Sound Examples Research Articles

The SpeaK methodology for sound design

The first meetings of a sound design project aim to present the request which may concern the identity of a brand or the emotion associated with a new product. It is then crucial to elaborate recommendations for the sound designer. However, the major difficulty encountered is to specify the request in terms of sound features. The Speak methodology is based on an efficient co-design workshop to help participants, ranging from the project manager to the communication manager, to specify their request with words related to sound features. Frist, a lexicon composed of 35 words often used by professionals is presented to the participants; each word is related to a sound feature explained by a definition and highlighted by a corpus of sound examples. Then, a card game is provided to each participant; each card is associated with a word from the lexicon. The rule during the workshop is to use only the cards to describe the desired audible intention; each participant can select or reject a word, and exchange with other participants focusing only on the sound features. Finally, participants are actively involved in the process to develop sound recommendations. During the presentation, we will focus on a specific project.

Sound imaging for car/mobility sounds by generative artificial intelligence

Use of generative artificial intelligence becomes popular in recent days. Especially the area of producing image, chatting and sound effects are commonly recognized to use. However it is not so much extended into product design or combinations of image and sounds. In this paper, application examples to design car sound with generative artificial intelligence are presented. These approaches are mixed usage with image generative AI, sound generative AI and sound modification, it leads creative way of producing sound examples for future car and mobility. Lastly, with respect to theme of inter-noise 2024, special sound design for Jules Vernes world will be presented.

A simplified and controllable model of mode coupling for addressing nonlinear phenomena in sound synthesis processes

This paper introduces a simplified and controllable model for mode coupling in the context of modal synthesis. The model employs efficient coupled filters for sound synthesis purposes, intended to emulate the generation of sounds radiated by sources under strongly nonlinear conditions. Such filters generate tonal components in an interdependent way and are intended to emulate realistic perceptually salient effects in musical instruments in an efficient manner. The control of energy transfer between the filters is realized through a coupling matrix. The generation of prototypical sounds corresponding to nonlinear sources with the filter bank is presented. In particular, examples are proposed to generate sounds corresponding to impacts on thin structures and to the perturbation of the vibration of objects when it collides with an other object. The sound examples presented in the paper and available for listening on the accompanying site illustrate that a simple control of the input parameters allows the generation of sounds whose evocation is coherent and that the addition of random processes yields a significant improvement to the realism of the generated sounds.

Implementation of Emotion in Music Composing Based on Nyquist

Music has been considered as a tool to express emotions. This study aims to find relationships between emotions and musical factors. Final emotion sound samples have been produced based on a review of previous research findings. There are five emotions being selectedincluding joy, anger, fear, sadness and calmness. All sound examples are produced purely through Nyquist programming. By using computers to generate sounds, man-made effects on emotion demonstration due to different performance styles and personal feelings could be excluded. Also, lyrics are not considered, so there will not be any intended emotional orientation in the wording. Therefore, musical factors could be better compared without biases and factors that cause effective emotion modification could be identified. At the same time, how different valance and arousal correspond with and will be changed through differences in certain acoustic cues has been discovered. This article provides examples of using computer-generated sounds and identified acoustic cues to demonstrate the effectiveness of using only sound and melody to showcase emotion.

Sound synthesis applications using a physical model of a single-reed woodwind instrument

Physical modeling can be used to analyze and predict the vibrations of a musical instrument. This also enables to numerically synthesize sounds as if they were produced by a real instrument. Focusing on single-reed woodwind instruments, a physical model should incorporate the actions of the player in order to synthesize realistic sounds. This interaction mostly takes place at the instrument mouthpiece—toneholes opened by the player's fingers may be approximated by changing the instrument geometry. A physical model is presented that is able to take embouchure effects into account, in order to reliably simulate note transitions. Regarding physical modeling synthesis, the numerical efficiency of the underlying algorithms should also be considered. Capturing as many physical phenomena as possible may lead to models that require longer running times. Omitting less significant phenomena may lead to models suitable for real-time performance, while retaining most of the sound characteristics of the real instrument. In either case, it is of utmost importance to prove that the simulation algorithms are numerically stable. Sound examples are presented in an attempt to imitate real recordings, as well as in a live performance setting (examples available at https://iwk.mdw.ac.at/sound-synthesis/)

