Ex-tin Mining Research Articles

Comparing Morphological Traits and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Sun and Shade Leaves of Eucalyptus hybrid in an Ex-Tin Mine

Selecting suitable tree species is one of the most important factors determining the success of rehabilitationinitiatives or projects in degraded areas such as ex-mining sites. The ability of selected trees to survive andestablish in these areas can be explained physiologically through examination of their leaves. Among fourspecies planted in May 2022 in an ex-tin mining area in Malim Nawar, Perak, this study has chosen to focuson the Eucalyptus hybrid due to its superior survival and growth. A total of four E. hybrid trees wereselected with an average height of 2.71 ± 0.65 m and collar diameter of 36.23 ± 8.75 mm. Five sun leavesand another five shade leaves were sampled from each tree for measurements of leaf area, moisture content,chlorophyll and plant efficiency. Sun leaf was found to have significantly higher (p < 0.01) length and widthcompared to shade leaf which contributed to a larger area for the sun leaf (28.40 ± 3.98 cm2) than that ofthe shade leaf (22.88 ± 5.16 cm2). Sun leaf also had higher chlorophyll content compared to shade leaf (p< 0.05). The Chl-a fluorescence analysis results indicated better photosynthetic performance in sun leaveswith higher PIABS and PItotal than shade leaves. Our findings thus showed the morphological adaptation aswell as physiological responses of sun and shade leaves of Eucalyptus hybrid when planted in an opendegraded area.

Productivity of two species of tree legume as sources forage on post-tin mining in Bangka island

Legume tree One of the crops that may function as a viable source of animal feed and be utilized for land reclamation on former mining sites. Ex-tin mining land, which is widely spread in Indonesia, has the potential to transform to productive agricultural land, as long as the land is given sufficient inputs through land rehabilitation. The legume tree has drought resistance, hence limiting its potential for development on many types of land, including post-tin mining areas in the Bangka Tengah District of Bangka Island. The objective of this research is to assess the adaptation of two legume tree species in post-tin mining environments. The research was completed throughout the period from 2017 to 2020. Experiments using Randomized block design (RBD) with two different species of treatments, were repeated a total of five times. Two species tested were (1) Leucaena leucocephala cv Taramba, and (2) Indigofera zollingeriana. Data growth and yield components are harvested every three months and yield is subjected to analysis using the Duncan test at a significance level of 5 %. The research result indicated that all of the tested two species of legume tree were well-adapted to post-tin mining in Bangka Tengah District, Bangka Island. The fresh yield of L.leucocephala cv Taramba was higher (9.1 %) than I.zollingeriana but the quality was similar, so the two species can be developed on post-tin mining areas as forage material for an animal in Central Bangka District, Bangka Island.

Capung (Ordo: Odonata) di Kawasan Reklamasi Bekas Tambang Timah, Belinyu, Bangka

Dragonflies are bioindicator insects that are known to be sensitive to the environment and their existence is influenced by habitat conditions. The potential of dragonflies as a bioindicator for the success of reclamation efforts for former tin mining on Bangka Island needs to be studied. This research aims to record the diversity of dragonflies and damselflies in reclaimed land covering an area of ±15.25 ha and aged ±16 years as one component to enrich the criteria for assessing the success of revegetation of ex-tin mining land. This research was conducted in the rainy season, January-March 2023. For three weeks, Schnabel's visual encounter survey (VES) and capture-mark-release-recapture (CMRR) methods were chosen to observe five transect lines, respectively non-revegetation areas, horticultural and fruit revegetation areas, oil palm revegetation areas, kolong with tilapia fish, and kolong with human activities. This research recorded 19 species of dragonflies and 6 species of damselflies, or around 6.5% of the dragonflies and 2.0% of the damselfly species on the island of Sumatra. The most dominant species are Neurothemis fluctuans and Ceriagrion cerinorubellum. The number of species and number of individual dragonflies is thought to be related to the age of reclamation, and has the potential to be an indicator of the success of ex-tin mining reclamation land. Keywords:“Area Type”; “Bangka”; “Bioindicator”; “Dragonfly”; “Ex-Mined Land Reclamation”

