Evolutionary Routes Research Articles

Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Marine Inorganic Carbon Removal.

In recent years, marine carbon removal technologies have gained attention as a means of reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. One family of these technologies is electrochemical systems, which employ Faradaic reactions to drive alkalinity-swings and enable dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) removal as gaseous CO2 or as solid minerals. In this work, we develop a thermodynamic framework to estimate upper bounds on performance for Faradaic DIC removal systems. To assess the fundamental mass balances of these systems, we first define unit operations in the DIC/total alkalinity (TA) space. By coupling a seawater speciation model to an electrochemical framework, we provide a generalized comparison of gas evolution and mineralization DIC removal routes, focusing on asymmetric charge/discharge systems. We then show how this framework can be extended to other processes, such as those employing dilution schemes. Finally, we provide a minimum energetic assessment of mCDR pathways relative to direct air capture. Overall, this thermodynamic framework aims to guide system and process design and to drive material discovery and engineering for future electrochemical marine DIC removal systems.

Characterizing the evolutionary dynamics of cancer proliferation in single-cell clones with SPRINTER.

Proliferation is a key hallmark of cancer, but whether it differs between evolutionarily distinct clones co-existing within a tumor is unknown. We introduce the Single-cell Proliferation Rate Inference in Non-homogeneous Tumors through Evolutionary Routes (SPRINTER) algorithm that uses single-cell whole-genome DNA sequencing data to enable accurate identification and clone assignment of S- and G2-phase cells, as assessed by generating accurate ground truth data. Applied to a newly generated longitudinal, primary-metastasis-matched dataset of 14,994 non-small cell lung cancer cells, SPRINTER revealed widespread clone proliferation heterogeneity, orthogonally supported by Ki-67 staining, nuclei imaging and clinical imaging. We further demonstrated that high-proliferation clones have increased metastatic seeding potential, increased circulating tumor DNA shedding and clone-specific altered replication timing in proliferation- or metastasis-related genes associated with expression changes. Applied to previously generated datasets of 61,914 breast and ovarian cancer cells, SPRINTER revealed increased single-cell rates of different genomic variants and enrichment of proliferation-related gene amplifications in high-proliferation clones.

Kinetic study of the growth of PAHs from biphenyl with the assistance of phenylacetylene

Biphenyl is a crucial precursor to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenylacetylene is an abundant product in aromatic hydrocarbons combustion. By exploring the reaction kinetics of phenylacetylene with biphenyl radicals, we further explore the novel hydrogen-abstraction phenylacetylene-addition (HAPaA) mechanism which is recently proposed to account for alternative mass growth pathways of PAHs. A combination of M06–2X/6–311+G(d,p) and PWPB95-D3/def2-QZVPP calculations were performed to construct the potential energy surfaces, and the rate coefficients were determined via solution of transition state theory based master equations. We demonstrate the capability of biphenyl species to grow with the assistance of phenylacetylene by unraveling the ring growth process of biphenyl radicals, establishing the main evolution routes of key intermediates, and quantifying the competition relationship between various channels. Energetic analysis and kinetic calculations demonstrate that the initial orientations of the reacting moieties do have a remarkable impact on the detailed kinetics of the entrance channels. However, the two adducts formed from initial additions achieve a rapid equilibrium because of the largest rate constants of the interconversion reactions between them, which counteracts the orientation effect on the overall kinetics. Further reaction pathways and corresponding products are related to the aryl radical position. Specifically, the aromatics of 4-phenylphenanthrene or phenanthrene, formed through cyclization reactions followed by hydrogen or phenyl eliminations, are preferred for the “armchair” type 2-biphenyl radical. In contrast, products featuring a triple bond generated through CH β-scission reactions are favored for the “free” type 3-biphenyl and 4-biphenyl radicals. The present research can serve as a good basis for further experimental and modeling studies of PAHs and soot formation.