Audio Encryption Framework Using the Laplace Transformation

Digital information, especially multimedia and its applications, has grown exponentially in recent years. It is important to strengthen sophisticated encryption algorithms due to the security needs of these innovative systems. The security of real-time audio applications is ensured in the present study through a framework for encryption. The design framework protects the confidentiality and integrity of voice communications by encrypting audio applications. A modern method of securing communication and protecting data is cryptography. Using cryptography is one of the most important techniques for protecting data and ensuring the security of messaging. The main purpose of this paper is to present a novel encryption scheme that can be used in real-time audio applications. We encrypt the sound using a combination of an infinite series of hyperbolic functions and the Laplace transform, and then decrypt it using the inverse Laplace transform. The modular arithmetic rules are used to generate the key for the coefficients acquired from the transformation. There is no loss of data or noise in the decryption sound. We also put several sound examples to the test

Kinetics and Mechanism of Selenium(IV) Oxidation by Aqueous Bromine Solution.

The bromine-selenite reaction at strongly acidic conditions was investigated by monitoring the absorbance-time traces at the isosbestic point of the bromine-tribromide system at a constant ionic strength (0.5 M adjusted by sodium perchlorate) and temperature. Despite the simplicity of the stoichiometry, the kinetics was found to be very complex. Although the formal kinetic orders of the reactants bromine and selenite are strictly 1, that of the hydrogen ion varies from -2 to less than -3 and notably depends on the initial bromide concentration as well. The bromide ion also inhibits the reaction, making the whole system as a sound example of efficient autoinhibition. We have clearly shown that the inhibitory effect of the bromide ion cannot be explained quantitatively by either exclusively considering the unreactivity of the tribromide ion over elemental bromine or driving the reaction via hypobromous acid formed from the well-known hydrolysis of bromine in aqueous solutions. Instead of that, bromonium ion transfer initiating equilibrium is suggested between the selenium(IV) and bromine species to produce bromide ion and SeO3Br- followed by the hydrolysis of this short-lived intermediate. This hydrolytic transformation was found to be catalytic with respect to hydroxide and bromide ions as well. We have also demonstrated that, among the wide variety of selenium species present in the acidic aqueous solution, the best result can be obtained by considering HSeO3 - as the kinetically active species toward bromine. The proposed mechanism containing 10 acid-base equilibria with known equilibrium constants, the above-mentioned initiating equilibrium, and the hydrolysis of SeO3Br- is able to fit all 49 kinetic absorbance-traces simultaneously, taking into account properly the most important characteristics of the measured data at strongly acidic conditions. Furthermore, this kinetic model was further extended by the direct reactions of hypobromous acid with selenium(IV) species suggested previously with reasonably modified rate coefficients to describe the pH dependence of the apparent second-order rate coefficients over the pH = 1-13 range, providing a useful tool to predict more accurately the kinetic behavior of selenium(IV) species in water treatment process conditions.

Constructing a family of conformally flat scalar field models

Using purely geometrical methods we present a mechanism to solve the scalar field equations of motion (non-minimally coupled with gravity) in a spherically symmetric background. We found that the full set of spacetimes, which are of Petrov type O (conformally flat) and admit a gradient conformal vector field, can be determined completely. It is shown that the full group of scalar field equations reduced to a single equation that depends only on the distance leaving the metric function (equivalently the functional form of the scalar field or the potential) freely chosen. Depending on the structure of the metric or the potential V (as a function of φ) a solution can be found either analytically or via numerical integration. We provide physically sound examples and prove that (Anti)-de Sitter fits this scheme. We also reconstruct a recently found solution (Strumia and Tetradis 2022 J. High Energy Phys. JHEP09(2022)203) representing an expanding scalar bubble with metric that has a singularity and corresponds to what is termed as Anti-de Sitter crunch.

The Pronunciation Problems among Kurdish Learners of English

The goal of this study was to examine the pronunciation issues of different speakers of English and especially Kurdish speakers, and various perspectives on native vs foreign pronunciations. The research showed that Kurdish speakers had difficulties pronouncing several English vowels and some English consonants. The research results demonstrate that Kurdish English speakers understand the value of pronunciation compared to native and non-native English speakers. Kurdish speakers may hesitate to speak in a manner that seems natural to a native speaker, and their last consonants in words are almost always unaspirated and unvoiced. Given that Kurdish learners of English have difficulty pronouncing some English words, some suggested solutions include providing pronunciation instruction classes to language instructors, having educators speak in English, and giving students examples of native tongue sounds compared and contrasted with the target language sounds. With minimal exposure to cooperation with native speakers and variations in L1's phonological organization compared to English, the difficulty posed by pronunciation is evident. All the updated studies clearly show that these issues affect English speakers in general and rely less and less on their original tongue.

