Examples Of Misuse Research Articles

Teaching Ethics and Core Values in Chemistry Education—Call for Papers

Abstract In October 2015, the The Hague Ethical Guidelines were adopted by OPCW and were endorsed by IUPAC 4 May 2016. In line with that development, attention has been focused on formulating core values for chemists, focusing specifically on the ethical aspects of the use of chemical knowledge, as well as the use of chemicals within the environment. There are many examples of misuse of chemical knowledge, as demonstrated in the TV series Breaking Bad focusing on the production of illicit drugs. Within chemical industry the use of (micro)plastics, the use and production of pesticides is another issue. Within education, codes of academic conduct have always played an important role. Recently more attention has been given in education to ethical use of chemical knowledge and the relationship between the use of chemically produced compounds, and the production of chemical compounds and the environment. This is demonstrated for example by the development of Green Chemistry.

ЦІЛЬОВЕ ВИТРАЧАННЯ БЮДЖЕТНИХ КОШТІВ ЯК ОДНЕ З ОСНОВНИХ ЗАВДАНЬ СУДОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕКСПЕРТИЗИ ДОКУМЕНТІВ ПРО ЕКОНОМІЧНУ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ Й ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ

The article is devoted to the targeted expenditure of budgetary funds as one of the main tasks of forensic economic examination of documents on economic activities of enterprises and organizations. It is noted that the classic examples of misuse of budgetary funds are expenditures under the codes of economic classification of expenditures. The author provides four examples of new types of budgetary offenses committed by budgetary entities. The author also provides the measures of influence which may be applied to participants of the budget process for violations in terms of misuse of budget funds. The author provides a regulatory and legal interpretation of the term "misuse of budgetary funds" and substantiates the need to involve expert economists in criminal proceedings. The author analyzes the views of scholars and practitioners on the interpretation of the term "forensic economic examination of the misuse of budgetary funds". The author characterizes the objects of forensic economic examination of the misuse of budgetary funds, which means the information provided in the documents used in the process of budget execution, primary documents, accounting registers, financial and budgetary reporting of budget managers and recipients. The article provides a list of documents which may be subject to examination in the course of forensic economic examination with a view to identifying misuse of budgetary funds by officials. The article highlights the peculiarities of appointing a forensic economic examination on the issues of misuse of budgetary funds. The author summarizes the basic postulates on which the conduct of forensic economic examinations of misuse of budgetary funds is based. The essence of the methodology of forensic economic examination of the misuse of budgetary funds is indicated. The author makes a conclusion about the importance of the results obtained in conducting forensic economic examinations of the misuse of budgetary funds by their recipient, which is one of the sources of evidence in a trial.

Exploring Reflections of Lecturers on Ethics in the Accounting Curriculum: A Case Study of Ukzn and Unizulu, South Africa

The accounting profession has changed considerably over the past twenty years or so. This has led to the new accounting curriculum undergoing many changes such as increased financial fraud coverage, laws relating to financial crime and globalisation and financial security issues. However, there have been many financial scandals in the 21st century in the African and American context. Several notable incidents of ethical misconduct such as Enron, Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG), and Satyam (which negatively impact the world economy) are examples of misuse of accounting to cover the truth. Lack of ethics is believed to be responsible for most of these scandals. This study, therefore, aims at understanding the reflections on the issue of ethics in teaching accounting. The study followed a case study approach and involved a small sample of accounting lecturers from UKZN and UNIZULU. The study's findings suggest that special topical issues on ethics should be taught in each accounting course. For example, in the auditing course, ethical procedures should be touched upon, and students should be sensitized about accountants' ethical behaviour.

Adolescents' Perspectives on Prescription Opioid Misuse and Medication Safety.

This study explored adolescents' perspectives on prescription opioids, opioid safety and misuse, and sources of opioid information. High school students participated in focus groups that elicited information about adolescent perspectives on prescription opioids and opioid safety. Demographic information was collected. Focus groups consisted of 5 to 8 student participants and 2 moderators. Focus groups were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Transcript content was thematically analyzed using NVivo. A total of 54 high school students (59% female, 44% white, 44% Latino) participated in 8 focus groups. Participants ranged from ages 14 to 18 years and grades 9 to 12. Five major themes emerged: 1) perceptions of prescription opioids and misuse; 2) prevalence of prescription opioid misuse; 3) reasons for prescription opioid misuse; 4) consequences of prescription opioid misuse; and 5) sources of medication information. Participants identified examples of misuse and reasons for and consequences of teen opioid misuse, including mental and physical health challenges, peer and family influences, and addiction. Sources of opioid-related information included family, peers, online Web sites, and television shows. Adolescents had some knowledge pertaining to prescription opioids, but they had misconceptions related to safety. Participants were aware of safety risks and negative consequences of misuse. Adolescents obtained medication information from various sources, including health care professionals, family and peers, and online sources. Educational efforts that target adolescents should provide opportunities for addressing misconceptions about safe and responsible use of medications.