Short Communication: Aplocheilus panchax Hamilton, 1822 Found at Acidic Waters of Abandoned Ex-tin Mining Ponds as Insectivorous Fish and Its Role for Water Quality Improvement

Kepala timah fish or blue panchax is one of the species found at acidic waters of abandoned ex-tin mining pond. Kepala timah fish belongs to the extremophile fishes which can survive in extreme aquatic environments caused by pressure from environmental factors. This study aimed to confirm the kepala timah fish as a species of Aplocheilus panchax and to analyze its natural food habits. Molecular analysis through DNA barcoding was carried out by analyzing the COI gene and confirming the sequence of kepala timah fish in the gene bank on the NCBI website and constructing a phylogenetic tree for kepala timah fish to other A. panchax populations. Analysis of food habits was carried out by identifying the contents of the digestive tract of kepala timah fish which were observed microscopically. The results showed that kepala timah fish found at acidic waters of abandoned ex-tin mining pond was confirmed as Aplocheilus panchax Hamilton, 1822. Some morphological characters confirmed the similarity between kepala timah fish and A. panchax such as a silvery white spot on its head, terminal type of the mouth position, body shape was sagittiform, small dorsal fin on posterior body, and the shape of the caudal fin was rounded or rhomboid. Analysis of the contents of digestive tract showed the food habits of A. panchax found at acidic waters of ex-tin mining pond was insects. The food habits explained that A. panchax was classified as larvivorous or insectivorous fishes. The presence of A. panchax and its metabolic activity at abandoned ex-tin mining ponds can contributed to increasing organic matter in the waters so that it can be beneficial for improving water quality.

Polystyrene Sulfonate-Chitosan Membrane from Styrofoam Waste as The Adsorbent for Fe (III) Metals from Ex-Tin Mining

Styrofoam waste is difficult to degrade and decompose because it is included in inorganic waste, so it will negatively impact human health and the environment. A good and efficient method for chemical modifications that can convert Styrofoam into an appropriate material is needed. The heavy metal content in pond water is considered not good if used as drinking water because the heavy metal content in some ponds exceeds the quality standard for clean water, which is not good for health. Therefore, this research utilized Styrofoam waste in the environment with chemical modification into a sulfonated polystyrene-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex membrane as a heavy metal adsorbent in wastewater from a former tin mine. The PSS-chitosan membrane composition of 10:10 shows better adsorption capabilities than that of 12:8 and 8:12 on standard Fe metal. The adsorption efficiency of the PSS-chitosan membrane on Fe metal in underground water was (39.1 ± 3.1)%.

The concentration of Pb, Cd, and Sn in vegetables from ex-tin mining land in Bangka, Indonesia

Utilization of ex-tin mining land as agricultural land is thought to have the potential to contribute heavy metals in agricultural products. The research objective was to obtain data on the metal content of Pb, Cd, and Sn in various vegetable crops such as spinach, cucumber, tomato, cayenne pepper, bitter guard, eggplant, pumpkin, and pepper. In addition to obtaining data on bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of metals in various vegetables. Vegetables were obtained from ex-mining vegetable fields in Jelitik Village, Gunung Pelawan, and Rebo Village, and metal measurements used Analytical Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (F-AAS) Jena ContrAA 300. The results showed that the Sn metal in all vegetables analyzed ranged from 4.71 -10.86 mg/kg, Pb ranged from 0 – 5.0 mg/kg, and Cd metal was not found in all the vegetables and soil samples analyzed. The highest of Sn was found in spinach, and Pb in pepper. Generally, the Pb, Cd, and Sn content in vegetables still meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 7387:2009, because not exceed the recommended quality standards. Soil from the three villages of ex-tin mining is not categorized as polluted with Pb, Cd, and Sn metals because it does not exceed the target values recommended by WHO. The TFs (Transfer Factors) value of metals in all types of vegetables analyzed was < 1, meaning that the ex-tin mining lands in Jelilik Village, Gunung Pelawan, and Rebo Village, Bangka are still relatively safe for growing vegetables because they do not contribute to the pollution of Pb, Cd, Sn.