NdCoO3 nanoparticles grown on reduced graphene oxide sheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

To meet the huge energy crisis due to the limitation of fossil fuel, hydrogen has been considered the most promising clean energy source due to its high efficiency, non-toxic, and clean emission products. Therefore, over the past few years, researchers have been trying to find an effective route for bulk production of hydrogen energy from water splitting. Many efforts have already been made to use suitable electrocatalysts such as transition metal-based oxides, hydroxide alloys, and carbides for hydrogen production from water splitting but these electrocatalysts are hindered due to instability over prolonged usages in alkaline solution. To overcome this issue, rare-earth perovskite oxide materials are being focussed as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through water splitting in an alkaline medium. In the present work, we have explored to synthesize the rare-earth perovskite neodymium cobalt oxide (NdCoO3) nanoparticles grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheet, via a hydrothermal route for electrochemical hydrogen evolution in an alkaline medium. The NdCoO3/rGO nanocomposite shows a remarkably low overpotential of 84mV at the desired current density of 10 mA/cm2, compared to pristine NdCoO3 and rGO. The synergistic impact between NdCoO3 and the rGO backbone, resulting in enhanced efficiency in the HER. The nanocomposite also shows high stability and durability even more than 100 h of electrolysis under an inert atmosphere.

Foraging strategy as a route for sexual size dimorphism evolution.

Female-biased sexual size dimorphism stands as a widespread evolutionary pattern. Fecundity selection, favouring larger females with greater reproductive output, is a leading explanation. However, larger body sizes demand greater energy intake, potentially hindering the evolution of extreme female sizes. Thus, the evolution of more lucrative foraging tactics may allow for an increase in size. Hence, coupled with selection against larger males, fecundity selection should result in larger SSD in species with more lucrative foraging strategies. Crab spiders are sit-and-wait predators that hunt in several plant substrata. Species that forage on flowers or employ prey-luring strategies likely have access to higher food intake than other species. We extracted body size measurements of 614 crab spider species from 43 genera and classified them based on their foraging strategy. Our findings show that foraging strategies that provide higher energy input (EFS) result in larger SSD. Statistical estimates indicate that females have a cephalothorax width 91% larger than males in EFS species, compared to 26% larger females than males in non-EFS species. These differences possibly arise due to larger females and smaller males. The effects on male size reduction might result from scramble competition, whereas the increase in female size is likely due to fecundity selection. These results suggest that the shift towards more lucrative foraging strategies may have been a key event in body size and SSD evolution in crab spiders.

Evolution of Peptidomimetics-Based Chiral Assemblies of β-Sheet, α-Helix, and Double Helix Involving Chalcogen Bonds.

Developing chiral assemblies that mimic biological secondary structures, e.g., protein β-sheet, α-helix, and DNA double helix, is a captivating goal in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we create a family of biomimetic chiral assemblies from alanine-based peptidomimetics, wherein the incorporation of N-terminal 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole groups enables the rarely utilized chalcogen bonding as the adhesive interaction. While the alanine-based acylhydrazine molecule 1L was designed as a building unit with an extended conformation, simple derivatization of 1L affords folded unilateral N-amidothiourea 2L with one β-turn and bilateral N-amidothiourea 3L with two β-turns. This derivatization leads to the evolution of molecular assemblies from β-sheet organization (1L) to single helix (α-helix mimic, 2L) and ultimately to double helix (3L), illustrating an evolutionary route relating the structures and superstructures. In the case of the double helix formed by 3L, an unexpected cis-form that brings the two β-turns into one side was observed, stabilized via the π···π interaction between two N-terminal 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole groups. This conformation allows double-crossed N-Se···S═C chalcogen bonds to support a DNA-like P-double helix featuring intrastrand noncovalent interactions and interstrand covalent linkages, surviving in both the solid state and in dilute acetonitrile solution phase.

Sex Chromosome Evolution: Hallmarks and Question Marks.

Sex chromosomes are widespread in species with separate sexes. They have evolved many times independently and display a truly remarkable diversity. New sequencing technologies and methodological developments have allowed the field of molecular evolution to explore this diversity in a large number of model and nonmodel organisms, broadening our vision on the mechanisms involved in their evolution. Diverse studies have allowed us to better capture the common evolutionary routes that shape sex chromosomes; however, we still mostly fail to explain why sex chromosomes are so diverse. We review over half a century of theoretical and empirical work on sex chromosome evolution and highlight pending questions on their origins, turnovers, rearrangements, degeneration, dosage compensation, gene content, and rates of evolution. We also report recent theoretical progress on our understanding of the ultimate reasons for sex chromosomes' existence.