Medicine misuse: A systematic review and proposed hierarchical terminology.

Although medicine misuse is a public health issue, it has multiple meanings in the medical literature. This study aimed to characterize, classify and identify the most appropriate definitions of medicine misuse. A systematic review was performed in Medline, ISI Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Collection, using keywords related to "misuse", "appropriateness" and "medicine" between 1 November 2008 and 25 August 2020. Additional searches were conducted in websites of regulatory agencies and public health institutions. Two authors independently selected studies providing both definitions and examples of misuse, while a third resolved disagreements. Definitions were used to propose a hierarchical classification based on initiator, intent, purpose and context of medicine misuse. The study is registered on PROSPERO: CRD42018115789. Of 3404 identified records, 51 were included. A total of 71 definitions and 74 examples of misuse were retrieved. When the prescriber is initiator and according to intent, potential medicine misuse referred to "intentional or unintentional prescribing not in line with clinical evidence". Based on context, they could prescribe medicines not clinically justified, i.e. overprescribing, or prescribe indicated medicines incorrectly, i.e. misprescribing. Among other groups of definitions, those overlapping with drug abuse or medication use errors were considered out-of-scope. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the terms and definitions used to characterize medicine misuse and could serve as a basis for a terminology that makes clear distinctions between misuse, abuse and errors.

ANALYSIS OF THE BALANCE SHEET FROM THE ASPECT OF BUILT-IN ESTIMATES

The balance sheet should present the financial position of the company truthfully and objectively. The presentation of the balance sheet requires the use of the best possible estimates and reasonable assumptions that are reflected in the value of the balance sheet items. Estimates are based on historical and other available information at date of the balance sheet. Each estimate carries a risk with an outcome in materially significant adjustments to the present value of assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses in the next financial year. In the absence of a precise method of measurement, an assessment of the financial statement items is made. The use of adequate estimates does not compromise the reliability of the balance sheet. However, due to the uncertainty of business activities and a certain distinctiveness in the understanding of accounting and economic value, balance sheet items may take different values. There are numerous examples of misuse of creative accounting in accounting practice, and when implemented untrue and biased information is published. The motives for such actions are different, ranging from the need of avoiding paying taxes, more profitable business sales, gaining better creditors position and creditors, to the realization of bonuses and management privileges. In addition to management, competent external experts are hired for appraisal work, whose work does not always have to be reliable because an alternative appraiser can be selected or manipulative data can be provided as a basis for assessment. The aim of this paper is to point out the balance sheet items that carry the greatest risks of objective reporting, and to assess the validity of the applied concept (basis) for measurement. The paper also points to possible ways of manipulating the balance sheet: if you want to show a financial result lower than the real one, then the value of assets is shown lower than it really is, and income statement expenses increase, while the situation is reversed if the company wants to show better financial results of the existing ones: then the estimated value of the assets in the balance sheet increases, and the value of the expenses in the income statement decreases. The paper starts from the basic hypothesis that the value assets assessment affects the presentation of the financial position of the company. An important item in the estimates is the assessment of the useful life of fixed assets. These estimates are reviewed annually and changed in accordance with the expected changes and the dynamics of spending the future economic benefits of fixed assets. The hypothesis proof was performed on the example of the analysis of the property position of a large service company for the period from 2004 to 2019. The results indicate that estimates can significantly correct the financial position of the company, and that the analysis of the company should focus on positions that are subject to assessments and that can significantly change the value of the company, instead of cash and liquidity positions that are considered priority in most analysis.

