Analogous Examples Research Articles

Robert Holcot in Middle English: An unpublished Anecdote, some further analogous examples, and a riddle in Piers Plowman

Robert Holcot in Middle English: An unpublished Anecdote, some further analogous examples, and a riddle in <i>Piers Plowman</i>

Examples of cosmological spacetimes without CMC Cauchy surfaces

CMC (constant mean curvature) Cauchy surfaces play an important role in mathematical relativity as finding solutions to the vacuum Einstein constraint equations is made much simpler by assuming CMC initial data. However, Bartnik (Commun Math Phys 117(4):615–624, 1988) constructed a cosmological spacetime without a CMC Cauchy surface whose spatial topology is the connected sum of two three-dimensional tori. Similarly, Chruściel et al. (Commun Math Phys 257(1):29–42, 2005) constructed a vacuum cosmological spacetime without CMC Cauchy surfaces whose spatial topology is also the connected sum of two tori. In this article, we enlarge the known number of spatial topologies for cosmological spacetimes without CMC Cauchy surfaces by generalizing Bartnik’s construction. Specifically, we show that there are cosmological spacetimes without CMC Cauchy surfaces whose spatial topologies are the connected sum of any compact Euclidean or hyperbolic three-manifold with any another compact Euclidean or hyperbolic three-manifold. Analogous examples in higher spacetime dimensions are also possible. We work with the Tolman–Bondi class of metrics and prove gluing results for variable marginal conditions, which allows for smooth gluing of Schwarzschild to FLRW models.

“Opsonins as sugar sprinkles and B cells as music DJs?”. Effective examples of analogies used as a pedagogical tool in immunology education.

“Opsonins as sugar sprinkles and B cells as music DJs?”. Effective examples of analogies used as a pedagogical tool in immunology education.

Recent Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Using Olefin Cross-metathesis.

Nucleotide analogs known as acyclic and cyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs and CNPs, respectively) have a variety of biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antineoplastic, and immunomodulatory. A strong reaction that has emerged in the last several decades has fundamentally changed our knowledge of the chemistry of nucleoside phosphonates. In particular, Olefin cross-metathesis (CM) has been a potent and practical synthesis route to produce functionalized olefins from essential alkene precursors. This review describes recent synthesis examples of ANPs and CNPs analogs using the Ru-catalyzed olefin cross-metathesis reactions. Olefin cross-metathesis reactions are performed in the olefinic parts of nucleoside and phosphonate produced by Grubbs, Hoveyda-Grubbs, and Nolan. This review presents a synthetic overview of a few chosen nucleosides with biological significance. Their biological activity results are briefly discussed.

A Comprehensive Study of Sushrutokta Upamas with Special Reference to Sharira Sthana

Ayurveda is the very ancient science of Life. The science of Ayurveda is the divine gift to mankind. Acquiring knowledge with some analogous examples or similar known descriptions is termed as Upamana Pramana. It is the source of our knowledge regarding the relationship between names and the things to be named. The base of knowledge is the resemblance or similarities and dissimilarities between two objects and their comparison to obtaining knowledge about unknown phenomena. It has immense utility in the field of medicine. Sushruta explained this as a separate tool for learning. It also helps in easy comprehension of the subject enabling the lay persons or beginners to understand the same. Keywords: Ayurveda, Upamana, Analogy, Upama, Sharira Sthana.

Anegdota i epizod jako przykłady analogii precedensu

Anegdota i epizod jako przykłady analogii precedensu

GKM manifolds are not rigid

We construct effective GKM $T^3$-actions with connected stabilizers on the total spaces of the two $S^2$-bundles over $S^6$ with identical GKM graphs. This shows that the GKM graph of a simply-connected integer GKM manifold with connected stabilizers does not determine its homotopy type. We complement this by a discussion of the minimality of this example: the homotopy type of integer GKM manifolds with connected stabilizers is indeed encoded in the GKM graph for smaller dimensions, lower complexity, or lower number of fixed points. Regarding geometric structures on the new example, we find an almost complex structure which is invariant under the action of a subtorus. In addition to the minimal example, we provide an analogous example where the torus actions are Hamiltonian, which disproves symplectic cohomological rigidity for Hamiltonian integer GKM manifolds.