Utilization of post-tin mining land for porang (Amorphaphillus oncophyllus) cultivation by application of cow manure compost

Tailing post-tin mining land has a sandy textured and loose structure. Those physical properties can affect the efficiency of fertilization and cause inefficiency of nutrient absorption in plants. That issue can be corrected by the application of organic material such as cow manure compost which has the potential for plant cultivation, especially for “porang” (&lt;em&gt;Amorphaphillus oncophyllus&lt;/em&gt; Prain). This study aimed to examine the cultivation of porang plants in post-tin mining tailings by applying cow manure compost and to determine the best dose of cow manure compost for porang cultivation in artificial ex-tin mining land. This study used a single-group randomized design method with the treatment factor being the dose of cow manure compost consisting of five dose levels (5 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 10 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 15 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 20 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and 25 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;). Each treatment level was replicated with five replications, and each replication consisted of five populations so the total population was 125 plants. The results showed that the application of various doses of cow manure compost to artificial post-tin mining land affected the growth and yield of porang plants. The treatment of cow manure compost at a dose of 25 t ha&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; gave the best growth and yield of porang plants. Heavy metal (Pb) analysis on porang tubers showed that all doses of cow manure compost had a Pb content value of &amp;lt;0.059%, which means that cow manure compost can reduce heavy metal uptake in porang tubers. Porang planted in artificial post-tin mining land is safe for consumption because lead (Pb) content was below the threshold of Indonesia National Standard (SNI) for food.

KOMUNIKASI SINGKAT: KEBIASAAN MAKAN IKAN KEPALA TIMAH (Aplocheilus panchax, Hamilton 1822) DI PERAIRAN EKSTREM ASAM PASCATAMBANG TIMAH TERABAIKAN

Kepala Timah (Aplocheilus panchax, Hamilton 1822) is one of the fish that has the survival abilities to live in a wide variety of quality waters. The ability of A. panchax to survive in acidic waters has begun to be widely studied as extremophile fish to study ecosystems in aquatic habitats that have acidic characteristics. This study aimed to determine the food habits of A. panchax as natural food in acid water of abandoned ex-tin mining activity. The results showed that the natural food for A. panchax was insects larvae or insects that fall on the surface of the waters. The food habits and terminal mouth type confirmed that A. panchax was surface feeder fish, carnivorous fish, larvivorous or insectivorous fish. The sagittiform body type was used A. panchax to did the strategy of feeding behavior by pursue or ambush their prey and it indicated that A. panchax as ambush predator.

Sustainability analysis of ex-tin mining pond using multi-dimensional scaling

Ex-Tin mining is nowadays utilized as leisure industry area in order to reduce externality ex-mining area that resulted a gaping hole filled with rain water that eventually becomes a pond named Kulong. This utilization has resulted economic benefits for local people, together with the degradation of environmental conditions. This study aims to measure the sustainability of Kulong as leisure industry Area by using multidimensional scaling analysis which is assessed through four dimensional approaches, such as environmental, economic, leisure industry, social and institution dimensions. The sustainability is measured by using sustainability index. The result shows that the only dimension that is scored more than 50 for sustainability index is economic dimension while environmental, leisure area, and social and institution dimensions are scored below 50 which are considered as less sustainable. Therefore, the recommendations for the improvement of kulong as leisure area are restriction and encouragement of leisure industry based on age of kulong, making layout design for leisure destination, and establishing cross-sector program for kulong.

