Examine Population Structure Research Articles

Plant Genetic Diversity Studies: Insights from DNA Marker Analyses

The plant adaptation response to a changing environment depends on the genetic diversity level it possesses. Genetic diversity and a thorough understanding of population indices are pivotal for decoding plant adaptation to dynamic environmental stressors. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular markers enables comprehensive population analyses and the precise detection of individuals and groups with unique genetic variations. Various molecular markers have been employed to assess genetic diversity, examine population structure, and delineate cluster patterns within and among populations. DNA markers revolutionize plant diversity studies by allowing detailed analyses of genetic variations, including economically significant trait-influencing genes. Despite their simplicity, they offer high reproducibility, ensuring accurate estimations of plant variation. Integrating multiple marker systems with advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques is poised to enhance the understanding and management of depleting plant genetic resources by providing a comprehensive picture of diversity at the genome-wide level. This review explores diverse molecular markers, elucidating their advantages and limitations, and highlights their impact on evaluating the genetic diversity and population structure of plants.

Embracing biodiversity: multispecies population genomics of leafless Bossiaea species shows novel taxa, population dynamics and conservation strategies

Leafless Bossiaea species are a unique group of plants endemic to Australia that present intriguing challenges in taxonomy and conservation because of their morphological simplicity and often small, disjunct populations. We employed whole genome reduced representation sequencing (DArTseq) to enhance our understanding of the population dynamics, diversity and taxonomy of leafless Bossiaea species. Our dataset comprised 52,539 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 283 samples from 7 leafless Bossiaea species, including 6 listed threatened species. We examined population structure, phylogenetic relationships, kinship and gene flow within and among populations. On the basis of our population-genomic analyses, we propose recognition of the novel taxon Bossiaea vombata subsp. orientalis and a change in status from species (B. milesiae) to subspecies for B. fragrans subsp. milesiae. Additionally, we show extensive clonal reproduction across species and limited gene flow at distances of >1 km, shedding light on the challenges faced by these species. We advocate a coordinated approach to conservation, focusing on restoring self-sustaining populations and leveraging genetic rescue strategies. By addressing the population dynamics of multiple species simultaneously in taxonomically challenging lineages, we can make informed choices to safeguard biodiversity and evolutionary potential.

Recurrent gene flow events occurred during the diversification of clownfishes of the skunk complex.

Clownfish (subfamily Amphiprioninae) are an iconic group of coral reef fish that evolved a mutualistic interaction with sea anemones, which triggered the adaptive radiation of the clade. Within clownfishes, the "skunk complex" is particularly interesting. Besides ecological speciation, interspecific gene flow and hybrid speciation are thought to have shaped the evolution of the group. We investigated the mechanisms characterizing the diversification of this complex. By taking advantage of their disjunct geographical distribution, we obtained whole-genome data of sympatric and allopatric populations of the three main species of the complex (Amphiprion akallopisos, A. perideraion and A. sandaracinos). We examined population structure, genomic divergence and introgression signals and performed demographic modelling to identify the most realistic diversification scenario. We excluded scenarios of strict isolation or hybrid origin of A. sandaracinos. We discovered moderate gene flow from A. perideraion to the ancestor of A. akallopisos + A. sandaracinos and weak gene flow between the species in the Indo-Australian Archipelago throughout the diversification of the group. We identified introgressed regions in A. sandaracinos and detected in A. perideraion two large regions of high divergence from the two other species. While we found that gene flow has occurred throughout the species' diversification, we also observed that recent admixture was less pervasive than initially thought, suggesting a role of host repartition or behavioural barriers in maintaining the genetic identity of the species in sympatry.

Examining population structure across multiple collections of Cannabis

Examining population structure across multiple collections of Cannabis

Range-wide genetic analysis of an endangered bumble bee (Bombus affinis, Hymenoptera: Apidae) reveals population structure, isolation by distance, and low colony abundance.

