Examples Of Gardens Research Articles

The Archaeology of Ancient Japanese Gardens

abstract: This article summarizes the results of archaeological research on some 20 Japanese garden sites dating from the fourth to twelfth centuries a.d., emphasizing the site plan, remains of structures, stone groupings, and ponds. Associated plant remains from five sites are tabulated and briefly discussed. I introduce some early Chinese and Korean antecedents and provide historical context. Gardens with rectangular ponds were introduced from the continent in the Asuka Period (a.d. 538–710). From the Nara Period (a.d. 710–794), garden making was naturalized in a Japanese asymetrical curving style in which structures were located away from the central axis. The gardens discussed here represent a small sample of the original gardens. They include two early examples of an adopted continental style (i.e., Uenomiya and Furumiya), a garden from an imperial palace site, gardens enclosing Heian Period shinden type architecture (raised residence with side wings) and its adapted Pure Land form, and a garden associated with the palace of a retired emperor. Plantings show a combination of flowering trees and shrubs, many introduced from the continent, combined with native deciduous and evergreen trees. Continental examples of gardens with rectangular ponds belong to royal palaces and were symbols of royal authority, as were the examples dated to the Asuka Period. In the Heian Period, state gardens such as Shinsen'en were used for state functions and required ample space and simple organization, while gardens sponsored by elite courtiers such as the Fujiwara show the expression of Buddhist belief. In the Toba Rikyū, built by retired emperors under a complex insei (retirement) system, imperial mausolea shared the landscape with mansions, Buddhist temples, and chapels. Groupings of stones, curving streams, dry landscapes, and low waterfalls probably all occurred as early as the Nara Period.

The impact of digitalization on the practice of determining economical cadastral valuation

Cadastral appraisers often use only those pricing factors that are mentioned in the National Standard of Cadastral Appraisal which leads to overestimation or underestimation of the cadastral value, therefore a shortage of budget funds and dissatisfaction among the citizens over the cadastral system of value for the taxation. This study aims to analyze the territory for the presence of local pricing factors, i.e. those that can be identified directly during zoning. Such factors can be, for example, soil quality, environmental health, proximity to waste storage, cell towers, etc. The work consists of the following steps: substantiating the composition of local cadastral value factors, collecting qualitative and quantitative values of cost factors ranking and normalizing the values of factors, checking market data for compliance with the normal distribution law, determining the type of functional dependence of prices on factors, building a model for calculating the cadastral value, analyzing the quality of a statistical calculation model. Approbation was carried out on the example of garden and garden plots located in the Belgorod region of the Russian Federation. The test results showed that the cadastral value model, which included local factors, is statistically significant and better describes the market.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ДОЖДЕВЫХ САДОВ НА КАЧЕСТВО ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ Г. ОДЕССА)

The article deals with the problems of sustainable development of the urban environment, which in addition to urban and architectural aspects include the problems of urban ecology. One of the important issues that needs to be addressed is the management of urban wastewater. In the long run, it is necessary to invest in sustainable infrastructure, upgrade urban systems and plant green spaces. Stormwater management allows you to apply a comprehensive approach to solving this problem, and to increase economic efficiency city. However, investments in this problem are of a long-term nature, and alternative solution of the problem could be the arrangement of rain gardens in urban space. The main purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze rain gardens as part of a sustainable urban development strategy. The methodological basis of the study was a number of scientific works related to the study of issues related to the improvement of urban planning, ecology of urban areas, as well as the study of the theory of cultural landscape and the theory of the ecological frame of the city. The article deals with the world examples of gardens, the main task of which is rainwater harvesting. Based on the analysis of world experience, we can conclude that rain gardens can be designed as a separate object of landscape architecture or as an element of urban space. Modern research has shown that bio-drainage structures (consisting of large gardens and parks) can be effective for improving water quality and maintaining hydrological function, even when the air temperature drops below zero. Studies show that, with proper site analysis, careful design and responsible plant selection, bio-drainage systems can work well even in regions with cold climates. In addition to performing their basic functions, rain gardens have an aesthetic component - they are beautiful elements of decoration, walkings paths in the park, city streets, roads and public buildings.

Species composition dynamics of woody plants by the example of gardens and squares of the historical center of St. Petersburg

Preserving the historical appearance of objects of landscape architecture is one of the most important tasks of protecting historical heritage. This task would not be feasible without studying the species composition and dynamics of the historical range of ornamental plants. A change in the species composition during the operation and restoration of such objects naturally leads to a serious change in their historical appearance. An analysis of the species composition of the vegetation in historical gardens, monitoring its state in harsh urban environment, and finding solutions to preserve the appearance of historical objects without violating historically defined features of the area are relevant today.