Vegetation on ex-tin mining in Mempayak village, Manggar district, Belitung regency and its utilization

The former tin mining land in Mempayak Village in Belitung Regency created a basin that becomes water catchment area when it rains and becomes a source of clean air during the dry season. The heavy rain occurred in 2017 brought vast amounts of soil material depending on the ex-mining basins in this village. This study aims to inventory of vegetation that grows and discusses its use by the communities around the Mempayak Village. Vegetation that succeeded in changing 34 species grouped into 20 families and 31 genera. Vegetation in this former tin mining land has benefits as a raw material for making a single drug without mixture (34 species), food (2 species), roofing material (1 species), cutting tools (1 species), chicken feed (1 species), and straws (1 species). Vegetation body parts that are useful for the above purposes include: roots (2 species), petiolus (1 species), shoots (1 species), leaf blades (2 species), young stems (2 species), old stems (2 species), and all parts of the plant body (14 species), and unknown parts of the plant body used by the surrounding community (9 species). The success of vegetation on ex-mining land has been taking place by spending a variety of types and diverse uses by the people of Mempayak Village, Manggar District, Belitung Regency. Efforts to manage the area and manage vegetation are needed to protect the preservation of vegetation on ex-tin mining land and work carried out at high speed.

Tingkat Keberhasilan Penanaman Mangrove Pada Lahan Bekas Tambang Timah Di Desa Rebo Kabupaten Bangka Sebagai Bentuk Pemanfaatan Lahan Dalam Wilayah Hutan Mangrove Di Pesisir Timur Pulau Bangka

The existence of unconventional mines (TI) which is increasingly prevalent nowadays has penetrated the coast, resulting in the mangrove ecosystem unable to develop properly. One of the areas affected by unconvencional minning activities is on the coast of Takari Beach, Bangka Regency. Takari Beach is one of the areas located on the coast of Rebo Village, Sungailiat District, Bangka Regency. One of the rehabilitation efforts carried out is by planting mangrove seedlings on Takari Beach in 2018 with a total of 500 mangrove seedlings. Mangrove rehabilitation activities are one form of land use conducted in Takari Beach. This activity also needs to be supported by the maintenance and monitoring of planting results to determine the success rate of mangrove planting activities on ex-tin mining land located in the coastal area of Takari Beach, Bangka. The results showed that the percentage of mangroves living at the observation station, namely on plot 1, was 71%. Plot 2's survival rate is 80%. The survival rate for plot 3 is 81%, the survival rate for plot 4 is 54%, and the survival rate for plot 5 is 27%. Plots 1,2 and 3 have a high survival rate, which is around 70-81%. Plots 4, and 5 have a low survival rate, which is around 27-54%. This can indicate that the success rate of mangrove survival can be said to be less successful. This could be due to the fact that there are still floating unconventional mining (TI) activities, which are operating again so that it is suspected that the tailings yield inhibits the growth rate and causes the death of mangrove seedlings.

Indigenous bacterial community of heavy metal tolerance in the rhizosphere soils of Mimosa pudica naturally growing on an ex-tin mining area

Indigenous bacterial community of heavy metal tolerance in the rhizosphere soils of Mimosa pudica naturally growing on an ex-tin mining area

DNA Barcoding Ikan Kepala Timah Dan Betok Berdasarkan Gen COI sebagai Ikan Pioneer di Kolong Pascatambang Timah, Pulau Bangka