Unitless Frobenius Quantales

It is often stated that Frobenius quantales are necessarily unital. By taking negation as a primitive operation, we can define Frobenius quantales that may not have a unit. We develop the elementary theory of these structures and show, in particular, how to define nuclei whose quotients are Frobenius quantales. This yields a phase semantics and a representation theorem via phase quantales. Important examples of these structures arise from Raney’s notion of tight Galois connection: tight endomaps of a complete lattice always form a Girard quantale which is unital if and only if the lattice is completely distributive. We give a characterisation and an enumeration of tight endomaps of the diamond lattices \(M_n\) and exemplify the Frobenius structure on these maps. By means of phase semantics, we exhibit analogous examples built up from trace class operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. Finally, we argue that units cannot be properly added to Frobenius quantales: every possible extention to a unital quantale fails to preserve negations.

VARIETIES AND MARKERS OF (DE)LEGITIMIZATION BY ANALOGY IN THE NEWS

The article is devoted to the specifics of analogy, which is used in news texts to (de)legitimize the actions of certain people or institutions. It has been specified that the basis of this type of (de)legitimization is the projection of the properties (causes/consequences/conditions, etc.) of one (in)correct phenomenon (usually an action) onto another, contradictory one, in order to represent it as (il)legitimate. Since the differential feature of analogy is the establishment of a relationship of similarity, the definition of this technique in T. van Leeuwen's methodology has been clarified – it includes examples of actual analogy, comparison, and metaphor. The analysis confirmed that an analogy is more often used for delegitimization than legitimation. Based on the material of one hundred news blocks devoted to debatable decisions (for the period June 2020 – May 2021), analysis reveals that each of these types of analogy performs different functions. In particular, the article singles out the methods of (de)legitimization by metaphor and comparison, as well as cases when comparison can strengthen or weaken delegitimization. It is summarized how the historical analogy can cause the representation of action as (il)legitimate and reinforce or neutralize accusations (by presenting a similar situation when fears were not justified or when the source of criticism was biased). Also, normalization by analogy is described, which is used for legitimization and weakening of delegitimization. The article demonstrates how the violation of the actual analogy, which shows double standards, is used to criticize the opponents. Lexical and syntactic markers of types of analogy are identified and classified. In addition, it is outlined how different types of legitimization, in particular, personal authority and authority of conformity, interact with an analogy. The article emphasizes that the ability to frame events in a specific way provides an analogy with significant potential for manipulation. This is extremely evident when it is used to neutralize opponents' accusations.

Reprint of: Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.

Reprint of: Development and Evaluation of a Global Malnutrition Composite Score.

A tapestry analogy: Analogical thinking to support academic research

Analogical thinking is a tool that can help resolve complex intellectual challenges that has rarely been employed in tourism and hospitality academic research. This research note briefly explains the background to analogical thinking and introduces the concept of tapestry analogies. The example of a tapestry analogy, adopted as a solution to resolving a mental blockage in a PhD by publication, illustrates how analogical thinking can be applied. Analogical thinking can be utilised in a wide range of hospitality and tourism research challenges. • Explores the concept of analogical thinking as a tool to resolve complex academic research problems. • Solving problems can be constrained by bounded rationality: analogical thinking can enable researchers to find a solution. • The example of a tapestry analogy illustrates how apparently disparate subjects can be visualised as a coherent entity.

Multicellularity in animals: The potential for within-organism conflict

Metazoans function as individual organisms but also as “colonies” of cells whose single-celled ancestors lived and reproduced independently. Insights from evolutionary biology about multicellular group formation help us understand the behavior of cells: why they cooperate, and why cooperation sometimes breaks down. Current explanations for multicellularity focus on two aspects of development which promote cooperation and limit conflict among cells: a single-cell bottleneck, which creates organisms composed of clones, and a separation of somatic and germ cell lineages, which reduces the selective advantage of cheating. However, many obligately multicellular organisms thrive with neither, creating the potential for within-organism conflict. Here, we argue that the prevalence of such organisms throughout the Metazoa requires us to refine our preconceptions of conflict-free multicellularity. Evolutionary theory must incorporate developmental mechanisms across a broad range of organisms—such as unusual reproductive strategies, totipotency, and cell competition—while developmental biology must incorporate evolutionary principles. To facilitate this cross-disciplinary approach, we provide a conceptual overview from evolutionary biology for developmental biologists, using analogous examples in the well-studied social insects.

