Example Of Risk Management Research Articles

Chlorine Gas Poisoning in an Aquatic Exercise Pool: A Case Report

Background and Purpose: This case report describes an incident of chlorine gas poisoning in an aquatic exercise class of senior adults in which 24 participants, facility employees, and first responders required emergency medical attention with some requiring hospitalization. The cause of the chlorine gas release, the health effects on participants, and the facility's subsequent response are described. The purpose of this case is to inform physical therapists and exercise professionals working in aquatic exercise pools about chlorine gas poisoning prevention and mitigation efforts. Case Description: The cause of this incident was a series of breakdowns in safety procedures leading to the release of chlorine gas while a class was in session. Because of limited exit points, physical debilitation of some participants, and a lack of proper safety equipment, the evacuation effort was delayed, overwhelming participants, facility employees, and first responders with toxic gas. Twenty-four people were transported to the emergency department with 7 hospitalized. At least 3 are known to suffer long-term health effects. Outcomes: The facility concluded that normal operating procedures and safety protocols were not followed. Following the review, the facility took measures to ensure adherence to proper procedures, revised its emergency action plan, and acquired the appropriate safety equipment. Discussion: The accidental release of chlorine gas in an exercise pool is a rare but potentially catastrophic event. Facilities operating exercise and aquatic therapy pools must follow strict protocols for the safe handling of pool chemicals and be prepared to respond immediately if a chlorine gas accident occurs. This case report serves as an example of risk management for the prevention of and response to a catastrophic release of chlorine gas during a group exercise or aquatic therapy session.

The evolution of the concept of risk management in IT+ organizations

The impact of risk on an organization's decision-making process is one on important research topic. The risk refers to the risks associated with human errors, processes, information systems and external factors that can affect on IT business. The effective mechanisms to manage risk is essential to protect the value of the IT company and minimize potential losses. The aims of this article is analyses the impact of risk on the decision-making process in IT organization. The article is theoretical, presents a variety of approaches and models of risk management, as well as the results of scientific research and practical examples of risk management in IT companies. More evaluates tools and methods for managing risk in IT organization e.g. risk analysis, risk impact assessment, contingency planning, risk monitoring and reporting, and business process auditing. Practical examples will help to better understand how these tools and methods can be applied in practice and improve decision-making in IT organizations.

Self-assessment questions

Which of the following is not an example of risk management in clinical practice?A.Responding to a legal claim from a patient.B.Reporting an intra-operative vascular injury.C.Root Cause Analysis following a serious adverse event.D.Monitoring Healthcare Associated Infections.E.Use of the WHO surgical site checklist.

Improving Investment Management in Agribusiness

The financial condition of many agricultural organizations does not allow financing investments at the expense of funds; therefore, there is a need for investments, borrowed sources of investment financing are too expensive. Therefore, the issue of improving investment management in agribusiness is incredibly urgent. To develop proposals, the authors analyzed theoretical studies in this area, as well as the state of agribusiness in Ukraine and investment trends. Based on the study, the authors proposed a mechanism for improving investment management in agribusiness, the distinctive features of which are the cooperation of internal and external sources, as well as risk management due to the specifics of the industry. Using a practical example, the authors showed an example of risk management in agriculture, which confirmed that taking risks into account leads to the more correct and effective planning of investment activities.

RISK-MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES: INTERNATIONAL ASPECT

This article examines examples of risk management at the governmental level. The author explored the developed countries of the world, namely the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, where government risk management is represented sufficiently well. This made it possible to determine the directions for the development of risk management in Ukraine at the national level. Examples of world rankings are also provided to assess the reliability of cooperation with different countries around the world by their level of risk and in order to formulate their own risk management policy based on the results of the rating.