Tin mining activities in the Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province have led to the formation of pits that have not ideal water quality for aquatic organisms in general. Acidic pH and high metal contamination at certain age under certain causes only a few species are able to live well in these ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the identity of the pioneer fishes in ex-tin mining pit &lt;1 year of Bangka Island through DNA barcoding based on COI gene. The pioneer fish in ex-tin mining pit &lt;1 year were Kepala Timah fish dan Betok fish. Species determination was based on sequences similarity in NCBI and BOLD System showed that Ikan Kepala Timah had similarity with Aplocheilus panchax and its morphology indicated Ikan Kepala Timah was Aplocheilus panchax. The sequences similarity of Betok fish in NCBI and BOLD System showed that Betok fish had similarity with Anabas testudineusi and its morphology showed that Betok fish was Anabas testudineusi. The Kimua 2 Parameters (K-2P) Neigh­bour-Joining (NJ) clearly confirmed that Kepala Timah fish found in ex-tin mining pit &lt;1 year was Aplocheilus panchax, whereas Betok fish was located outside clade of the group. It indicated that Betok fish was found in ex-tin mining pit &lt;1 year can be expected as a morphotype of Anabas testudineusi that needed further confirmation in other studies, both molecularly and morphologically. The sequence data of COI gene of Betok fish found in ex-tin mining pit &lt;1 year was expected can supported available sequence data of Anabas testudineusi in NCBI and BOLD System.

Application of ameliorants for of ex-tin mining soil improvement and increasing corn (Zea mays) yield

Ex-tin mining land is a degraded land with low soil fertility and poor soil physical properties. The research aimed to find the best ameliorant for the improvement of ex-tin mining soil and corn yield. This experiment, conducted in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia, used a Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments and 4 replications: control, 20 t ha−1 biochar, 20 t ha−1 cattle manure, 20 t ha−1 mucuna compost, 10 t ha−1 biochar+10 t ha−1 cattle manure, 10 t ha−1 biochar+10 t ha−1 mucuna compost, and 10 t ha−1 cattle manure+10 t ha−1 mucuna compost. The corn variety used was Sukmaraga. The application of ameliorant significantly increased soil chemical properties (pH, potential and available P, potential and exch-K, exch-Ca, exch-Mg, exch-Na, and base saturation) and growth and yield of corn. The corn yield from the 20 t ha−1 biochar treatment was higher than that of the control, but was not significantly different from the other treatments. The single application of 20 t ha−1 biochar and the application of 10 t ha−1 biochar in combination with either 10 t ha−1 cattle manure or 10 t ha−1 mucuna compost resulted in the best soil chemical improvement and crop yields.

Study of the utilization of ex-tin mining land for agriculture: analysis of land potential and constraints faced

The reclaimed ex-mining land has the potential for agricultural development. This study aims to analyze the potential of existing tin mining land for agricultural purposes and identify the current ex-mining land status and constraints/problems in its utilization. The study was conducted in Bangka Belitung Province in 2016, with a sample of farmers who took part in ex-tin mining activities and official respondents from various institutions/agencies related to the study. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study results show that in the research site, the tin mining business permit (IUP) area (in 2012) was 473.99 thousand ha and around 7,000 ha of ex-mining land has been reclaimed and allowed for planting food crop commodities. However, the community faces several problems in using the ex-mining land, namely land legal status, soil fertility, farmer resource availability, farmers’ skill in farming on ex-mining land and limited farming capital. The clarity of the legal status of the use of ex-mining land is essential to support community interest and increase the use of ex-tin mining land as well as program support from the government in the form of assistance and infrastructure for farming development.

Morphological Variation of Blue Panchax (Aplocheilus panchax) Lives in Different Habitat Assessed Using Truss Morphometric

Blue panchax ( Aplocheilus panchax Hamilton, 1822) lives in broad ranges of habitat from open waters to closed waters, including at ex-tin mining pits in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Variable habitats might cause morphological variations due to different ecological factors. This study aimed to assess the morphological variation of blue panchax collected from different habitats using truss morphometric characters. Fish samples (70 individuals) were collected from abandoned ex-tin mining pits of different ages and a river in Bangka Island. Twenty-nine truss characters were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc with Dunn’s test . The results showed that almost all of the body parts of blue panchax found in ex-tin mining pits and rivers were significantly different (p-value < 0.05), except some truss characters of caudal peduncle . The post hoc of Dunn’s test showed a positive correlation between habitats and truss characters (adj. sig < 0.05). Some truss characters of killifish were different between ex-tin mining pits with different ages chronosequence, and some other characters were different between pits and river. This study provides the first data about the morphological variation of blue panchax in ex-tin mining pits of different ages. The data is valuable as a scientific basis of further utilization of ex-tin mining pits in the areas.