Regional development as a stimulator of competitiveness of the Polish economy

The author summarizes the implementation of regional policy 15 years after Poland’s accession to the EU as revealed in the official data coming from Polish regions, the Ministry of Investment and Development, the European documents and his own expert experience. Not only does he indicate the legitimacy of the adopted directions of intervention, but also he analyses the examples of misuse of EU funds. The latter cases, according to the author, are often associated with local politics, when investment decisions are based on current electoral calculations, and not long-term development strategy. The recommendations propose a change of the hitherto dominant compensatory model of the implementation of European funds to a modernisation model using knowledge as the main development component. This is also related to the need for a broader involvement of the academic community in regional policy.

Tactile Architectural Models as Universal ‘Urban Furniture’

Tactile architectural models and maquettes have been built in the external public spaces of Polish cities since the latter half of the 00s of the 21st century. These objects are designed for the blind, but also other people - tourists, children, and those who arrive in wheelchairs. This collection has got currently more than 70 implements, which places Poland in the group of European leaders. Unfortunately, this “furniture”, is not always “convenient” and safe for all recipients. Studies, which have been conducted together with Maciej Kłopotowski since 2016 across the country, show a number of serious design and executive mistakes or examples of misuse. The purpose of this article is drawing attention to these issues and pointing out ways how they can be avoided. These objects may become completely valuable, universal tool for learning and a great way of studying architecture in an alternative way.

Misuse of emergent healthcare in contemporary Japan

BackgroundMedical care is obviously an important public service to ensure the health of a nation; however, medical resources are not always used appropriately. ‘Convenience-store consultations’ and inappropriate ambulance transportation represent instances of such improper use by contemporary Japanese citizens in recent years. This article illustrates two examples of misuse and discusses potential countermeasures by considering factors contributing to these behaviours.Main bodyFrom both public and medical perspectives, these patient behaviours are problematic, causing potential harm to others, negative consequences to such patients themselves, exhaustion of healthcare staff, and breakdown of emergency medical services. Although citizens need to recognize the public nature and scarcity of medical care, the more immediate need may be to identify and to remove personal and social causes inducing such misuse. In addition, healthcare professionals should become more trustworthy. To combat these issues, one-sided penalties such as accusations or sanctions for patients who misuse the system cannot be justified in principle. If measures taken to prevent misuse are ineffective, imposing surcharges or restricting consultations may be considered official policy, but these are not acceptable for several reasons.ConclusionFor now, we conclude that we must rely on the spontaneous motivation of patients who engage in ‘convenience-store consultations’ and ambulance transportation instead of taking a taxi.

Correlates of Abusing and Misusing Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers Among Adult Population of Wrocław (Poland).

Almost 90% of households in Poland buy medicines on their own initiative. The most popular OTC medicines bought by Polish consumers are painkillers and non-steroid-anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this article was to recognize and describe the most important predictive factors of the abuse and misuse of over-the-counter pain relievers among adults in Wrocław (Poland). The groups of users were selected and described. Some examples of misuse were analyzed. Three hundred eighty six adult inhabitants of Wrocław took part in the survey. The quota sample was representative referring to the most important socio-demographic factors (sex and median age). Almost 91% of participants declare taking OTC pain relievers, and 1.3% of them are their daily users. Only 6.2% of adult inhabitants of Wrocław never take OTC pain relievers. The category of "heavy users" embraces 11% of participants. The most important risk factors of overusing OTC pain relievers are sex (female), age over 55 years and the low health status. Only half of participants read the box label regularly and 25% of users admit they have modified recommended doses. Over 60% shortened recommended intervals between doses and 16% took two or more different pain medications (containing different substances). The non-medical purposes of using OTC pain relievers were: tiredness (7%), stressful situations (5.4%), and discomfort (18.4%). Some users take pain medications to cure hangovers (26%), or instead of the appropriate medicine (7%). About 20% take pain medications without a doctor's advice for longer than the recommended 3 days, and 10% never consult taking such medications with doctors. Pain should be treated aggressively and successfully, especially among chronically ill patients. We should monitor the consumption of OTC pain relievers and limit their current excessively supply and high availability.

The Importance of Proper Administration and Interpretation of Neuropsychological Baseline and Postconcussion Computerized Testing

Media coverage, litigation, and new legislation have resulted in a heightened awareness of the prevalence of sports concussion in both adult and youth athletes. Baseline and postconcussion testing is now commonly used for the assessment and management of sports-related concussion in schools and in youth sports leagues. With increased use of computerized neurocognitive sports concussion testing, there is a need for standards for proper administration and interpretation. To date, there has been a lack of standardized procedures by which assessments are administered. More specifically, individuals who are not properly trained often interpret test results, and their methods of interpretation vary considerably. The purpose of this article is to outline factors affecting the validity of test results, to provide examples of misuse and misinterpretation of test results, and to communicate the need to administer testing in the most effective and useful manner. An increase in the quality of test administration and application may serve to decrease the prevalence of invalid test results and increase the accuracy and utility of baseline test results if an athlete sustains a concussion. Standards for test use should model the American Psychological Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, as well as the recent findings of the joint position paper on computerized neuropsychological assessment devices.