FOLK TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS REFLECTED IN AN ELECTRONIC MUSIC TEXTBOOK FOR THE 7TH GRADE OF THE GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOL IN BULGARIA

A person gets attached to things that are intrinsic to him, close, understandable and tends to reject what isunfamiliar and incomprehensible to him. The rapid technical development has brought not only enormous, but alsoconstantly accelerating change into our lives - ever greater and pleasant reliefs, which, however, increasinglydistance us from the traditional folk way of life, from the customs, holidays, beliefs, and rites of the people. We getsomething comfortable and irrevocable, but we lose something of our own, beautiful and also necessary - ourstarting point, our roots. Fortunately, this trend is being recognized by more and more people who are looking forways to counteract it without depriving ourselves of modern technical achievements. Since the knowledge of thetraditions, way of life, customs, and rites of our people are part of the culture forming the national self-awareness ofevery Bulgarian, such information should be studied. In the music textbooks for our general education school byProf. Penka Mincheva at al., the topic of Bulgarian is present from the 1st grade and continues throughout thecourse, with the study of folk customs, traditions and holidays. This topic is widely developed in the 7th gradeeducational set. In order to prove this, I will examine the materials included in the electronic textbook for the 7thgrade, which I am the author of and which is part of the educational set of the author's collective led by Prof. PenkaMincheva. In the electronic textbook, the information on the topic of Bulgarian traditions and customs is presentedthrough two photo galleries, it is also the basis of creative activities and various tasks. The taught material is richlyillustrated with pictures and sound examples. For the performance of these musical examples, which are onlyincluded in the electronic textbook, I selected young performers who have proven themselves at national andregional competitions - colleagues and students from the folklore specialties of the Academy of Music, Dance andFine Arts, where I work. The analysis of electronic resources (main method in the present study) on the topic ofBulgarian folk traditions - holidays, customs, rites and way of life highlighted the following results: - Electronicresources are closely related to the Electronic resources are diverse, thereby contributing to maintaining the interestof adolescents; - The electronic resources are compiled in such a way as to provide additional information; -Electronic resources are directly related to the creation of listening habits among students; - A significant part of theelectronic resources are organized as creative tasks, which is beneficial for the development of the creativity ofseventh graders; - Electronic resources are related to enriching the musical culture of young people; - Habits arecreated in seventh graders also for putting themselves in the other person's place, their empathic abilities aredeveloped. I am proud to share that the electronic materials of the Prosveta publishing house (Prosveta plus, whereour educational set is published, is one of the publishing brands of the Prosveta publishing house) have beenawarded the special prize for the best electronic aids of the BELMA (Best European Learning Materials Awards ) for2021. This is a serious recognition and at the same time authoritative proof of the effectiveness of Prof. Mincheva'ssystem of musical education and of our textbooks, including the electronic textbook for the 7th grade of secondaryschool.

New objective timbre parameters for classification of voice type and fach in professional opera singers

Voice timbre is defined as sound color independent of pitch and volume, based on a broad frequency band between 2 and 4 kHz. Since there are no specific timbre parameters, previous studies have come to the very general conclusion that the center frequencies of the singer’s formants are somewhat higher in the higher voice types than in the lower ones. For specification, a database was created containing 1723 sound examples of various voice types. The energy distribution in the frequency bands of the singer’s formants was extracted for quantitative analysis. When the energy distribution function reached 50%, the corresponding absolute frequency in Hz was defined as Frequency of Half Energy (FHE). This new parameter quantifies the timbre of a singing voice as a concrete measure, independent of fundamental frequency, vowel color and volume. The database allows assigning FHE means ± SD as characteristic or comparative values for sopranos (3092 ± 284 Hz), tenors (2705 ± 221 Hz), baritones (2454 ± 206 Hz) and basses (2384 ± 164 Hz). In addition to vibrato, specific timbre parameters provide another valuable feature in vocal pedagogy for classification of voice type and fach according to the lyric or dramatic character of the voice.