Revealing the Role of Organic Ligands in Deep-Blue-Emitting Colloidal Europium Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Europium halide perovskites are promising candidates for environmentally benign blue-light emitters with their narrow emission line width. However, the development of high-photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) colloidal europium halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) is hindered by limited synthetic methods and elusive reaction mechanisms. Here, we provide an effective synthetic route for achieving high-PLQY deep-blue-emitting colloidal CsEuBr3 PNCs. Using two Br-organic ligand precursors, oleylammonium bromide (OLAMHBr) and trioctylphosphine dibromide (TOPBr2), we identified distinct phase evolution routes involving Eu2+:CsBr, Cs4EuBr6, and CsEuBr3. The OLAMHBr precursor initially promotes the formation of the Eu2+:CsBr phase, which reorganizes into the CsEuBr3 perovskite phase via proton transfer. In contrast, the TOPBr2 precursor induces the formation of core/shell Cs4EuBr6/CsBr PNCs, which subsequently transform into CsEuBr3 through nucleophilic addition. The TOPBr2 route exhibited enhanced CsEuBr3 phase homogeneity, resulting in a significantly higher PLQY (40.5%; full width at half-maximum (fwhm) = 24 at 430 nm), compared to the OLAMHBr route (16.5% at 418 nm). Notably, the phase-pure CsEuBr3 PNCs demonstrated a world-record PLQY among the reported blue-emitting lead-free PNCs that exhibit a narrow emission line width (fwhm <25 nm). This work highlights the significant role of organic ligands in the colloidal synthesis of CsEuBr3 PNCs and their potential as nontoxic, solution-processable blue-light emitters.

Evolutionary Pathways of T-Phase Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: A Comprehensive Study of PtxSey Clusters.

Understanding the transition from nonplanar to planar clusters is crucial for the controllable synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers. Using PtSe2 as a model, we investigate how the chemical environment influences the nucleation and growth stages of monolayer PtSe2 through structure searching and first-principles calculations. We established a comprehensive database of platinum selenide clusters (PtxSey, x = 1-10), analyzing 2095 unique clusters and identifying 191 stable isomers and 63 structures with the lowest formation energy on the convex hull. Our findings reveal a chemical environment-dependent phase transition from 3D structures to the planar T-phase of PtxSey clusters, representing an evolutionary route for PtSe2 growth. Clusters such as PtSe6, Pt2Se9, Pt3Se10, and Pt7Se10 in Pt-rich environments, as well as Pt2Se15 and Pt10Se32 in Se-rich environments, have been found to exhibit high stability. Additionally, the impact of varying chemical potentials of Pt and Se on the stability of these clusters is explored. PtSe4 and PtSe6 are found to be highly stable under most experimentally achievable chemical potential conditions and may serve as dominant precursors during PtSe2 growth. This work advances our understanding of the nucleation processes of PtSe2 and other T-phase TMDC materials.

Emergence and Comparative Genome Analysis of Salmonella Ohio Strains from Brown Rats, Poultry, and Swine in Hungary.

Rats are particularly important from an epidemiological point of view, because they are regarded as reservoirs for diverse zoonotic pathogens including enteric bacteria. This study is the first to report the emergence of Salmonella serovar Ohio in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and food-producing animals in Hungary. We first reveal the genomic diversity of the strains and their phylogenomic relationships in the context of the international collection of S. Ohio genomes. This pathogen was detected in 4.3% (4/92) of rats, captured from multiple sites in Hungary. A whole-genome-based genotype comparison of S. Ohio, Infantis, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium strains showed that 76.4% (117/153) of the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were conserved among these serovars, and none of the genes were specific to S. Ohio. All S. Ohio strains lacked virulence and resistance plasmids. The cgMLST phylogenomic comparison highlighted a close genetic relationship between rat and poultry strains of S. Ohio from Hungary. These strains clustered together with the international S. Ohio genomes from aquatic environments. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella spp. in brown rats and highlights the importance of monitoring to minimize the public health risk of rodent populations. However, further research is needed to understand the route of infection and evolution of this serovar.