Money laundering problem: Responsibility of financial institutions

The subject of this article is a specific problem in banking management - money laundering and financial institutions? responsibility. Namely, at the beginning of the century, we were witnesses of global increase in money laundering. A lot of money earned by money laundering destroys the basic principles of economic activities. It is also a big threat to the financial institutions? integrity making successful management impossible. Fundamental problems are as follows: ?grey economy?, offshore countries and their financial institutions, corruption and alternative systems of transferring money. Therefore, their significance is emphasized in this article. All these dealings lead to general misuse of the financial systems. The connection between money laundering and financial terrorism is also considered. Terrorists? needs can be classified to direct expenses connected to specific operations and to bigger organizing expenses for certain terrorist organizations as well as for the infrastructure maintenance in order to support the organization and promote the ideology of the particular terrorist organization. Money laundering can be used for these kinds of terrorist criminal activities. Some examples of misuse of banks, which were condemned for criminal acts, are also presented.

Demystifying Earnings Management Through Accruals Management: An Indian Corporate Study

Earnings, the “bottom line” or “net income,” are the single-most important item in financial statements. They indicate the extent of company's value-added activities. They help in resource mobilization in capital markets. On account of the said importance of earnings, the management of the company is always interested in their reporting. This is where management exercises choices for reporting of earnings. The recent Satyam saga or Enron in the past are prime examples of misuse of flexibility in choosing the accounting methods and treatments by the management. Earnings management occurs when management uses discretion in financial reporting and in structuring transactions with the objective of securing private gains. Earnings management issues related to financial disclosure and reporting are increasingly relevant to the multitude of firm stakeholders. In the wake of these manipulative corporate practices, investors and managers are trying to understand whether there is widespread Enron-like manipulation of financial results among corporations or whether these scandals are just an aberration. A related issue for financial analysts, investors, and corporate executives is how to distinguish between earnings manipulation that ultimately proves to be fraudulent and the day-to-day struggles of managers to meet pre-determined targets by using various accounting flexibilities. An understanding of the financial statement effects of financial engineering transactions will thus help managers try to avoid future Satyams and Enrons and help to improve the climate for a common investor. A very important dimension of earnings management is that earnings manipulation is usually not the result of an intentional fraud, but the culmination of a series of aggressive interpretations of the accounting rules and application of aggressive operating activities. The end result is misstatement of the financial results by the people involved and realization by them when it gets too late. The typical case of earnings manipulation begins with a track record of success. The company or division has posted significant sales and earnings growth over recent years. Their stock price trades at high price earnings multiple but unfortunately, it is becoming more difficult for the company to maintain the sales and earnings growth as per the analysts� expectations. The management goes for creative accounting practices to manage their earnings. This study analyses the earnings management practices in corporate enterprises in India by examining the magnitude of discretionary accruals. DeAngelo Model has been used for calculating discretionary accruals in regard to potential earnings management for the study. It also explores earnings management issues with respect to industry classification in these enterprises. The sample was drawn from the top 25 listed profit-making companies for the year 2007. The period chosen for the study was 2002–03 to 2007–08. An examination of the units shows a definite presence of accrual management in the sample companies. Most of the units have been found to be exercising income-increasing discretionary accruals. The earnings creativity is further strengthened by industry parameters among the units.