Bossa Mundo: Brazilian Music in Transnational Media Industries

Bossa Mundo: Brazilian Music in Transnational Media Industries

Three applications of analysis-by-synthesis in music science

The article describes how my research has applied the analysis-by-synthesis strategy to (1) the composition of melodies in the style of nursery tunes, (2) music performance and (3) vocal singing. The descriptions are formulated as generative grammars, which consist of a set of ordered, context-dependent rules capable of producing sound examples. These examples readily reveal observable weaknesses in the descriptions, the origins of which can be traced in the rule system and eliminated. The grammar describing the compositional style of the nursery tunes demonstrates the paramount relevance of a hierarchical structure. Principles underlying the transformation from a music score file to a synthesized performance are derived from recommendations by a violinist and music performance coach, and can thus be regarded as a description of his professional skills as musician and pedagogue. Also in this case the grammar demonstrates the relevance of a hierarchical structure in terms of grouping, and reflects the role of expectation in music listening. The rule system describing singing voice synthesis specifies acoustic characteristics of performance details. The descriptions are complemented by sound examples illustrating the effects of identified compositional and performance rules in the genres analysed.

Crafting the Language of Robotic Agents: A vision for electroacoustic music in human–robot interaction

This article discusses the role of electroacoustic music practice in the context of human–robot interaction (HRI), illustrated by the first author’s work creating the sonic language of interactive robotic artwork Diamandini. It starts with a discussion of the role of sound in social robotics and surveys various notable conceptual approaches to robot sound. The central thesis of the article is that electroacoustic music can provide a valuable source of aesthetic considerations and creative practice for the creation of richer and more refined sonic HRIs by giving practitioners new ways to create believable sounding objects, to convey fiction, agency and animacy, and to communicate causality in auditory feedback. To demonstrate this, the authors describe the rationale for treating robot sound design as a compositional process and discuss the implications of the endeavour’s non-linear and site-specific nature. These considerations are illustrated using sound examples and design decisions made throughout the creation process of the robotic artwork. The authors conclude with observations on how the compositional process is affected by this particular application context.

Investigating the Shared Meaning of Metaphorical Sound Attributes

Music or sound professionals use specific terminology to communicate about timbre. Some key terms do not come from the sound domain and do not have a clear definition due to their metaphorical nature. This work aims to reveal shared meanings of four well-used timbre attributes: bright, warm, round, and rough. We conducted two complementary studies with French sound and music experts (e.g., composers, sound engineers, sound designers, musicians, etc.). First, we led interviews to gather definitions and instrumental sound examples for the four attributes (N = 32). Second, using an online survey, we tested the relevance and consensus on multiple descriptions most frequently evoked during the interviews (N = 51). The analysis of the rich corpus of verbalizations from the interviews yielded the main description strategies used by the experts, namely acoustic, metaphorical, and source-related. We also derived definitions for the attributes based on significantly relevant and consensual descriptions according to the survey results. Importantly, the definitions rely heavily on metaphorical descriptions. In sum, this study presents an overview of the shared meaning and perception of four metaphorical timbre attributes in the French language.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENT RESPONSES IN LEARNING WITH ANDROID-BASED MEDIA

The author will try to do research by developing android-based interactive learning media on BTA learning materials, the author wants to try to find out the response of UIN SAIZU students to the learning media. This study aims to determine student responses to android-based interactive learning media at UIN SAIZU by using the observation method and learning test results. Data collection teaching. The results of the study were obtained based on the results of students’ responses to learning media based on Android on BTA material getting an average percentage of 78.21% in the first observation test with good categories and observation test. The research will try to prove that Android-based BTA learning is very effective because it can be used for all circles, both students and people who are very busy because learning can be done anywhere besides being practical, Android can be used for all positive things. conclusions can be drawn from this discussion as follows:
 
 Applications for learning tajwid based on android can be used by Muslims as an alternative to learning tajwid independently.
 With the application of learning tajwid which is equipped with examples of images and sounds, as well as quizzes to test abilities, users are expected to be able to maximize this mobile application as a medium for learning tajwid that is easy to use and easy to reach.
 Tajweed science applications can be run via smartphones with the Android operating system.
 The application of tajwid is made using the Java programming language and designed with an easy display.

Counter-voicing in the avant-garde and experimental music: Selected cases

The present article is a reworking of a lecture that was performed live and with visual and sound examples at the CoFestival. In selected examples, the author tries to articulate various vocal practices through contemporary and experimental music, performative practices and sound poetry, in which the voice escapes gender, meaning, turns into noise, and emerges through the utterances of silence.