Концепт безбедности — системски приступ

The security concept in this paper is considered from the aspect of corporate, organizational, business or human security. In this sense, in conceptual terms, a security system can be viewed as a complex system the variables of which are time-varying and to this end, methodology belonging to the field of System Dynamics can be implemented. This approach is adequate given that it enables the real operationalization of the security concept. The paper discusses the aspects of security concept derived from the systems approach, such as ontologies and system archetypes in the domain of security. This is the general approach that starts from the chosen system archetype as a generic form that is then mapped to the archetype for the specific, appropriate implementation. By applying the specialized system simulation software, an instance of the model, that is, a corresponding mathematical and simulation model is then generated. Based on the results of the simulations, optimal decisions for real-time risk management can be determined. The implementation of the systems approach, based on system archetypes, is presented on the example of risk management.

I002] Practical examples of risk management in radiotherapy

Introduction Risks are naturally also present in radiotherapy, where the patient is subject of the application of high doses of ionizing radiation. For the case of radiotherapy already exist extensive quality assurance procedures that have been developed for the imaging and treatment equipment and software involved. Nevertheless, all quality assurance measures on e.g. the dose applied focuses only on the technical side of the risk linked to the administration of radiation. The personal operating these machines or software follow usually organized procedures and are faced by the workload given in relation to the workforce provided by the institution. Actions and decisions are taken, that may impose also risks to patients not covered by the above mentioned quality assurance systems of the machines. The goal of risk analysis in radiotherapy is to reduce all possible kind of risks linked to patients during their treatment, but this is also part of the risk management which seeks to continuously improve the quality of the treatment and safety of the patient. Additionally, this includes also the prevention of the institution as well as the people working there from unjustified claims of patients. This is of economical value to the institution as insurance premiums are calculated according the level of risk of insurance claims. Materials and Methods The risk analysis is usually following the proactive method of “healthcare failure mode and error analysis” (hFMEA) [1] . This starts with the identification of possible sources of risks in all procedures involved. This is best done by a internal team of experts from the institution itself knowing all related facts, that is accompanied by an external expert for risk analysis. Risks are then categorised according their potential frequency of occurrence, detectability and severity of consequences in form of a risk or hazard scoring matrix, where scoring values can be used to classify the associated risk. From this risk matrix priorities have to be set for measures to control and reduce these risks if possible. Practical examples of risk analysis in radiotherapy are used to illustrate this procedure.

Damage reduction strategies against chemical accidents by using a mitigation barrier in Korean chemical risk management

After the hydrogen–fluoride release accident in 2012, the Korean society realized the importance of chemical safety and many plans have been proposed to improve it. After the big chemical accident, the “Chemical Control Act” was newly established. The law of the “Chemical Control Act” is the most representative measure for chemical safety. According to the law that came into force in 2015, all chemical dealing companies must conduct an off-site consequence analysis of their chemicals and develop a plan for risk management. To reduce off-site consequences from the chemical plant, an innovative risk-management plan was suggested by the Korean industry. A decision was made to build a 30 m high mitigation barrier outside the plant area to protect the public when a chemical release accident occurs. The construction is now under process, and two representative accident scenarios are developed for its simulation to confirm the effect of mitigation barrier. Each scenario follows guidelines of the “Chemical Control Act,” and simulation results show that the barrier helps reduce chemical concentration in the public area. This plan is expected to improve the anxiety of residents near the plant and will be a good example of risk management in the industry.

Study on prevention implementation in tunnels construction: Marão Tunnel’s (Portugal) singularities

The investment in tunneling shows an worldwide expansion trend. Reduction of risks, as part of the financial strategy of the stakeholders, has been the focus of several research studies. This paper aims to describe the construction risk prevention, in terms of occupational accidents and diseases, of the 2nd phase of the Marao Tunnel (Portugal) – the longest roadway tunnel in the Iberian Peninsula excavated with Sequential Method -with the particularity of the works being interrupted, leaving the tunnel only with primary lining for three years. The methodology is based in: 1) identification, by literature review, of most typical preventive measures and assessement of their applicability in the case study; 2) description of new preventive approaches. The paper will start with a history of work accidents, followed by the case study and, finally, it will delve into the preventive measures applied, as well as the new approaches, such as over-runs, falling blocks and risks associated with the suspension of works. Measures identified in literature were implemented and their validity was assessed. New approaches provided an safer and quickest way to work. This study is relevant to future tunnelling sites, since it is a good example of risk management using new approaches.