Declines in bumble bee species range and abundances are documented across multiple continents and have prompted the need for research to aid species recovery and conservation. The rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) is the first federally listed bumble bee species in North America. We conducted a range-wide population genetics study of B. affinis from across all extant conservation units to inform conservation efforts. To understand the species' vulnerability and help establish recovery targets, we examined population structure, patterns of genetic diversity, and population differentiation. Additionally, we conducted a site-level analysis of colony abundance to inform prioritizing areas for conservation, translocation, and other recovery actions. We find substantial evidence of population structuring along an east-to-west gradient. Putative populations show evidence of isolation by distance, high inbreeding coefficients, and a range-wide male diploidy rate of ~15%. Our results suggest the Appalachians represent a genetically distinct cluster with high levels of private alleles and substantial differentiation from the rest of the extant range. Site-level analyses suggest low colony abundance estimates for B. affinis compared to similar datasets of stable, co-occurring species. These results lend genetic support to trends from observational studies, suggesting that B. affinis has undergone a recent decline and exhibit substantial spatial structure. The low colony abundances observed here suggest caution in overinterpreting the stability of populations even where B. affinis is reliably detected interannually. These results help delineate informed management units, provide context for the potential risks of translocation programs, and help set clear recovery targets for this and other threatened bumble bee species.

Genomic insights into the population history and adaptive traits of Latin American Criollo cattle.

Criollo cattle, the descendants of animals brought by Iberian colonists to the Americas, have been the subject of natural and human-mediated selection in novel tropical agroecological zones for centuries. Consequently, these breeds have evolved distinct characteristics such as resistance to diseases and exceptional heat tolerance. In addition to European taurine (Bos taurus) ancestry, it has been proposed that gene flow from African taurine and Asian indicine (Bos indicus) cattle has shaped the ancestry of Criollo cattle. In this study, we analysed Criollo breeds from Colombia and Venezuela using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data to examine population structure and admixture at high resolution. Analysis of genetic structure and ancestry components provided evidence for African taurine and Asian indicine admixture in Criollo cattle. In addition, using WGS data, we detected selection signatures associated with a myriad of adaptive traits, revealing genes linked to thermotolerance, reproduction, fertility, immunity and distinct coat and skin coloration traits. This study underscores the remarkable adaptability of Criollo cattle and highlights the genetic richness and potential of these breeds in the face of climate change, habitat flux and disease challenges. Further research is warranted to leverage these findings for more effective and sustainable cattle breeding programmes.

Chromosomal scale assembly reveals localized structural variants in avian caecal coccidian parasite Eimeria tenella

Eimeria tenella is a major cause of caecal coccidiosis in commercial poultry chickens worldwide. Here, we report chromosomal scale assembly of Eimeria tenella strain APU2, a strain isolated from commercial broiler chickens in the U.S. We obtained 100× sequencing Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and more than 800× Coverage of Illumina Next-Seq. We created the assembly using the hybrid approach implemented in MaSuRCA, achieving a contiguous 51.34 Mb chromosomal-scale scaffolding enabling identification of structural variations. The AUGUSTUS pipeline predicted 8060 genes, and BUSCO deemed the genomes 99% complete; 6278 (78%) genes were annotated with Pfam domains, and 1395 genes were assigned GO-terms. Comparing E. tenella strains (APU2, US isolate and Houghton, UK isolate) derived Houghton strain of E. tenella revealed 62,905 high stringency differences, of which 45,322 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (0.088%). The rate of transitions/transversions among the SNPs are 1.63 ts/tv. The strains possess conserved gene order but have profound sequence heterogeneity in a several chromosomal segments (chr 2, 11 and 15). Genic and intergenic variation in defined gene families was evaluated between the two strains to possibly identify sequences under selection. The average genic nucleotide diversity of 2.8 with average 2 kb gene length (0.145%) at genic level. We examined population structure using available E. tenella sequences in NCBI, revealing that the two E. tenella isolates from the U.S. (E. tenella APU2 and Wisconsin, “ERR296879”) share a common maternal inheritance with the E. tenella Houghton. Our chromosomal level assembly promotes insight into Eimeria biology and evolution, hastening drug discovery and vaccine development.

Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae isolates from otitis media in Bulgaria.

