3%). This scalable synthesis approach holds significant promise for electronic device applications, particularly in electromagnetic shielding and thermal management.

Thermal responsive sodium alginate/polyacrylamide/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) ionic hydrogel composite via seeding calcium carbonate microparticles for the engineering of ultrasensitive wearable sensors

The design of polyelectrolyte hydrogel with unique tensile and adhesive properties which can be applied across disciplines has gradually become a popular trend. However, the phenomenon of global warming and the emergence of extreme weather, it still faces some urgent problems that should be solved, such as the optimal utilization of polyelectrolyte hydrogel across a wide range of temperatures. Herein, a wide temperature sensitivity and conductivity hydrogel based on sodium alginate, acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide was constructed, which exhibited excellent adhesion and temperature conductivity. It is worth noting that after the inclusion of CaCO3 and NaCl in the hydrogel, the hydrogel showed excellent tensile properties (fracture strain >2000 %). Within a wide temperature range (−15–50 °C), it exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity (2.75 S ∗ m−1) and sensitivity (GF = 8.76 under high strain). This innovative intelligent polyelectrolyte hydrogel provides suitable strategy for flexible sensors, smart wearable devices and medical monitoring equipment.

Silicon Nanowires via Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching for Energy Storage Applications.

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have demonstrated great potential for energy storage due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and wide compositional range. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a widely used top-down technique for fabricating silicon micro/nanostructures. SiNWs fabricated by MACE exhibit significant surface areas and diverse surface chemistry. Since the material composition and surface chemistry have a significant impact on the electrochemical energy storage performance, integrating SiNWs with diverse materials like porous carbon, metal oxides/sulfides, and polymers, can establish composites with excellent properties. Hence, it is imperative to meticulously fabricate SiNW-based materials with customizable morphologies and enhanced electrochemical energy-storage performance. This review provides an in-depth study of recent advancements in SiNW-based materials with enhanced performance for energy storage systems, such as supercapacitors (SCs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It includes a concise overview of the history, MACE synthesis, and characteristics of SiNWs. Further, it also explores the key elements that influence the MACE process of SiNWs and delves into structural engineering. Additionally, we introduce recent advances in SiNW-based materials for the design of high-performance energy-storage devices, namely SCs and LIBs. Finally, we present the crucial future prospects of SiNW-based materials for energy-storage applications.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene on copper foil via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method and its impact on electrical properties

Copper, prized for its exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, is a staple in electronic applications. The ongoing quest for enhanced performance in miniaturized technologies has led to exploring copper-graphene composites, particularly those integrating bilayer graphene (BLG). This study investigates the enhancement of electrical conductivity in copper through the incorporation of BLG via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). The research highlights the APCVD method's ability to grow high-quality BLG on high-purity oxygen-free copper foil, demonstrating significant improvements in electrical properties. Detailed characterization reveal that the graphene growth process induces structural changes in the copper, promoting ideal crystallographic orientations and larger grain sizes. This process achieves nearly complete graphene coverage and results in a copper/graphene (Cu/GR) composite with minimal defects. The electrical conductivity of the Cu/GR composite significantly increased to 59.32 × 10⁶ S·m⁻1, a 7.83 % improvement over the pristine copper foil. This enhancement is attributed to the increased carrier density and mobility within the composite. These advancements suggest the potential of APCVD-grown graphene for various high-performance electronic applications, providing a promising pathway for further development and optimization of graphene-copper composites.

Boosting Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia by Fe Doped CuO/Co3O4 Nanosheet/Nanowire Heterostructures.

The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR) is a novel green method for ammonia synthesis. The development of outstanding NO3-RR performance is based on reasonable catalyst. Metal oxides have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and catalytic properties. Doping serves as an effective strategy for enhancing catalyst performance due to its ability to change the electron cloud distribution and energy levels. In this study, we develop a heterojunction catalyst Fe doped copper oxide nanosheet and cobalt tetroxide nanowire growing on carbon cloth simultaneously (Fe-CuO@Co3O4/CC) via hydrothermal method. The well-designed Fe-CuO@Co3O4/CC has excellent NH3 yield (470.9 μmol h-1 cm-2) and Faraday efficiency (FE: 84.4%) at -1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). The heterostructure increases the specific surface area of the catalyst, and the possibility of contact between the catalyst and NO3- ions, enhances the catalytic efficiency. In addition, the catalyst has excellent stability and can stably carry out the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR), which provides a way for further research on the high-efficiency reduction of nitrate.

A Breathable and Strain‐Insensitive Multi‐Layered E‐Skin Patch for Digital Healthcare Wearables

AbstractIn this study, a breathable and strain‐insensitive multi‐layered electronic skin (e‐skin) capable of real‐time detection and distinction of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, temperature, and skin hydration is developed. Leveraging a scalable benchtop method, sensing elements are transferred onto porous and hydrophobic substrates, followed by multi‐layer stacking to enable multimodal sensing. The sensing elements, a combination of carbon nanotube and nanoporous carbon (CNT@NPC) ink, are applied using strain‐insensitive patterned masks, then spray‐coated with styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) to create a hierarchical porous network through phase separation. The CNT@NPC networks exhibit an improvement in strain insensitivity with active sensing capabilities due to their adaptable molecular tuning capacity and exceptional electrical conductivity. The porous SEBS substrate offers strong bonding with CNT@NPC attributed to the π–π interactions and high kinetic energy dispersion from spray coating allowing effective transfer. This unique design facilitates breathability, and miniaturization that minimizes the interference between different sensing modalities, ensuring accurate and reliable data acquisition. The breathability (3.49 mg cm−2 h−1) and the non‐smearing nature of the multi‐layered e‐skin enables simultaneous monitoring of temperature (0.198% °C−1), skin hydration (relative humidity = 0.77% %−1), and ECG (26 ± 1 dB) with continuous data transmission to a remote smartphone interface.

Self-Thermal Management in Filtered Selenium-Terminated MXene Films for Flexible Safe Batteries.

Li-ion batteries with superior interior thermal management are crucial to prevent thermal runaway and ensure safe, long-lasting operation at high temperatures or during rapid discharging and charging. Typically, such thermal management is achieved by focusing on the separator and electrolyte. Here, the study introduces a Se-terminated MXene free-standing electrode with exceptional electrical conductivity and low infrared emissivity, synergistically combining high-rate capacity with reduced heat radiation for safe, large, and fast Li+ storage. This is achieved through a one-step organic Lewis acid-assisted gas-phase reaction and vacuum filtration. The Se-terminated Nb2Se2C outperformed conventional disordered O/OH/F-terminated materials, enhancing Li+-storage capacity by ≈1.5 times in the fifth cycle (221 mAh·g-1 at 1 A·g-1) and improving mid-infrared adsorption with low thermal radiation. These benefits result from its superior electrical conductivity, excellent structural stability, and high permittivity in the infrared region. Calculations further reveal that increased permittivity and conductivity along the z-direction can reduce heat radiation from electrodes. This work highlights the potential of surface groups-terminated layered material-based free-standing flexible electrodes with self-thermal management ability for safe, fast energy storage.