Landscape Evolution Research Articles

Mapping of Indigenous Knowledge Research in India: A Review of Growth, Emerging Topics and Future Research Directions based on Scientometric Tools

The study of indigenous knowledge in India has evolved over the years and gained significant importance as a vital area of research. This study aimed to explore the evolution of the research landscape on indigenous knowledge in India over the last twenty years (2003-2022), focusing on growth trends and knowledge mapping through Scientometric tools. The study collected 1,980 data from the Scopus database, indexed between 2003 and 2022. Initially, the analysis focused on measuring the research growth and performance of the key players. Then, the study performed scientific knowledge mapping, visualizing the relationships between different concepts and topics within the field. The findings reveal a significant growth in indigenous knowledge research in India. The study also identified key research themes, including traditional medicine, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, etc. In the early two decades, research was conducted on natural resource management, ethnoveterinary practices, ethnomedicine, biodiversity, tribal communities, and traditional healers, etc. The most recent research topics were COVID-19, sustainability, livelihood, ethnopharmacology, climate change, herbal drugs, etc. Research on medicinal plants and ethnobotany was the most influential in the last two decades. Furthermore, the study revealed a highly interconnected network of authors and institutions, with a few key players dominating the field. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research on indigenous knowledge in India, particularly in areas such as intellectual property rights, geographical identification, preservation, and the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable development.

InSAR phase gradient reveals fault‐zone controls on the spatial distribution of slow‐moving landslides in the active orogenic region of Hazara‐Kashmir, Pakistan

AbstractSlow‐moving landslides play important roles in the landscape evolution and hazards planning. Studies along some strike‐slip faults have shown that the geological structures and bed‐rock lithology significantly contribute the distribution of slow‐moving landslides. However, controls on the distribution of slow‐moving landslides are poorly constrained in active orogenic regions, hindering our understanding of its role in the rapid orogenic process. The Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis in Pakistan is such a prominent geological structure of lesser Himalaya, where the inventory of slow‐moving landslides is scarce. Here, we attempt the interferometric synthetic aperture radar phase‐gradient stacking coupled with a deep‐learning system to provide the first slow‐moving landslides inventory (1066 presently active landslides, 2016–2023) in the Hazara‐Kashmir region. Along with optical imagery and field investigations, we analyse the impacts of fault structures, bed‐rock lithology, topography along with spatial distribution of earthquake and precipitation on the distribution of these slow‐moving landslides. We find that 33% of the detected slow‐moving landslides are distributed within 1000 m to active faults, and show a decreasing trend moving away from fault zones. This pattern strongly suggests that the active thrusting faults in this region significantly controls the distribution of slow‐moving landslides, while topography and precipitation show less impacts. Our study reveals the spatial distribution of slow‐moving landslides in a tectonic complex region with rapid orogenic process, and thus shows potential implications in geomorphology modelling and hazards evaluation for many less‐monitored, contemporary uplifting high‐mountain regions.

Identification Model of Traditional Village Cultural Landscape Elements and Its Application from the Perspective of Living Heritage—A Case Study of Chentian Village in Wuhan

At present, there are limitations in the cognition of the elements of traditional village cultural landscapes, less excavation of the elements of production-type cultural landscapes, little attention to the layering of cultural landscapes in different periods and the correlation between the elements of different types of cultural landscapes, and insufficient research on the living continuity of traditional village cultural landscapes. In the context of rural cultural revitalization, it is necessary to explore strategies for the conservation and development of traditional village cultural landscapes from the perspective of living heritage. By interpreting the core connotation of the concepts of living heritage and cultural landscape, a model of traditional village cultural landscape elements and a framework for the identification of living elements are constructed. On the above basis, Chentian Village in Wuhan is taken as an example to identify its living cultural landscape elements, and to analyze the evolution of its cultural landscape elements from the dimension of “time-function”. In Chentian Village, a total of seventeen cultural landscapes were identified. Of these, ten were cultural landscapes with functional continuity and living heritage characteristics; three were cultural landscapes whose existing functions have changed significantly from their initial functions; and four were cultural landscapes that were inactive and have lost their original functions. Finally, this study proposes corresponding protection and development strategies for living heritage and non-living heritage of cultural landscapes.