Care and Handling of Basic Surgical Instruments

A well-made, properly cared-for instrument can be expected to last 10 years. The most important considerations in extending the life of an instrument are appropriate use, careful handling, and proper cleaning and sterilization. Every instrument is designed for a specific purpose. Using it for an unintended purpose is a sure method of damaging an instrument. Examples of misuse include securing surgical drapes or opening a medicine vial with an instrument designed to grasp tissue. The proper cleaning of instruments during and after surgery can help to prevent stiff joints, malfunctions, and deterioration of the instruments’ material, including stainless steel. During surgery, instruments contaminated by blood or tissue should be properly wiped and rinsed in the sterile distilled water in the sterile field. Thorough rinsing is important to ensure removal of blood and other contaminants from hinges, joints, and crevices. Blood and foreign matter that are not removed or are allowed to dry and harden may become trapped in jaw serrations, between scissor blades, or in box locks, making final cleaning more difficult and the sterilization or disinfection process ineffective. It can cause instruments to become stiff and eventually break. Channels, or lumens, within instruments such as suction tips should be irrigated periodically to prevent blood from drying and adhering to the inside of the lumen. Neglecting this action can cause blood and other debris to remain in lumens throughout the postoperative cleaning, decontamination, and sterilization processes. A syringe should be present in the sterile field for the purpose of flushing lumens with water throughout the procedure. Flushing the lumen should be done below the surface of the water to prevent the aerosolization of debris. Instruments should be rinsed in distilled water. Saline should not be used for this purpose. Prolonged exposure to saline can result in corrosion and can eventually lead to the pitting of stainless steel. Pitting can permit entrapment of debris, interfere with sterilization, and result in the destruction of an instrument. Instruments should be handled carefully and gently, either individually or in small lots, to avoid possible damage caused by their becoming tangled, dented, and misaligned. During and after surgery they should be placed, not tossed, into the basin. Heavy instruments should be on the bottom, with the lighter, more delicate and fragile ones on top. Rigid endoscopes and fiberoptic cables should also be placed on top or separated. Fiberoptic cables should be loosely coiled, never wound tightly. When the procedure is complete, instruments that can be immersed are disassembled and all box locks are opened. Care should be taken to ensure that they are not tangled or piled high. Instruments should be returned to their respective containers or baskets to prevent sets from becoming incomplete, and they should be covered for transport to the decontamination area. All disposable blades and sharps should be removed and placed in a designated sharps container. Delicate instruments, endoscopes, and other specialty instruments may have to be separated and transported to the decontamination area in containers specifically designed to prevent damage to these devices. Instruments with cutting edges, pointed tips, or other sharp components should be placed in such a manner that sharp edges are protected and personnel responsible for cleaning and decontamination are not injured when reaching into the container.

Use and abuse of chemometrics in chromatography

This article presents a selection of the relevant issues that emerge at the interface between chromatography and chemometrics. In the first part, we present advantages and drawbacks of applying signal-enhancement, warping and mixture-analysis methods. In the second part, we discuss typical examples of misuse and abuse of chemometrics that can occur with those less familiar with the data-processing approaches. Finally, we conclude that close collaboration between the communities of chromatographers and chemometricians will allow a deeper insight into the chromatographic systems being analyzed and permit new chromatographic problems to be solved in an efficient, elegant manner.

On a Series of Goldbach and Euler

Theorem 1 of Euler’s paper of 1737 'Variae Observationes Circa Series Infinitas', states the astonishing result that the series of all unit fractions whose denominators are perfect powers of integers minus unity has sum one. Euler attributes the Theorem to Goldbach. The proof is one of those examples of misuse of divergent series to obtain correct results so frequent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We examine this proof closely and, with the help of some insight provided by a modern (and completely di erent) proof of the Goldbach-Euler Theorem, we present a rational reconstruction in terms which could be considered rigorous by modern Weierstrassian standards. At the same time, with a few ideas borrowed from nonstandard analysis we see how the same reconstruction can be also be considered rigorous by modern Robinsonian standards. This last approach, though, is completely in tune with Goldbach and Euler’s proof. We hope to convince the reader then how, a few simple ideas from nonstandard analysis, vindicate Euler's work.

On a Series of Goldbach and Euler

Theorem 1 of Euler's paper of 1737 'Variae Observationes Circa Series Infinitas', states the astonishing result that the series of all unit fractions whose denominators are perfect powers of integers minus unity has sum one. Euler attributes the Theorem to Goldbach. The proof is one of those examples of misuse of divergent series to obtain correct results so frequent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We examine this proof closely and, with the help of some insight provided by a modern (and completely different) proof of the Goldbach-Euler Theorem, we present a rational reconstruction in terms which could be considered rigorous by modern Weierstrassian standards. At the same time, with a few ideas borrowed from nonstandard analysis we see how the same reconstruction can be also be considered rigorous by modern Robinsonian standards. This last approach, though, is completely in tune with Goldbach and Euler's proof. We hope to convince the reader then how, a few simple ideas from nonstandard analysis, vindicate Euler's work.