A self-amplifying RNA vaccine prevents enterovirus D68 infection and disease in preclinical models.

The recent emergence and rapid response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was enabled by prototype pathogen and vaccine platform approaches, driven by the preemptive application of RNA vaccine technology to the related Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Recently, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases identified nine virus families of concern, eight enveloped virus families and one nonenveloped virus family, for which vaccine generation is a priority. Although RNA vaccines have been described for a variety of enveloped viruses, a roadmap for their use against nonenveloped viruses is lacking. Enterovirus D68 was recently designated a prototype pathogen within the family Picornaviridae of nonenveloped viruses because of its rapid evolution and respiratory route of transmission, coupled with a lack of diverse anti-enterovirus vaccine approaches in development. Here, we describe a proof-of-concept approach using a clinical stage RNA vaccine platform that induced robust enterovirus D68-neutralizing antibody responses in mice and nonhuman primates and prevented upper and lower respiratory tract infections and neurological disease in mice. In addition, we used our platform to rapidly characterize the antigenic diversity within the six genotypes of enterovirus D68, providing the necessary data to inform multivalent vaccine compositions that can elicit optimal breadth of neutralizing responses. These results demonstrate that RNA vaccines can be used as tools in our pandemic-preparedness toolbox for nonenveloped viruses.

Evolutionary Retrosynthetic Route Planning [Research Frontier]

Evolutionary Retrosynthetic Route Planning [Research Frontier]

Archaeal mevalonate pathway in the uncultured bacterium Candidatus Promineifilum breve belonging to the phylum Chloroflexota.

The archaeal mevalonate pathway is a recently discovered modified version of the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway. This pathway is widely conserved in archaea, except for some archaeal lineages possessing the eukaryotic or other modified mevalonate pathways. Although the pathway seems almost exclusive to the domain Archaea, the whole set of homologous genes of the pathway is found in the metagenome-assembled genome sequence of an uncultivated bacterium, Candidatus Promineifilum breve, of the phylum Chloroflexota. To prove the existence of the archaea-specific pathway in the domain Bacteria, we confirmed the activities of the enzymes specific to the pathway, phosphomevalonate dehydratase and anhydromevalonate phosphate decarboxylase, because only these two enzymes are absent in closely related Chloroflexota bacteria that possess a different type of modified mevalonate pathway. The activity of anhydromevalonate phosphate decarboxylase was evaluated by carotenoid production via the archaeal mevalonate pathway reconstituted in Escherichia coli cells, whereas that of phosphomevalonate dehydratase was confirmed by an in vitro assay using the recombinant enzyme after purification and iron-sulfur cluster reconstruction. Phylogenetic analyses of some mevalonate pathway-related enzymes suggest an evolutionary route for the archaeal mevalonate pathway in Candidatus P. breve, which probably involves horizontal gene transfer events.IMPORTANCEThe recent discovery of various modified mevalonate pathways in microorganisms, such as archaea and Chloroflexota bacteria, has shed light on the complexity of the evolution of metabolic pathways, including those involved in primary metabolism. The fact that the archaeal mevalonate pathway, which is almost exclusive to the domain Archaea, exists in a Chloroflexota bacterium provides valuable insights into the molecular evolution of the mevalonate pathways and associated enzymes. Putative genes probably involved in the archaeal mevalonate pathway have also been found in the metagenome-assembled genomes of Chloroflexota bacteria. Such genes can contribute to metabolic engineering for the bioproduction of valuable isoprenoids because the archaeal mevalonate pathway is known to be an energy-saving metabolic pathway that consumes less ATP than other mevalonate pathways do.

DNA damage response signatures are associated with frontline chemotherapy response and routes of tumor evolution in extensive stage small cell lung cancer.