(Invited) 3-D Visualization of Li Metal Plating and Stripping with Operando Video Microscopy

In recent years, there has been an explosion of research into Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries. However, despite tremendous progress in the field, the reversible plating and stripping of Li has been hindered by the complex interplay between electrode morphology, surface chemistry, and mechanics. This has led to many empirical observations of improved performance, but our ability to rationally design solutions to solve the challenges of reversibility remain limited by our fundamental understanding of the complex electrodeposition and dissolution processes involved [1]. In an analogous example, Li plating on graphite anodes during fast-charging also plagues the Li-ion community [2], but fundamental studies of the complex nature of Li plating on intercalation electrodes is equally lacking.To address these challenges, in situ/operando analyses are of paramount importance to the community. However, given the dynamic nature of Li plating and stripping, challenges arise with respect to tradeoffs in spatial and temporal resolution. To address these challenges, we have recently integrated our optical visualization cells with a digital microscope capable of focus variation microscopy. This enables 3-D visualization of the electrode morphology with high temporal resolution, allowing for video capture of Li plating and stripping [2-3].In this talk, I will discuss the application of operando 3-D microscopy for visualization of both Li metal anodes and Li plating on graphite surfaces during fast-charging of Li-ion batteries. In the case of Li metal anodes, we observe significant anisotropy in the geometric shape of individual pits during stripping [3]. The nucleation density and anisotropy are shown to be strongly influenced by the surface microstructure and underlying crystallographic texture of the Li metal surface. As a results, pits can exhibit strong faceting, which influences the nature of nucleation at pit edges in subsequent cycles [4]. As a parallel example, we demonstrate 3-D visualization of Li plating on graphite electrodes during fast-charge, which illustrates the coupling between nucleation of Li plating and local heterogeneity in state-of-charge [2]. Overall, these results highlight the importance of both spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the nature of nucleation, growth, dissolution, pitting, and dead Li formationReferences[1] K. N. Wood, M. Noked, N. P. Dasgupta, ACS Energy Lett. 2, 664 (2017).[2] Y. Chen, K.-H. Chen, A. J. Sanchez, E. Kazyak, V. Goel, Y. Gorlin, J. Christensen, K. Thornton, N. P. Dasgupta, J. Mater Chem. A 9, 23522 (2021).[3] A. J. Sanchez, E. Kazyak, Y. Chen, J. Lasso, N. P. Dasgupta, J. Mater Chem. A. 9, 21013 (2021).[4] A. J. Sanchez, E. Kazyak, Y. Chen, K.-H. Chen, E. R. Pattison, N. P. Dasgupta, ACS Energy Lett. 5, 994 (2020).

Tained glass from the research of the Dubrovnik cathedral | Slikano steklo odkrito med raziskavami dubrovniške katedrale

The Dubrovnik Republic maintained its own glass production in the late Middle Ages, including records of window glass manufacturing. This paper will contribute to the study of stained glass in the Balkan region. It will outline late medieval stained-glass fragments (mid-14th to the first half of the 15th century) excavated from the Dubrovnik cathedral during the renewal of the building after a large earthquake in 1979 and are extremely rare in the Balkan region. Analogous examples of Dubrovnik archaeological material can be found among Western European stained-glass windows. These finds indicate that Dubrovnik was influenced by Western European technology through trade or that this way of making stained glass began to be applied in local workshops.

Minimal instances with no weakly stable matching for three-sided problem with cyclic incomplete preferences

Given n men, n women, and n dogs, each man has an incomplete preference list of women, each woman has an incomplete preference list of dogs, and each dog has an incomplete preference list of men. We understand a family as a triple consisting of one man, one woman, and one dog such that the dog belongs to the preference list of the woman, who, in turn, belongs to the preference list of the man, while the latter belongs to the preference list of the dog. We understand a matching as a collection of nonintersecting families (some agents, possibly, remain single). A matching is said to be nonstable, if one can find a man, a woman, and a dog who do not live together currently but each of them would become “happier” if they do. Otherwise, the matching is said to be stable (a weakly stable matching). We give an example of this problem for [Formula: see text] where no stable matching exists. Moreover, we prove the absence of such an example for [Formula: see text]. Such an example was known earlier only for [Formula: see text] [P. Biró and E. McDermid, Three-sided stable matchings with cyclic preferences, Algorithmica 58 (2010) 5–18]. The constructed examples also allow one to halve the size of the recently constructed analogous example for complete preference lists [C.-K. Lam and C.G. Plaxton, On the existence of three-dimensional stable matchings with cyclic preferences, in Algorithmic Game Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11801 (Springer, 2019), pp. 329–342].