SDG 3 and financing instruments in Austria and Ukraine: Challenges and perspectives

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the SDG in healthcare achievement in Austria and Ukraine and to determine possible lessons for Ukraine based on best EU and world experiences. To identify existing challenges and perspectives a comparative analysis of key indicators of healthcare expenditures and health financing systems in Austria and Ukraine was carried out. Results indicate that in Ukraine there is a substantial lack of public funding for healthcare (only 682 US dollars per capita in 2018), a poor share of voluntary health insurance (less than 1%), significant amounts (on average 50%) of expenditures of the population in general spending on health. On the contrary, in Austria, there is sufficient public funding for healthcare (5,879 US dollars per capita in 2018), more than 5% share of voluntary health insurance, moderate amounts (on average 25%) of expenditures of the population in general spending on health. Austria’s experience as an EU-member country with a successful example of a financing strategy for the healthcare system is a sound example for Ukraine. The alternative financing tools (e.g. result-based financing, impact investment, public-private partnership) can be used as an additional financing mechanism of healthcare funding in Ukraine. The use of these instruments along with the improvement of the fiscal policy, social security, and governance based on Austrian experience can cut the existing financing gap to achieve SDG targets in healthcare in Ukraine. AcknowledgmentThis study is financed equally by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

An Educational Guide through the FMP Notebooks for Teaching and Learning Fundamentals of Music Processing

This paper provides a guide through the FMP notebooks, a comprehensive collection of educational material for teaching and learning fundamentals of music processing (FMP) with a particular focus on the audio domain. Organized in nine parts that consist of more than 100 individual notebooks, this collection discusses well-established topics in music information retrieval (MIR) such as beat tracking, chord recognition, music synchronization, audio fingerprinting, music segmentation, and source separation, to name a few. These MIR tasks provide motivating and tangible examples that students can hold onto when studying technical aspects in signal processing, information retrieval, or pattern analysis. The FMP notebooks comprise detailed textbook-like explanations of central techniques and algorithms combined with Python code examples that illustrate how to implement the methods. All components, including the introductions of MIR scenarios, illustrations, sound examples, technical concepts, mathematical details, and code examples, are integrated into a unified framework based on Jupyter notebooks. Providing a platform with many baseline implementations, the FMP notebooks are suited for conducting experiments and generating educational material for lectures, thus addressing students, teachers, and researchers. While giving a guide through the notebooks, this paper’s objective is to yield concrete examples on how to use the FMP notebooks to create an enriching, interactive, and interdisciplinary supplement for studies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The FMP notebooks (including HTML exports) are publicly accessible under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Ways that Animal Wings Produce Sound

There are at least eight ways that wings potentially produce sound. Five mechanisms are aerodynamic sounds, created by airflow, and three are structural sound created by interactions of solid surfaces. Animal flight is low Mach (M), meaning all animals move at less than 30% of the speed of sound. Thus in aerodynamic mechanisms the effects of air compressibility can be ignored, except in mechanism #1. Mechanism #1 is trapped air, in which air approaches or exceeds Mach 1 as it escapes a constriction. This mechanism is hypothetical but likely. #2 is Gutin sound, the aerodynamic reaction to lift and drag. This mechanism is ubiquitous in flight, and generates low frequency sound such as the humming of hummingbirds or insect wing tones. #3 is turbulence-generated atonal whooshing sounds, which are also widespread in animal flight. #4 are whistles, tonal sounds generated by geometry-induced flow feedback. This mechanism is hypothetical. #5 is aeroelastic flutter, sound generated by elasticity-induced feedback that is usually but not always tonal. This is widespread in birds (feathers are predisposed to flutter) but apparently not bats or insects. Mechanism #6 is rubbing sound (including stridulation), created when bird feathers or insect wings slide past each other. Atonal rubbing sounds are widespread in bird flight and insects; tonal stridulation is widespread in insects. #7 is percussion, created when two stiff elements collide and vibrate, and is present in some birds and insects. Mechanism #8 are tymbals and other bistable conformations. These are stiff elements that snap back and forth between two conformations, producing impulsive, atonal sound. Tymbals are widespread in insects but not birds or bats; insect cuticle appears predisposed to form tymbals. There are few examples of bat wing sounds: are bats intrinsically quiet, or just under-studied? These mechanisms, especially Gutin sound, whooshes, and rubbing (#2, #3, and #6) are prominent cues in ordinary flight of all flying animals, and are the 'acoustic substrate' available to be converted from an adventitious sound (cue) into a communication signal. For instance, wing sounds have many times evolved into signals that are incorporated into courtship displays. Conversely, these are the sounds selected to be suppressed if quiet flight is selected for. The physical mechanisms that underlie animal sounds provides context for understanding the ways in which signals and cues may evolve.