Haemophilus influenzae is one of the main bacteria responsible for otitis media (OM) among children worldwide. We aimed to estimate the distribution of encapsulated and non-capsulated variants (NTHi), biotypes, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology of H. influenzae isolates recovered from pediatric OM cases in Bulgaria.Capsule detection was done by PCR for bexB gene, absent in NTHi. All encapsulated strains were subjected to PCR serotyping. MIC susceptibility testing was performed according to the criteria of EUCAST. MLST was conducted for all 71 OM isolates.The capsule detection and PCR - serotyping disclosed a predominance of NTHi (90.1%) and a few "a", "f", and "c" types. Biotype I was the most widespread (42.3%). β-lactam resistance was found in 35.2% of the isolates. MLST represented heterogenic population structure, whereas the most represented clonal complexes belonged to ST-3, ST-57, ST-105, and ST-1426. 42.3% of the STs showed relatedness to globally represented clones, and 11.3% displayed affiliation to international type 2.Most of the H. influenzae isolates recovered from children with otitis media were non-typable strains from biotype I. The examined population structure was genetically diverse, with a predominance of international type 2 isolates.

Genetic and environmental drivers of migratory behavior in western burrowing owls and implications for conservation and management.

Migration is driven by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, but many questions remain about those drivers. Potential interactions between genetic and environmental variants associated with different migratory phenotypes are rarely the focus of study. We pair low coverage whole genome resequencing with a de novo genome assembly to examine population structure, inbreeding, and the environmental factors associated with genetic differentiation between migratory and resident breeding phenotypes in a species of conservation concern, the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea). Our analyses reveal a dichotomy in gene flow depending on whether the population is resident or migratory, with the former being genetically structured and the latter exhibiting no signs of structure. Among resident populations, we observed significantly higher genetic differentiation, significant isolation-by-distance, and significantly elevated inbreeding. Among migratory breeding groups, on the other hand, we observed lower genetic differentiation, no isolation-by-distance, and substantially lower inbreeding. Using genotype-environment association analysis, we find significant evidence for relationships between migratory phenotypes (i.e., migrant versus resident) and environmental variation associated with cold temperatures during the winter and barren, open habitats. In the regions of the genome most differentiated between migrants and residents, we find significant enrichment for genes associated with the metabolism of fats. This may be linked to the increased pressure on migrants to process and store fats more efficiently in preparation for and during migration. Our results provide a significant contribution toward understanding the evolution of migratory behavior and vital insight into ongoing conservation and management efforts for the western burrowing owl.

Population genomics provides evidence of interspecific hybridisation and population structure in the blue-swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) along the Western Australian coastline

Responsible and sustainable fisheries management requires a comprehensive knowledge of stock structure. Here, we examine population structure in the blue-swimmer crab (Portunus armatus), which supports one of the largest commercial and recreational fisheries within Western Australia (WA). Tissue samples from adult P. armatus were collected from 16 sites along the WA coastline from Albany to the Kimberley, a distance spanning over 3000 km. Adult individuals were also collected from one site in South Australia (SA) and one in the Northern Territory (NT), the latter separated into two morphologically similar species, P. armatus and P. pelagicus, as their ranges are known to overlap in northern Australia. Juvenile crabs were also sampled from five sites within the south-west region of WA to test for evidence of local recruitment. Using a panel of 11,175 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, we found evidence of two genetically distinct clusters in the NT sample and the northernmost WA site in the Kimberley region consistent with two sympatric species. We also found evidence of hybridisation between the two groups where they co-occur. Subsequent analyses on the remaining WA sites and SA, revealed the presence of four genetically distinct populations, represented by sites at SA, Exmouth, Shark Bay and the south-west region of WA. Additional analyses focussing on the south-west of WA exclusively failed to detect any appreciable population structure within this region. Consistent with this pattern, juveniles collected from five sites within south-west region of WA were no more genetically related to other juveniles from the same sampling site, on average, than juveniles collected elsewhere. Our results suggest the south-west region of WA is comprised of a single panmictic population, consistent with the view that populations along this coastline are highly interconnected due to inshore and offshore currents. Future management should consider a more integrated approach for managing blue-swimmer crab fisheries within the south west region of WA and improved monitoring in northern Australia, where two genetically distinct groups are currently fished as a single stock.