ISLAMIC STYLE IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT GARDENS OF THE TEMURID PERIOD

The article considers the history of the creation and development of the Islamic garden, the characteristic features of landscape gardening art in the Islamic style through the prism of the development of ancient gardens of the Temurid period, in particular, on examples of gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, and other countries, including their perspectives development, as well as proposals for the creation of modern landscape design. Today, with the urbanization and the growth of cities, less territory remains for the green zone, therefore one of the main problems throughout the world is the preservation of the environment, and especially landscape architecture. Gardening art has come a long way and many masterpieces have been irretrievably lost. Today, all aspects of the history and development of Islamic-style gardens and parks are still not disclosed. For this reason the issue of studying traditional Islamic-style gardens and, of course, reviving the traditional park-building culture of the Temurids and Baburids era was raised in Uzbekistan to create a green environment of historical sites and national parks. As a result of the research, the following were considered and identified: the history of the development of Islamic landscape design, the types of gardens in the Islamic style, the history of the creation of various gardens, their names, planning and compositional solutions, characteristic features, decorative techniques for building gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan, India, technical and water devices used in the Temurid Gardens, as well as the importance of the Temurids dynasty in creating gardens and parks in Afghanistan and India. The conducted research, the experience of designing and creating Islamic gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan, India and other countries will allow using the recommendations aimed at creating a modern garden in the Islamic style not only in Uzbekistan, but in other countries.

Planning Short-Stay ‘Weekend Breaks’ Based on the Cultural, Natural And Social Resources of the Small Town

The paper examines the way that place with a specific identity and cultural atmosphere could beused as the promotion of the site and creation the popular short-stay tourist destination. The authors briefly explained the theoretical background, concepts, marketing methodologies and effects of coordination between local government actions and tourism industry promotion. On the example of case study in Podkowa Leśna, it illustrates different activities and different issues involved, identified important determinants. Emphasizing a smart, sustainable approach, it shows how cultural tourism and culture events could be used to promote a town successfully. It shows how the local authority’s policy, the private – public cooperation, the NGOs involvement, institutional structures and volunteer’s enthusiasm could create a high standard of cultural offer and tourist – friendly host site. It also shows how, on the example of garden – city Podkowa Leśna, an effective management and innovative strategy could provide long term success based on cultural and social resources. In their final conclusion remarks the authors examine the relationship of cultural events and tourism growths (short-stay, ‘weekend break’ visits). Cultural heritage, organized sport and cultural events together with the natural values are identified as the vital determinants for the high quality experience of visitors in this destination site. The non answered question remains, if culture in future – in a broad sense of tangible and intangible forms – could be also used in the rapidly changing world for successful promotion, for sustainable development, for social and cultural harmony and economic growth. The other question to be considered in the future research study is the limit of tourism development growth at the site of high cultural and natural values, very special social atmosphere and site tradition.

日本の造園における借景という用語の性格と変遷

Focusing on the term of Borrowed Scenery, this paper probes into the historic evolvement and variety of this term in Japanese gardening, in other words how this term started, evolved and changed from classical to modern times. The study here is mainly based on the literature survey on the topic of Borrowed Scenery. As a result of the survey into classical treatises before Meiji, the treatise of Cyocyukou of Muromachi is treated as the origin of the term. And then various concepts since modern times are reviewed. At the same time, the typical examples of gardens of Borrowed Scenery are summed up and the space composition is analyzed. Besides, the diffusion of the treatise of Yuan Ye in Japan is examined. Consequently, it is concluded that the term of Borrowed Scenery has been transmitted from China to Japan as the latest in Muromachi, in the field of gardening the term was obtained from Yuan Ye in Meiji, but afterward the concept of this term gradually departed from the origin and was summarized according to the character of Japanese gardens.

旧岩崎邸庭園（１９００年頃〜１９４５年）の構成と意匠

Tokyo Metropolitan garden of Kyu-Iwasaki-tei garden (former Iwasaki’s residence in Taito Ward, Tokyo), constructed by Hisaya Iwasaki the third president of Mitsubishi Group, is today known as one of finest examples of gardens of Meiji period. This paper examines the initial spatial composition of the garden during Hisaya’s ownership (1885-1945) and the original design of Shiba-niwa (lawn garden), which has been a decisive characteristic of the garden, under a restorative approach based on interview to Hisaya’s bereaved family, examination of existing drawings and old photographs, and comparative study with the other Meiji gardens. The examination clarifies that the garden was chiefly comprised of four areas; the lawn garden, the Shoin (Japanese style house) garden, the approach and rotary, and the flower garden. Particularly, this study notices significant characteristics of the lawn garden that deserve to title this garden a standard model of Meiji gardens in Tokyo. The result also indicates that the site itself formerly formed Japanese and Western landscape axes, corresponding to the coupling of Japanese and European style houses.

Introduction: vision in the garden

This special issue of the Journal of Garden History represents a variety of approaches to vision in the garden. The essays here examine the problem of site and sight as central to the study of gardens. In defining the scope of this issue, we have deliberately chosen chronologically and geographically diverse examples of gardens; the areas of inquiry range from the gardens of Achaemenid Iran and Republican Rome to pre- and post-colonial America by way of the medieval Islamic Mediterranean. While each essay contributes in some way to the understanding of gardens and garden space, as a collection they demonstrate the possibility of a range of theoretical and methodological approaches to vision.