What Is Wrong with ‘All Lives Matter’? What and How ‘Black Lives Matter’ Means

ABSTRACTI use a simplified version of Stalnaker's model of conversation to provide an explanation of what and how speakers who utter ‘Black lives matter’ mean. My explanation reveals that such utterances prompt an under‐appreciated form of presupposition accommodation, which I dub negative accommodation. I demonstrate with an analogous example how by exploiting an interpreter's ability to negatively accommodate an otherwise infelicitous utterance, a speaker can express a criticism of her addressee's actions. This analysis explains how an activist who pronounces ‘Black lives matter’ expresses a charge of moral hypocrisy: despite our collective presupposition that all lives matter, we act as if we do not believe that Black lives matter. I then use this account to explain why using ‘All lives matter’ to repudiate such a pronouncement of ‘Black lives matter’ is plausibly characterized as racist.

A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy

Understanding the environmental effects of marine energy (ME) devices is fundamental for their sustainable development and efficient regulation. However, measuring effects is difficult given the limited number of operational devices currently deployed. Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating environmental effects and quantifying risks. It is most effective when informed by empirical data and coordinated with the development and implementation of monitoring protocols. We reviewed modeling techniques and information needs for six environmental stressor–receptor interactions related to ME: changes in oceanographic systems, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields (EMFs), changes in habitat, collision risk, and displacement of marine animals. This review considers the effects of tidal, wave, and ocean current energy converters. We summarized the availability and maturity of models for each stressor–receptor interaction and provide examples involving ME devices when available and analogous examples otherwise. Models for oceanographic systems and underwater noise were widely available and sometimes applied to ME, but need validation in real-world settings. Many methods are available for modeling habitat change and displacement of marine animals, but few examples related to ME exist. Models of collision risk and species response to EMFs are still in stages of theory development and need more observational data, particularly about species behavior near devices, to be effective. We conclude by synthesizing model status, commonalities between models, and overlapping monitoring needs that can be exploited to develop a coordinated and efficient set of protocols for predicting and monitoring the environmental effects of ME.

POSA280 Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Inform Evidence Development for Optimising HTA Outcomes in Europe

Biopharmaceutical companies prepare for European Health Technology Assessment (HTA) submission of their products by understanding HTA guidelines and looking at past analogue examples, supplemented with primary market research. This work explores the application of advanced analytics techniques including AIML (artificial intelligence and machine learning) and their potential to improve understanding of submission factors leading to specific HTA outcomes.

Suitability of flat bedded salt formations in Germany as the site for a repository for heat-producing radioactive waste

Abstract. The search for a site of a final repository for highly radioactive waste in Germany was renewed when the Site Selection Act (StandAG) came into force in 2013. In Germany the development of concepts for a final repository and safety analyses for a repository in a salt dome was prioritized for many decades, whereas repository concepts in clay and crystalline rock were first considered only two decades ago. The aim of a comparative site selection procedure is to find a site before 2031, which provides the best possible safety for the enclosure of highly radioactive waste over a time period of 1 million years. The fundamental safety-related consideration is the enclosure of toxic waste in a so-called containment effective geological area (ewG). The main aspect of a long-term proof of safety is logically the systematic proof of safe long-term enclosure of the deposited waste. The approach developed within the framework of appropriate research projects (e.g. Eickemeier et al., 2013) is essentially based on the proof of geotechnical integrity of the ewG as the fundamental geological barrier as well as the geotechnical barriers. Due to their unique characteristics, including imperviousness and plastic deformability, salt rocks have been used for decades in Germany and worldwide in mining and especially for energy storage. Whereas halite in salt domes (type steep​​​​​​​ inclined salt) is distributed particularly in northwest Germany, flatly deposited salt rock (type flat bedded salt​​​​​​​) dominates in middle Germany and salt pillows (type salt pillows) in parts of northeast Germany. Both types of “bedded salt”​​​​​​​ widely reflect in their lateral extension sedimentation-related deposition conditions, apart from diagenetically related alterations. Beginning with the presentation of the host rock-specific boundary conditions of the various rock salts, this article focuses on the appropriate procedures for the proof of integrity of the geological barrier rock salt, based on the available experiences, corresponding reference studies and analogous examples. In the results it is shown that repository concepts in bedded salt formations and especially in the constellation of salt pillows provide substantial safety-related advantages due to a site-specific multibarrier system with alternate deposition of salt and saliferous clay as well as an intact overlying rock covering.

Causal simplicity and (maximal) null pseudoconvexity

We consider pseudoconvexity properties in Lorentzian and Riemannian manifolds and their relationship in static spacetimes. We provide an example of a causally continuous and maximal null pseudoconvex spacetime that fails to be causally simple. Its Riemannian factor provides an analogous example of a manifold that is minimally pseudoconvex, but fails to be convex.