Risk and resilience lessons from Venice

In the history of disasters in Venice, there are implications for modern times in terms of complex systems management and emerging threats, in particular from examples of risk management and resilience achieved by the Venetian state during outbreaks of the plague. In fourteenth century Venice, risk assessment the way we practice it today would fail to provide meaningful recom- mendations to reduce the casualty rate of the plague epidemic because the cause and transmission of the disease was not understood. Instead, a set of systemic actions across the social, economic, and transportation networks of the city taken by officials and doctors eventually slowed and arguably stopped the spread of the disease. These latter actions are an early example of what is now considered resilience management. Resilience management improves a complex system's ability to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to unexpected threats and does so by address the capabilities at a system, rather than component, level. Resilience management can be a guide to addressing cur- rent issues of population growth and rising sea level in modern day Venice and across the globe. This paper calls for integration of resilience assessment in comprehensive risk and resilience management framework.

Multiphase Risk-Management Method and Its Application in Tunnel Engineering

For a better understanding of risk management and the optimization of risk mitigation, a multiphase risk-management method is proposed in which the assessment of risks is divided into two phases: the initial risk phase and the secondary risk phase. The initial risk phase is used for risk evaluation at the beginning of a project and can be quantified by the combination of probability and loss. If the initial risk is not acceptable, risk-mitigation measures are evaluated and the most appropriate measure will be adopted. The secondary risk phase involves identifying risks after implementing the selected mitigation measures for the initial risk, and the mitigation costs are also included. Obviously, the secondary risk must be lower than the initial risk. The task of a tunnel engineer is to select mitigation measures that result in the lowest secondary risk. During project execution, environmental factors may change, and deviations from the original design assumptions may take place. These phenomena have a knock-on effect on the risk profile, and a timely reevaluation of the risk scenario becomes necessary. Therefore, it is further proposed that the two-phase risk-evaluation process be extended to infinite phases. The novelty of the proposed method is characterized by its combination of a dynamic risk-management system and a timely reassessment of new risks, and the continuous tracking of risks until they are negligible. Finally, a relevant example of risk management using the proposed method is illustrated, in which the most appropriate and economical risk management was achieved, and the established objectives of the construction quality and timeline were ensured. This multiphase risk-management approach can be applied to tunnel engineering as well as other engineering fields.

Improving adherence to safe prescription guidelines for Dapsone: harnessing an enhanced electronic medical records system and a team approach

Dapsone is a commonly prescribed medication in dermatological practice. Its use is associated with a broad spectrum of adverse effects. Careful selection and monitoring of patients on dapsone are paramount in the prevention and early recognition of adverse effects. We designed a risk-management program for dapsone at National Skin Centre, Singapore, enhancing an existing electronic medical records system and harnessing a team approach involving the nurses. This includes the performance of key laboratory tests before and after starting dapsone, ensuring adequate counseling before starting dapsone and screening for adverse effects using a questionnaire every visit. This system of dapsone prescription efficiently improved the adherence to safe prescription and monitoring guidelines. Average adherence rates for key safety parameters improved from 61.4% pre-implementation to 95.3% at six months and were sustained at 12 months at 91.3%. Percentage of follow-up cases in which all three key monitoring parameters were fulfilled increased from 9.5% to 79.6% (p=0.0001) after 12months. The percentage of new patients in which all four key monitoring parameters were met increased from 50% to 80%. It was not statistically significant possibly because of small patient numbers. This project has also translated into enhanced patient safety with dapsone dosages adjusted in 17 patients who experienced mild adverse effects. No severe adverse effects to dapsone were observed in the 12-month period. This example of risk management for dapsone may serve as a model for institutions looking at harnessing information technology and a team approach for safer prescription of high-alert medications.