Is the invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. an emergent threat to mainland Atlantic forests? A population dynamics approach

Understanding the population dynamics of invasive species is essential for identifying the key parameters of their success and guiding management actions. European temperate forests of the Atlantic domain are prone to be invaded by the Pontic Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reut.) Hand.-Mazz.), a shade-tolerate evergreen shrub native to the Iberian peninsula. While the invasion has a long history in Ireland and the British Isles, it is an emerging threat in mainland Europe. It is therefore a timely challenge to better understanding the invasive dynamics of this species in this context. We studied the population dynamics of R. ponticum in 27 invaded forests of north-western France, examining population structure, and individuals’ growth, fertility and fecundity among contrasted light conditions. All invasive populations were found on acidic soils. Irrespective of light conditions, R. ponticum exhibited a regular radial growth, with a clear increase since the 1990s. The majority of stems were younger than 38 years on average, indicating a recent increase in population density. Light availability strongly impacted R. ponticum’s canopy structure, with higher canopy cover and stem numbers under sun conditions. Despite the production of a huge number of viable seeds, the observed number of seedlings was always very low irrespective of light conditions, indicating recruitment limitation and thus a limited ability to establish new, distant populations. In contrast, vegetative propagation via intense layering at the invasion front wave ensured local population spread from initially planted individuals, especially on moist soils. We conclude that where it has been planted, R. ponticum is able to actively layer, thereby forming dense bushes in the forest understories as long as the soil is acidic and relatively moist. The establishment of new, distant populations appears a rare event since recruitment is limited to particular microhabitats related to forest management-associated disturbances. Such disturbance should thus be avoided in sites where the species has already established, unless a post-disturbance eradication of R. ponticum’s seedling can be implemented the following years. The plantation of R. ponticum in forest must be avoided when the soil is acidic and moist. Because R. ponticum’s growth performances are increasing since the 1990s, as a likely consequence of climate change, monitoring established populations is recommended to detect a possible increasing invasiveness.

Whole genome analyses reveal weak signatures of population structure and environmentally associated local adaptation in an important North American pollinator, the bumble bee Bombus vosnesenskii.

Studies of species that experience environmental heterogeneity across their distributions have become an important tool for understanding mechanisms of adaptation and predicting responses to climate change. We examine population structure, demographic history and environmentally associated genomic variation in Bombus vosnesenskii, a common bumble bee in the western USA, using whole genome resequencing of populations distributed across a broad range of latitudes and elevations. We find that B. vosnesenskii exhibits minimal population structure and weak isolation by distance, confirming results from previous studies using other molecular marker types. Similarly, demographic analyses with Sequentially Markovian Coalescent models suggest that minimal population structure may have persisted since the last interglacial period, with genomes from different parts of the species range showing similar historical effective population size trajectories and relatively small fluctuations through time. Redundancy analysis revealed a small amount of genomic variation explained by bioclimatic variables. Environmental association analysis with latent factor mixed modelling (LFMM2) identified few outlier loci that were sparsely distributed throughout the genome and although a few putative signatures of selective sweeps were identified, none encompassed particularly large numbers of loci. Some outlier loci were in genes with known regulatory relationships, suggesting the possibility of weak selection, although compared with other species examined with similar approaches, evidence for extensive local adaptation signatures in the genome was relatively weak. Overall, results indicate B. vosnesenskii is an example of a generalist with a high degree of flexibility in its environmental requirements that may ultimately benefit the species under periods of climate change.