Supervised analysis when the number of candidate features (p) greatly exceeds the number of cases (n)

New genomic and proteomic technologies provide measurements of thousands of features for each case. This provides a context for enhanced discovery and false discovery. Most statistical and machine learning procedures were not developed for the p>>n setting and the literature of DNA microarray studies contains many examples of mis-use of analytic and computatinal methods such a cross-validation. This paper highlights some of key aspects of p>>n problems for identifying informative features and developing accurate classifiers.

Avoiding Pitfalls When Using Information-Theoretic Methods

We offer suggestions to avoid misuse of information-theoretic methods in wildlife laboratory and field studies. Our suggestions relate to basic science issues and the need to ask deeper questions (4 problems are noted), errors in the way that analytical methods are used (7 problems), and outright mistakes seen commonly in the published literature (5 problems). We assume that readers are familiar with the information-theoretic approaches and provide several examples of misuse. Any method can be misused-our purpose here is to suggest constructive ways to avoid misuse.

Othello Goes to Washington: Cultural Politics and the Thomas/Hill Affair

On Saturday, October 12, 1991, faced with Professor Anita Hill's testimony from previous day alleging that Judge Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her, Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming transformed sensational political melodrama into Shakespearean tragedy in an attempt to save judge's nomination. During final round of committee's questioning of Thomas, Simpson declared, chorus-like:I tell you I do [think] Shakespeare would love this. This is all Shakespeare. This is about love and hate and cheating and distrust and kindness and disgust and avarice and jealousy and envy--all those things that make that remarkable bard read today. But, boy, I tell you one came to my head and I just went and got it out of back of book, Othello. Read Othello and don't ever forget this line. Good name in man and woman dear, my Lord--remember this scene--is immediate jewel of their souls. Who steals my purse steals trash; T'is [sic] something, nothing; T'was [sic] mine, t'is [sic] his and has been slave to thousands. But he that filches from me my good name robs me of that which not enriches him and makes me poor indeed. What tragedy! What disgusting tragedy! (Phelps and Winternitz 355)(1)Those unfamiliar with Othello text undoubtedly accepted quotation at face value because of Thomas's lengthy lamentations on loss of his reputation. Familiarity with Othello, on other hand, led some to view Simpson's allusion with amused contempt because lines he quoted belong not to Othello but to Iago, who elsewhere says, Reputation is an idle and most false imposition; oft got without merit and lost without deserving (II.iii. 268-70). If Simpson blundered, what was his initial purpose? Had he sent staffer to look up entries under reputation in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations and picked this one because Othello was black?(2) Whom did he consider his audience? Surely, Simpson did not mean to draw an analogy between Thomas and enraged Othello who kills his white wife out of jealousy, especially since behind enraged Thomas sat his white wife.At time, Simpson's Othello allusion received scant notice in New York Times, where Maureen Dowd reported it without analyzing its purpose (29). In retrospective accounts, Othello appropriation was overlooked by contributors to Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and Construction of Social Reality (1992) and by David Brock in The Real Anita Hill: The Untold Story (1993), latest attempt to delve into Hill's motivation. In two 1991 articles in The New Republic, however, Simpson's declaration became subject to derision along with other examples of misuse of literary allusion by committee members.(3) Barry Edelstein termed Simpson's recourse to Othello...incongruous since Iago, who speaks lines, is a white man who, although supposedly on Othello's side, plots to bring him down and eventually destroys him. Edelstein found it wonder [that] Judge Thomas, along with every other literate American, sat there silent (13).(4) Robert Brustein also complained that words quoted are uttered by dissimulating villain Iago, who is stonewalling. He added that Thomas, vigorously nodding in agreement...offered no protest or correction (34). Additionally, in Capitol Games (1992), authors Phelps and Winternitz reported:Thomas seemed to wince as Simpson spoke. The parallels to Thomas were perfect, and completely misunderstood by Simpson. The lines that senator quoted were not those of Othello, black tragic hero of play, but of Iago, scheming villain, who was falsely trying to convince Othello that he was telling truth. (355)(5)Although they do not reveal their reasons, Phelps and Winternitz seem correct in saying that the parallels to Thomas were perfect. Despite his seeming misappropriation of Shakespeare in feeble bid to lend sympathy and tragic stature for Thomas, Simpson is not literary simpleton he appeared. …