Short Communication: Numerically simulated time to steady state is not a reliable measure of landscape response time

Abstract. Quantifying the timescales over which landscapes evolve is critical for understanding past and future environmental change. Computational landscape evolution models are one tool among many that have been used in this pursuit. We compare numerically modeled times to reach steady state for a landscape adjusting to an increase in rock uplift rate. We use three different numerical modeling libraries and explore the impact of time step, grid type, numerical method for solving the erosion equation, and metric for quantifying the time to steady state. We find that modeled time to steady state is impacted by all of these variables. Time to steady state varies inconsistently with time step length, both within a single model and among different models. In some cases, drainage rearrangement extends the time to reach steady state, but this is not consistent in all models or grid types. The two sets of experiments operating on Voronoi grids have the most consistent times to steady state when comparing across time step and metrics. On a raster grid, if we force the drainage network to remain stable, time to steady state varies much less with computational time step. In all cases we find that many measures of modeled time to steady state are longer than that predicted by an analytical equation for bedrock river response time. Our results show that the predicted time to steady state from a numerical model is, in many cases, more reflective of drainage rearrangement and numerical artifacts than the time for an uplift wave to propagate through a fixed drainage network.

Terminal glacial overdeepenings: Patterns of erosion, infilling and new constraints on the glaciation history of Northern Switzerland

Glacially overdeepened basins are a common landform of subglacial erosion. However, the controlling erosional–depositional processes and their age remain poorly understood on a global scale. Terminal overdeepenings near the former glacier margins are critical for the understanding of subglacial processes and their development over time. This study examines the geomorphology and sedimentology of buried terminal overdeepenings eroded below the Rhein Glacier and adjacent lobes in the distal northern foreland of the European Alps. The evolution of erosion and infilling in the overdeepened troughs over time is investigated using high-quality drill cores (∼1463 m of core in total) that were logged for lithofacies, petrophysical, geotechnical and compositional properties. The drill data is integrated with 2D-reflection seismics (∼41 km in total) and supplementary subsurface data. This extensive dataset reveals that the studied overdeepened basins include twelve typical facies associations (partially emplaced in characteristic sequences) and characteristic architectural elements. These categories serve as effective tools to reduce the high facies variability and facilitate easier comparison and correlation of the valley fill. Our analysis shows that the formation of terminal overdeepenings on soft sedimentary bedrock (Molasse) is the result of a combination of erosional processes. Subglacial water erosion and evacuation are the dominant processes and active during periods of glacier–bed decoupling and flushing. Direct subglacial erosion occurs during glacier–bed coupling and is documented by bedrock glacitectonites. The valley fill architecture shows that the studied overdeepenings typically undergo a multiphase evolution, with several phases of overdeepening erosion, deposition and partial re-erosion (or re-activation). The combined dataset (including geochronological data) suggests that the overdeepenings were eroded during many, if not all, extensive glaciations during the Middle–Late Pleistocene that reached the distal foreland. These are findings relevant for the large number of overdeepenings known from the Northern Alpine foreland and overdeepened features worldwide. They corroborate the importance of overdeepenings as archives for the paleoenvironmental change and landscape evolution during the Quaternary.

Erosional Response to Pleistocene Climate Changes in the Brazilian Highlands

AbstractPlio‐Quaternary climatic changes are considered to be a key driver of landscape evolution, but many unresolved questions remain, such as the extent of the impact of major climatic shifts such as the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Various geochronological methods are available to infer changes in surface processes over the Plio‐Quaternary, and Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclides (TCN) have proven to be one of the most efficient tools to reconstruct paleo‐denudation. Implementing these approaches requires very specific conditions, such as well‐preserved and extensive sediment sequences. Developing alternative methods to document the evolution of denudation is thus of major interest to retrieve information on the evolution of denudation in places where recent detrital sediment records are absent. We explore the evolution of landscape erosion over a 1 Ma timescale in an intra‐cratonic setting, the Espinhaço mountain range (Brazil), with a new data set of detrital cosmogenic nuclide concentrations (26Al–10Be). We observe a systematic disequilibrium in the 26Al/10Be ratio, which we interpret as resulting from the combination of soil mixing and a significant increase in the intensity of surface processes, close to the MPT. We discuss the different scenarios with respect to available local and global data concerning the relationships between climate evolution and erosion over this time period. Our results have important implications for the interpretation of the denudation rates derived from TCN concentrations under steady states assumption, in landscapes with low erosion rates, which have a long memory for surface processes history.