An Illusion of Barriers to Gene Flow in Suburban Coyotes (Canis latrans): Spatial and Temporal Population Structure across a Fragmented Landscape in Southern California

Carnivores with large home ranges are especially vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. As coyotes (Canis latrans) are often found living in highly modified landscapes, it is unclear how urban and suburban development impact gene flow between their populations. This study evaluated gene flow among coyotes inhabiting California sage scrub fragments within the highly developed Pomona Valley, California. We genotyped microsatellites from scat samples collected from four study sites to examine population structure between coyotes separated by a major freeway, coyotes separated by suburban development, and finally, coyotes in contiguous, natural habitat sites over 15 months. Though coyotes from all four sites were genetically distinct, near-complete turnover of individuals in sites and examination of temporal genetic structure and relatedness within one site indicated the movement of family groups through natural fragments over time. Thus, we argue that solely examining spatial genetic structure may create the illusion of genetic barriers among coyote populations where they may not exist, and that incorporating temporal components of genetic variation is critical to understanding gene flow across space and time in highly mobile animals. Understanding how to better study and manage coyotes, an apex predator, is key to the conservation of the endangered California sage scrub ecosystem.

A Possible Mixing Genetic Pool of Eastern Little Tuna Euthynnus affinis Cantor (1849) from the Western and Southern Part of Indonesian Waters

Eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is a commercially important species for coastal communities in the western and southern part of Indonesia. However, little is known about its characteristics. Therefore, a comprehensive and broader research of its population structure is imminent in response to conserve and manage the fishery sustainably. This study aimed to fill the gap of the lacking information on the stock separation of eastern little tuna within the Indonesian archipelagic waters and its Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). Population genetic approaches were used to examine population structure using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region marker. A total of 94 samples were collected from nine landing sites between January to September 2020. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the samples, and Sanger sequencing was used to sequence them. The findings showed a mean value of 0.922 for genetic diversity (Hd) and 0.009 for nucleotide diversity (π). Both of these numbers pointed to a high level of genetic diversity. A further population analyses using Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component (DAPC) confirmed a mixing gene pool with no distinct population structure detected (ΦST value of 0.097 and p-value>0.05).

Comparing the roles of climate, predation and phylogeography in driving wing colour variation in Ranchman’s tiger moth (Arctia virginalis)

Abstract In Lepidoptera, as an explanation for darker phenotypes occurring in colder areas, wing melanism has been proposed to increase solar thermal gain. Alternatively, trade-offs with aposematic signalling and ultraviolet protection have been proposed as explanations for variation in melanism. To investigate the roles of temperature, humidity, solar radiation and predation in driving melanism in the Ranchman’s tiger moth (Arctia virginalis), we characterized wing melanism in 23 populations across the range. We also conducted predation experiments using artificial moths and carried out genetic analyses to examine population structure and to test whether wing coloration was hereditary. We found that wing melanism was positively associated with mean temperature during the flight season, which was the best predictor of melanism rates. Wing melanism also exhibited a negative association with humidity and a weak positive association with insolation. We also found two loci weakly associated with wing melanism and showed that melanism is likely to be highly hereditary but not closely associated with population differentiation. Our results contrast with previous findings that melanism is associated with colder conditions and higher predation risk and suggest that humidity and protection against ultraviolet radiation are potential drivers of variation in wing melanism that have been overlooked.

Rear‐edge daylily populations show legacies of habitat fragmentation due to the Holocene climate warming

AbstractAimsQuaternary climate changes dramatically affected species' distributions and thus impacted genetic diversity patterns, particularly for rear‐edge populations. Empirical studies have shown the southernmost (rear‐edge), fragmented populations of Japanese woody plants can harbour high genetic diversity owing to their origin in southern glacial refugia. The effect of Holocene climate warming on rear‐edge populations has, however, rarely been demonstrated. We assessed whether the genetic structure of populations of temperate plants in Japan can be interpreted to show legacies of both icy (Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) and warm (Holocene) climates.LocationJapanese Archipelago.TaxonHemerocallis middendorffii (Asphodelaceae).MethodsPopulation genetic profiles of 737 individuals from 41 populations were analysed to examine population structure and past population demography, using 12 EST‐SSR markers. Present and past suitable habitat areas during the LGM and the Holocene climatic optimum were estimated by ecological niche modelling (ENM). Reconstructed palaeodistribution was combined with population genetics to statistically predict population demographics in relation to past climate changes.ResultsGenetic analysis of the 41 populations revealed 6 regional population groups. Four groups widely dominating the northern–central ranges harboured high genetic diversity, whereas genetic divergence within the groups was low. In contrast, the two groups at the southwestern edge were geographically and genetically isolated, and they showed the lowest genetic diversity. The estimated palaeodistributions showed a decrease in the suitable range during the Holocene in comparison with that at the LGM, and only habitat suitability in the Holocene was able to predict the genetic diversity across the range.Main conclusionsPopulations at the centre of the current distribution harbour high genetic diversity because they remained stable during both cold and warm periods. However, habitat fragmentation and population decline in relation to climate warming during the Holocene resulted in genetic isolation and impoverishment of the rear‐edge populations.