A hallmark of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is its recalcitrance to therapy. While most SCLCs respond to frontline therapy, resistance inevitably develops. Identifying phenotypes potentiating chemoresistance and immune evasion is a crucial unmet need. Previous reports have linked upregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery to chemoresistance and immune evasion across cancers. However, it is unknown if SCLCs exhibit distinct DDR phenotypes. To study SCLC DDR phenotypes, we developed a new DDR gene analysis method and applied it to SCLC clinical samples, in vitro , and in vivo model systems. We then investigated how DDR regulation is associated with SCLC biology, chemotherapy response, and tumor evolution following therapy. Using multi-omic profiling, we demonstrate that SCLC tumors cluster into three DDR phenotypes with unique molecular features. Hallmarks of these DDR clusters include differential expression of DNA repair genes, increased replication stress, and heightened G2/M cell cycle arrest. SCLCs with elevated DDR phenotypes exhibit increased neuroendocrine features and decreased "inflamed" biomarkers, both within and across SCLC subtypes. Treatment naive DDR status identified SCLC patients with different responses to frontline chemotherapy. Tumors with initial DDR Intermediate and DDR High phenotypes demonstrated greater tendency for subtype switching and emergence of heterogeneous phenotypes following treatment. We establish that SCLC can be classified into one of three distinct, clinically relevant DDR clusters. Our data demonstrates that DDR status plays a key role in shaping SCLC phenotypes, chemotherapy response, and patterns of tumor evolution. Future work targeting DDR specific phenotypes will be instrumental in improving patient outcomes.

The astrochemical evolutionary traits of phospholipid membrane homochirality.

Compartmentalization is crucial for the evolution of life. Present-day phospholipid membranes exhibit a high level of complexity and species-dependent homochirality, the so-called lipid divide. It is possible that less stable, yet more dynamic systems, promoting out-of-equilibrium environments, facilitated the evolution of life at its early stages. The composition of the preceding primitive membranes and the evolutionary route towards complexity and homochirality remain unexplained. Organics-rich carbonaceous chondrites are evidence of the ample diversity of interstellar chemistry, which may have enriched the prebiotic milieu on early Earth. This Review evaluates the detections of simple amphiphiles - likely ancestors of membrane phospholipids - in extraterrestrial samples and analogues, along with potential pathways to form primitive compartments on primeval Earth. The chiroptical properties of the chiral backbones of phospholipids provide a guide for future investigations into the origins of phospholipid membrane homochirality. We highlight a plausible common pathway towards homochirality of lipids, amino acids, and sugars starting from enantioenriched monomers. Finally, given their high recalcitrance and resistance to degradation, lipids are among the best candidate biomarkers in exobiology.

Nitrogen-Mediated Promotion of Cobalt-Based Oxygen Evolution Catalyst for Practical Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis.

Scarce and expensive iridium oxide is still the cornerstone catalyst of polymer-electrolyte membrane electrolyzers for green hydrogen production because of its exceptional stability under industrially relevant oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. Earth-abundant transition metal oxides used for this task, however, show poor long-term stability. We demonstrate here the use of nitrogen-doped cobalt oxide as an effective iridium substitute. The catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and negligible activity decay after 1000 h of operation in an alkaline electrolyte. Incorporation of nitrogen dopants not only triggers the OER mechanism switched from the traditional adsorbate evolution route to the lattice oxygen oxidation route but also achieves oxygen nonbonding (ONB) states as electron donors, thereby preventing structural destabilization. In a practical anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer, this catalyst at anode delivers a current density of 1000 mA cm-2 at 1.78 V and an electrical efficiency of 47.8 kW-hours per kilogram hydrogen.

A comprehensive investigation of thermal coke formation during rapid non-catalytic pyrolysis of rubber seed oil

Due to coking deposits, catalyst deactivation severely affects the upgrading of triglyceride biomass. Understanding the chemical nature and development of coke species is essential for mitigating the degree of coking and for the regeneration process of the catalysts. In this study, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, Raman and XPS are employed to gain insights into the coking behavior of RSO during the rapid pyrolysis process. The results show that pyrolysis of RSO produces high quality syngas with 98.72 % H2 and CO. The unstable O-containing functional groups in the cokes continue to be lost, which indirectly promotes the condensation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons. The hydroxyl group is the main functional group that affects the reactivity of cokes, and it is one of its more active groups. Although the crystal size of the cokes is growing, its degree of graphitization is decreasing with the temperature increases. The size of the aromatic ring system in the cokes gradually increases with increasing temperature. The cross-linking structure in the coke is constantly being destroyed. Resulting in some O-containing functional groups entering the cokes. Based on this work, the coke evolutionary route of rapid pyrolysis of RSO is proposed.