Multidisciplinary Evaluation for Severity of Hazards Applied to Hemodialysis Devices

Risk analysis for medical devices is a crucial process to grant adequate levels of safety. Identification of device exposure-related hazards is one of the main objectives. Hazard analysis for hemodialysis devices has been performed by a multidisciplinary team involving engineers and clinical experts. A potential harm list was identified from clinical and technical experience, postproduction information, and literature. Various hazardous situations (circumstances when the use of the dialysis device may lead to described harms) were described. Such hazardous situations were correlated to the extent of the deviation of a specific device parameter from expected ranges. The clinical severity that was relevant to any specific harm was categorized for each hazardous situation using a descriptive and numerical scale with five levels (from negligible [i.e., discomfort only] to catastrophic [i.e., potentially lethal]). Harms in which the deviation of a parameter strictly coincides with the clinically measured effect on the patient are defined as "direct." Otherwise, when another clinical parameter must be involved to quantify severity, the related harm is considered "indirect." Two complete examples of multidisciplinary evaluation for severity of hazards (MESH) are given for a direct harm (air embolism) and for an indirect harm (hypothermia). For other harms, the maximum value of severity involved is provided. MESH represents a possible example of risk management for dialysis equipment in which, although the manufacturer is directly responsible, a multidisciplinary task force may contribute to a better link between engineering and clinical perspectives.

Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany 1944 and 1945—The Greatest Airborne Battles in History (review)

Reviewed by: Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany 1944 and 1945—The Greatest Airborne Battles in History Martijn Lak Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany 1944 and 1945—The Greatest Airborne Battles in History. By Lloyd Clark. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008. ISBN-13 978-0-87113-989-4. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. Pp. xxviii, 415. $25.00. Arnhem, the afternoon of 17 September 1944. Wehrmacht artillery officer Lieutenant Joseph Enthammer gazes up to the clear skies, hardly believing what he sees. The next moment 'snowflakes' appear to hang in the air. He is then quoted by Robert J. Kershaw as thinking: 'That cannot be! It never snows in September! They must be parachutists!' Enthammer was indeed correct, as he witnessed the first wave of the British airborne attack on Arnhem. Operation Market Garden, Montgomery's bold but overly ambitious plan to seize key bridges across the Rhine by dropping parachutists deep into enemy-held territory and thus opening the way to a swift end to World War Two, had just begun in earnest. As Lloyd Clark correctly notes in this thoroughly researched book, the battle for Arnhem and the resulting Allied defeat—and as a consequence last German victory of the war—has received a lot of attention from military historians and even Hollywood. Perhaps that explains why Arnhem is one of the most famous battles of World War Two, because if one takes some distance, one notices it is dwarfed by other operations, especially on the Eastern Front, and it is moreover [End Page 996] highly debatable if an Allied success at Arnhem would have indeed brought the war to an earlier end. Much less attention has been paid to operation Plunder Varsity, the Allied airborne landings in Germany in March 1945. Or, as Clark writes: 'When compared to Market Garden it has attracted scant attention from authors, its commemorations are muted and far less well attended by the public, and battlefield tours to its important sites are rarities' (p. xix). This is remarkable, as Plunder Varsity was the largest single airborne lift operation in history. In his book, Clark tries to bring more balance into the coverage of Market Garden and Plunder Varsity, and he does so very convincingly. With regard to Arnhem there's not much new information, but Clark's style is gripping and his extensive use of eyewitness accounts—both Allied and German—makes for a thrilling read. The same goes for the author's coverage of Plunder Varsity. The US XVIII Airborne Corps—consisting of the US 17th Airborne Division and the British 6th Airborne Division—was to play an integral part in the Allied crossing of the Rhine, the last natural defensive barrier in Germany. It was not just to seize and hold ground: it was to resist enemy counterattacks against the bridgehead that was being established, take key ground objectives and bridges and facilitate the advance inland. In this Plunder Varsity succeeded splendidly. Clark deservedly devotes considerable attention to this operation, and recounts the often underestimated viciousness of the ensuing fighting. To many, Montgomery's plan for crossing the Rhine was overly cautious and conservative. However, Clark states Monty's approach was justified given the circumstances: he wanted to prevent casualties and, according to Clark, it was 'a supreme example of risk management, because by this stage in the war the Germans were as good as beaten, great political objectives such as the taking of Berlin had been ceded to the Soviets, and there was a distinct lack of British manpower' (p. 335). This is debatable, however. Although Clark is absolutely right when he writes Plunder Varsity was by no means a foregone conclusion, to compare it with Market Garden in this respect seems unjustified, be it alone for the fact that German resistance in March 1945 was totally different from that of the autumn of 1944. The huge success of Plunder Varsity may also explain why it has received far less attention than Market Garden. The latter was a costly failure, the former an overwhelming success in which the lessons of Normandy and Arnhem were put to good use. There was, to put it bluntly...