The demographic history of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in eastern North America.

The Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) is a widespread human commensal that has recently been introduced to North America. Its introduction to the Americas is thought to have resulted from the transatlantic movements of Europeans that began in the early 16th century. To study the details of this colonization history, we examine population structure, explore relevant demographic models, and infer the timing of divergence among house mouse populations in the eastern United States using published exome sequences from five North American populations and two European populations. For North American populations of house mice, levels of nucleotide variation were lower, and low-frequency alleles were less common than for European populations. These patterns provide evidence of a mild bottleneck associated with the movement of house mice into North America. Several analyses revealed that one North American population is genetically admixed, which indicates at least two source populations from Europe were independently introduced to eastern North America. Estimated divergence times between North American and German populations ranged between ∼1,000 and 7,000 years ago and overlapped with the estimated divergence time between populations from Germany and France. Demographic models comparing different North American populations revealed that these populations diverged from each other mostly within the last 500 years, consistent with the timing of the arrival of Western European settlers to North America. Together, these results support a recent introduction of Western European house mice to eastern North America, highlighting the effects of human migration and colonization on the spread of an invasive human commensal.

Genome-wide polymorphism and genic selection in feral and domesticated lineages of Cannabis sativa.

A comprehensive understanding of the degree to which genomic variation is maintained by selection versus drift and gene flow is lacking in many important species such as Cannabis sativa (C. sativa), one of the oldest known crops to be cultivated by humans worldwide. We generated whole genome resequencing data across diverse samples of feralized (escaped domesticated lineages) and domesticated lineages of C. sativa. We performed analyses to examine population structure, and genome wide scans for FST, balancing selection, and positive selection. Our analyses identified evidence for sub-population structure and further support the Asian origin hypothesis of this species. Feral plants sourced from the U.S. exhibited broad regions on chromosomes 4 and 10 with high F̄ST which may indicate chromosomal inversions maintained at high frequency in this sub-population. Both our balancing and positive selection analyses identified loci that may reflect differential selection for traits favored by natural selection and artificial selection in feral versus domesticated sub-populations. In the U.S. feral sub-population, we found six loci related to stress response under balancing selection and one gene involved in disease resistance under positive selection, suggesting local adaptation to new climates and biotic interactions. In the marijuana sub-population, we identified the gene SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES 2 to be under positive selection which suggests artificial selection for increased tetrahydrocannabinol yield. Overall, the data generated, and results obtained from our study help to form a better understanding of the evolutionary history in C. sativa.

EXPLORATION OF MOBILE MARKET: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN SOUTHEAST AND SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