Evolution of heavy components in bio-oil during oxidative pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Biomass oxidative pyrolysis introduces restricted oxygen into the reaction zone, realizing autothermal pyrolysis to address the heat supply challenges inherent in large-scale applications. However, heavy components (＞200 Da) in bio-oil are critical precursors that lead to coke formation upon heating, which hinders the utilization of bio-oil. In this study, the conventional and oxidative pyrolysis experiments of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in a fix-bed reactor were conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 800 °C, aiming to investigate the evolution of heavy components in bio-oil during biomass oxidative pyrolysis. The results showed that the addition of oxygen promoted the generation of bio-oil. Compared to conventional pyrolysis, the addition of oxygen mostly increased the yields of cellulose-oil, hemicellulose-oil, and lignin-oil by 28.21 %, 10.94 %, and 16.84 %, respectively. Further comprehensive analysis revealed that oxygen promoted the depolymerization of three components at a lower temperature range (＜ 500 °C). With increasing temperatures, oxygen enhanced the polymerization of volatiles from cellulose and lignin, where oxygen, acting as a binder, promoted the generation of phenolic compounds of heavy components in lignin-oil. Conversely, as the temperature increased, oxygen enhanced the oxidative decomposition of volatiles from hemicellulose, inhibiting the generation of heavy components in hemicellulose-oil. To sum up, this study presented a global evolution route of heavy components in bio-oil during oxidative pyrolysis of three components.

Investigation on the control of inclusions and tensile strength in Ce-treated P110-grade oil casing steel

This research added rare Earth elements Ce to the P110-grade oil casing steel to reveal their influence on the inclusions and tensile properties. The content of cerium in the steel varied from 0 to 452 ppm. Based on the classical thermodynamic calculation, the predominance diagram of Re-containing inclusions in P110-grade steel was obtained. The evolution route of the inclusions composition with the increasing cerium content in the steel was xCaO⋅yAl2O3 → Al2O3–CeAlO3 → Ce2O3–CeAlO3 → Ce2O3–Ce2O2S → Ce2O2S, which agreed well with the thermodynamic analysis. As the cerium content at 235 ppm, the size of Ce containing inclusions has a minimal size at 2.82 μm. Suitable Ce content can modify the big-size xCaO⋅yAl2O3 inclusions into small-size Re-containing inclusions. The results demonstrate that the tensile performance of this steel can be improved as the cerium content increases from 0 to 235 ppm. However, once the cerium content exceeds 235 ppm, further increases in cerium content led to a decline in performance. The experimental results shows that the presence of large-sized Ce2O2S inclusions and the change of microstructure, will lead to the decrease in tensile performance.

Visualizing the construction of subject librarianship in chinese higher education libraries: A knowledge graph-based analysis

This study investigates the evolution and current status of subject librarianship in Chinese higher education spanning the past 25 years. Utilizing scientometric analysis, we construct knowledge graphs, encompassing publication trends, co-citation and co-occurrence networks, and the burstiness of keywords. The data are drawn from 504 articles in the Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI) database. The analysis sheds light on knowledge domains, evolutionary routes, and research hotspots within this field. The graphs delineate intricate connections among subject librarianship in Chinese higher education, involving universities, faculties, students, cooperative enterprises, and government. Significantly, these services play pivotal roles in information resource construction, scientific research, intellectual property support, and propaganda. The progression of subject librarianship in Chinese higher education is driven by innovations in information technology, user demands and policy advocacy. The knowledge graph-based exploration of subject librarianship holds substantial implications for libraries further constructions, particularly in enriching content and enhancing quality, aligning with the criteria of the new education public policy outlined by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China.