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Biologics Targeting the Immune System

Biologic pharmaceuticals include a variety of products, such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and cytokines. Products in those classes include immunomodulatory biologics, which are intended to enhance or diminish the activity of the immune system. Immunomodulatory biologics have been approved by the U.S. FDA for a variety of indications, including cancer and inflammatory conditions. Prior to gaining approval for marketing, sponsoring companies for all types of products must demonstrate a product's safety in toxicology studies conducted in animals and show safety and efficacy in clinical trials conducted in patients. The overall goal of toxicology studies, which applies to immunomodulatory and other product types, is to identify the hazards that products pose to humans. Because biologics are generally highly selective for specific targets (receptors/epitopes), conducting toxicology studies in animal models with the target is essential. Such animals are referred to as pharmacologically relevant. Endpoints routinely included in toxicology studies, such as hematology, organ weight and histopathology, can be used to assess the effect of a product on the structure of the immune system. Additionally, specialized endpoints, such as immunophenotyping and immune function tests, can be used to define effects of immunomodulatory products on the immune system. Following hazard identification, risks posed to patients are assessed and managed. Risks can be managed through clinical trial design and risk communication, a practice that applies to immunomodulatory and other product types. Examples of risk management in clinical trial design include establishing a safe starting dose, defining the appropriate patient population and establishing appropriate patient monitoring. Risk communication starts during clinical trials and continues after product approval. A combination of hazard identification, risk assessment and risk management allows for drug development to proceed with minimum risks to patients.

Therapeutic Risk Management Interventions: Feasibility and Effectiveness

To review the effectiveness and feasibility of risk management strategies implemented for drugs with significant known risks. Published medical literature and regulatory archives, including proceedings of Food and Drug Administration advisory committee meetings. Iterative searches of the medical literature, the Internet, and Web-based government information sources were conducted throughout 2002-2003. Search terms were related to risk management, drug safety, and the names of specific medications known to be subject to risk management programs. Key studies that illustrated examples of risk management and evaluated risk management programs were selected by the authors. Performed manually by the authors. Much of the information regarding the effectiveness of risk management interventions in reducing risk is anecdotal; little information has been published. Given the demand for evidence-based clinical decision making, pharmaceutical manufacturers and the health care community must understand whether these programs are achieving their ultimate goals of reducing risks to patients, while making needed therapies available. This paucity of evidence points to new opportunities for researchers across disciplines to better understand the feasibility and effectiveness of these interventions and the impact of the interventions at the patient, practitioner, and public health levels. Such research needs to be published so that future programs and policy can be informed by these early examples. For interventions to be effective in reducing risk, they must effect change in physician prescribing, pharmacist dispensing, and patient adherence. Risk intervention programs that are overly burdensome to physicians, pharmacists, or patients are unlikely to succeed in achieving the desired outcome of reducing individual risk. In addition, risk management programs should be scaleable and implemented in a systematic fashion to accommodate multiple simultaneous programs that can effectively manage the risk, rather than through a piecemeal approach.