BackgroundPopulation structure and per capita mobile phones are related to the information infrastructure of countries. The association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization composed of Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. In addition, South Asian countries include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Many previous studies have discussed strategies or countermeasures to deal with the problem of “China's rise” and the emotional behavior of Chinese people on mobile phones.The rise of China has almost balanced the trade differences between China and other countries such as the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Japan.Research objects and methodsThe population structure and per capita mobile phones of the association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN & SA) and South Asian countries (ASEAN & SA) were classified by bilateral standard deviation method. The steps are: 1) clustering the population structure through bilateral standard deviation; 2) Analysis of mobile cellular network per capita in various countries; 3) The relationship between population structure and per capita mobile phone. 4) Using the method of questionnaire, this paper investigates the emotional micro behavior of using Chinese mobile phones in different countries and regions. This study also used the emotion regulation scale (ERs), which was compiled by Wang Li and others on the basis of gross's emotion regulation scale. The scale has a score of 7 points (1 completely disagree to 7 completely agree), with a total of 14 items. There were 7 items of re evaluation and expression inhibition strategies respectively. The higher the score of the scale, the higher the frequency of using the strategy. In this study, the internal consistency coefficient of the scale is 0.74. Re evaluation and expression inhibition of the two subscales α The coefficients are 0.84 and 0.77 respectively.ResultsThe results show that India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand have potential markets for mobile communications. According to the classification of countries, when these countries are included in the same cluster, the population structure is very similar. According to the analysis, the number of mobile phones per capita in Singapore is very high, and the population structure is also aging. Malaysia and Vietnam have high per capita mobile traffic and a general population structure. Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines all have mobile phones. Generally speaking, countries with elderly population structure have a high per capita mobile cellular network in ASEAN. In this process, we also analyzed the correlation between emotional behavior and telephone use. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between social support and anxiety level. There is a significant positive correlation between social re evaluation and social support. At the same time, social support was negatively correlated with expression inhibition, and expression inhibition was positively correlated with anxiety. The same statistical method was used to explore expression inhibition as an intermediary variable between social support and adolescent anxiety. It can be seen from table 4 that the regression coefficients of the first and second steps are significant. In the third step, after inserting the intermediary variable expression inhibition, the impact of social support on Teenagers' anxiety level is still significant. It can be seen that expression inhibition plays a partial intermediary role in the relationship between social support and teenagers' anxiety level, and its effect value is 0.01, accounting for the percentage of the total effect of -0.02 * 0.23 / - 0.05 = 9.2%. According to the calculation of bias corrected bootstrap method, the 95% confidence interval of the mediating effect of expression inhibition is [0.077, 0.381], and 0 is not within the upper and lower limits, indicating that expression inhibition plays an intermediary role in social support and adolescent anxiety.ConclusionThe main contribution of this study is to explore the relationship between population structure and per capita mobile phone in ASEAN and southern African countries. The world's population is growing rapidly, which is a problem because the earth's resources are limited. The uniform probability distribution with time (year) as the variable is considered to be the optimal population distribution of a country, that is, the human resources of the country are constant. Therefore, the ideal shape of the pyramid of the times is square. It is also a standard form for examining population structure. In addition, it is reasonable to share the experience of China's rise, which supports the mobile business model of ASEAN and southern African countries.AcknowledgementsThis work was jointly supported by Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology under Grant 702-519244 and 702-519210, Guangdong, China.

Molecular and archaeological evidence on the geographical origin of domestication for Camelina sativa.

PremiseCamelina (gold‐of‐pleasure or false flax) is an ancient oilseed crop with emerging applications in the production of sustainable, low‐input biofuels. Previous domestication hypotheses suggested a European or western Asian origin, yet little genetic evidence has existed to assess the geographical origin for this crop, and archaeological data have not been systematically surveyed.MethodsWe utilized genotyping‐by‐sequencing of 185 accessions of C. sativa and its wild relatives to examine population structure within the crop species and its relationship to populations of its wild progenitor, C. microcarpa; cytotype variation was also assessed in both species. In a complementary analysis, we surveyed the archaeological literature to identify sites with archaeobotanical camelina remains and assess the timing and prevalence of usage across Europe and western Asia.ResultsThe majority of C. microcarpa sampled in Europe and the United States belongs to a variant cytotype (2n = 38) with a distinct evolutionary origin from that of the crop lineage (2n = 40). Populations of C. microcarpa from Transcaucasia (South Caucasus) are most closely related to C. sativa based on cytotype and population structure; in combination with archaeological insights, these data refute prior hypotheses of a European domestication origin.ConclusionsOur findings support a Caucasus, potentially Armenian, origin of C. sativa domestication. We cannot definitively determine whether C. sativa was intentionally targeted for domestication in its own right or instead arose secondarily through selection for agricultural traits in weedy C. sativa, as originally proposed by Vavilov for this species.