Beneficial bacteria associated with Mimosa pudica and potential to sustain plant growth-promoting traits under heavy metals stress

The study was carried out to isolate and screen indigenous rhizobacteria associated with Mimosa pudica in ex-tin mining soil with the potential to sustain plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits under heavy metals (HM) stress condition. A total of 58 bacterial strains were isolated, screened for HM (As, Pb and Cd) tolerance and for various PGP traits. Production of PGP substances by selected isolates under influence of HM was further evaluated. The results revealed 5 isolates as HM tolerant (2M1, 3M1 and 3M3 as Pb tolerant; 3M3 and 4M9 as Cd tolerant while 6M2 as As tolerant) and possessing all tested PGP traits. The isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA as Bacillus cereus 2M1, Bacillus cereus 3M1, Bacillus pseudomycoides 3M3, Enterobacter tabaci 4M9 and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 6M2. Tested isolates sustained PGP traits and withstand high HM stress conditions, particularly isolates 6M2 Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, 4M9 Enterobacter tabaci and 2M1 Bacillus cereus (6M2 had the overall best performance compared to other isolates). The strains are therefore expected to be the major contributing factors for survival of Mimosa pudica which were endemic in the abandoned mining sites and provide basis for using indigenous bacteria for bioremediation of HM contaminated soils.

16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing Data of Tailing and Nontailing Rhizosphere Soils of Mimosa pudica from a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Ex-Tin Mining Area.

The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data from tailing and nontailing rhizosphere soils of Mimosa pudica from a heavy metal-contaminated area are reported here. Diverse bacterial taxa were represented in the results, and the most dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (41.2%), Acidobacteria (17.1%), and Actinobacteria (14.4%).

Review: Mekanisme Akumulasi Logam Berat di Ekosistem Pascatambang Timah

Tin exploration and exploitation activiy have caused damages and changes of ecosystem. The macroecosystem can caused to microecosystem changes directly. One of ecological effect was caused by tin mining, that heavy metal existence. The heavy metal accumulation can influenced chemical and physical structure of an ecosystem such as pH value and high level of heavy metal residue. The extrem of physical and chemical status impacted to ability of macro and microorganisms to survive in the environment. This articles review aims to describe the potential of heavy metals contamination like As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Zn that found in tin mining locations, its toxicity, the machanisms of heavy metals accumulation in an organism, and treatments for decontaminant by bioremediation. This review’ expectancy can be an important information in a management of ex-tin mining for environment utilization and development in long lasting and sustainable.

Screening and molecular identification of Cr(VI)-resistant Trichoderma isolated from ex-tin mining soil in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia

Several major industries in Indonesia such as the textile industry, electroplating industry, and the pharmaceutical industry, can generate a considerable amount of chromium (Cr) wastes, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Unfortunately, the wastewater treatment plant systems of these industries may be partially unqualified, causing heavy pollution in several water bodies such as rivers and lakes. The aim of the present study was to discover and identify Cr(VI)-resistant fungi as bioremediation agents of removing the Cr(VI) from the environment. Seven fungal isolates from tin mining soil of Bangka Belitung province were found tolerant to high Cr(VI) concentration. All fungal isolates grew well at 0.25 mM of Cr(VI), and five fungal isolates still tolerant at a concentration of 2 mM. Molecular identification based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) rDNA region showed that these isolates belong to Trichoderma crassum (2 isolates), T. virescentiflavum (3 isolates), and T. aff. tomentosum (2 isolates).