L'érosion sur la frange côtière : un exemple de gestion des risques

Erosion of the coastline: an example of risk management. This paper presents a reflexion on the newly emerging awareness of erosion risk and its management, as illustrated by the seaside resort of Wimereux, in the north of France. Bearing in mind that nature imposes naturally on beaches an intrinsic mobility, and in most cases, a tendency to inland retreat, the trend of man-made setting-ups on the other hand, imposes the very opposite movement towards the shoreline which becomes then artificially fixed. The combination of unpredictable natural phenomena together with a concentration of shoreline man- made infrastructures creates a coastal area of high risk. Wimereux provides us with a probing example of the telescoping of natural and man-made phenomena. This convergent dynamic system, at the origin of risks for the coastlines, reflects a tendency observed on most urbanized coasts. As a response to this hazard, coastline management used in France have made progress but considerable difficulties remain in ensuring their successful application.

Special Operators: A Key Ingredient for Successful Peacekeeping Operations Management

As an integral component of the Military Observer Mission Ecuador and Peru (MOMEP), 1995–99, Special Operations Forces (SOF) performed as a true confidence-building measure (CBM). They succeeded in changing the behaviour of states, helping to resolve a longstanding conflict. MOMEP consequently serves as an example of risk management and reduction measures that insure regional stability. Further, it is an example of a regional multi-national military peacekeeping effort (PKO), conducted by conventional forces from various nations with influence and guidance from SOF, that succeeded without the reliance upon the United Nations.

Utilizing MATPOWER in Optimal Power Flow

This thesis analyzes transmission pricing, transmission congestion risks and their associated hedging instruments as well as mechanisms for stimulating investments in transmission expansion. An example of risk management in the case of a hydropower producer is included.After liberalization and restructuring of electricity markets, risk management has become important. In particular the thesis analyzes risks due to transmission congestion both in the short- and long-term (investments) for market players such as generators, loads, traders, independent system operators and merchant investors. The work is focused on the northeastern United States electricity markets and the Nordic electricity markets.The first part of the thesis reviews the literature related to the eight research papers in the thesis. This describes the risks that are relevant for an electricity market player and how these can be managed. Next, the basic ingredients of a competitive electricity market are described including the design of the system operator. The transmission pricing method is decisive for hedging against transmission congestion risks and there is an overview of transmission pricing models considering their similarities and differences. Depending on the transmission pricing method used, locational or area (zonal) pricing, the electricity market players can use financial transmission rights or Contracts for Differences, respectively. In the long-term it is important to create mechanisms for investments in transmission expansion and the thesis describes one possible approach and its potential problems.The second part comprises eight research papers. It presents empirical analyses of existing markets for transmission congestion derivatives, theoretical analyses of transmission congestion derivatives, modeling of merchant long-term financial transmission rights, theoretical analysis of the risks of the independent system operator in providing financial transmission rights, an analysis of inefficiencies associated with ignoring losses when utilizing area (zonal) pricing, and an application of an integrated risk management model on the power system of Norway’s second largest hydropower producer.The most important research findings include the following issues. First, Contracts for Differences in the Nordic market appear to be over-priced. Second, a merchant long-term financial transmission rights model is possible to realize in mathematical and economic terms. Third, by including the proceeds from a financial transmission right auction the independent system operator can issue a higher volume of rights because there is a relationship between the congestion rent, the proceeds from the auction and the payments to the financial transmission rights holders. Fourth, ignoring losses in the Norwegian area pricing, can lead to inefficiencies. Next, an integrated risk management model is applicable on large-scale power systems. Then, an overview is presented of different contractual arrangements that can be used to hedge transmission congestion risks. Finally, empirical data from existing financial transmission rights markets demonstrate how these markets work.

Improving prescribing practice through pharmacy audit

The classic audit cycle has been applied to the prescribing practice to improve aspects of the quality of prescribing in the setting of a department of health care for older people in a district general hospital. Details the methods used both to increase the appropriate prescribing of drugs of proven benefit, and also to restrict the use of drugs which may prove hazardous. The latter provides an example of risk management. Also discusses the dilemmas posed in treating older people with multiple pathologies, on the one hand, trying to avoid an ageist approach, on the other, attempting to minimise the pitfalls of polypharmacy.