Genomic epidemiology and immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant strains circulating in Botswana

Background: SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and evade host immunity. We characterized the molecular and mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant strains in Botswana.Methods: We performed genomic, phylogenetic, and immunoinformatic analyses of 5,254 near-complete genomes from 2020 to 2023. We assessed the presence of mutations of interested (MutOI) that may be associated with immune escape in silico.Results: We observed a few recombinant strains in Botswana, with the majority being descendants of Omicron (XBB*), except for XV and XM. Most recombinant sequences corresponded to transmission clusters. Most recombination events occurred within the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein. We identified 17 MutOI among different proteins, with the majority occurring at a very low (<4.8 × 10⁻⁵) global prevalence. We also observed S:Q474K, a MutOI in the RBD, that was predicted to escape HLA class I-mediated immune responses. Molecular surveillance is vital to inform early detection and response to potential variants with heightened immune and vaccine breakthrough properties.Conclusions: These results underscore the need for continued molecular surveillance to map the evolutionary landscape of SARS-CoV-2.

Cultural Landscape is a Power of Increasing the Beauty of the Natural Landscape and It is an Attraction to the Traveller for Visits the Tourists Places: A Study in West Bengal Major Tourist Spots Cultural Landscape

The study mainly focused on the cultural landscape’s impact on the tourism spots in West Bengal and it is really effective to attraction power to the travellers. The article mainly represents cultural landscape refers to the modification of the natural landscape by human activities and it is increase the beauty of the tourists spots. we have directly contact to some travellers for collection their satisfactory level and observation their main subject to create an attraction for a specific tourist places and collection the data and more information to use internet websites. We are using FDGs method, online survey, questionnaire survey and GIS software for using secondary data collection. We showing the major tourist spots of West Bengal, such as Darjeeling, Sundarbans, Santiniketan, Dooars, Bishnupur and Purulia. In those places we observed their natural beauty and elements of cultural landscape increase the beauty of environment. And represents to analysis of this think that culture is a key to the development of natural landscape and attraction to the travellers to those places. And this study helps to deployment of these places for visiting large amount travellers.

Uptake of ecosystem service concept in urban blue-green infrastructure planning and decision-making in Russia

ABSTRACT In the scientific community, ecosystem services (ESs) are well-recognized as a promising concept to more actively consider and plan for the multitude of benefits provided by the green environment and thus promote sustainable urban development. Yet, to have an impact on decision-making, the concept must spread from academia to practice. To understand to what extent ES have been adopted in practice and decision-making in Russia, we conducted a series of interviews and an online survey with both practitioners and scientists and complemented it by document analysis. Our results showed that ES are not adequately reflected in urban decision-making and planning processes. Moreover, we found no explicit references to ES in strategic urban planning and landscape development projects, although there are few implicit references in several reviewed documents. Among the identified challenges for better uptake of the concept in practice were many disagreements associated with the lack of a unified terminology, typology, and methods. Stakeholders understand the potential of applying ES valuation in practice, which includes a necessity to develop methodological materials and different tools based on real-life cases. Finally, a list of proposals on possible ways to better include ES in urban planning and in decision-making processes was formed by the respondents.

Modelling monetary and non-monetary flows of recreational ecosystem services in Germany.

While policy interest and research on recreational ecosystem services (RES) has increased substantially, insights into the actual flows of benefits to people have remained scarce, especially at levels beyond local communities. This paper aims to model RES Flows and Benefits for Germany in monetary and non-monetary terms. We use Germany as a case study due its diversity of landscapes and availability of relevant spatial and empirical data. We develop and apply an assessment approach that considers RES Demand and Supply based on user preferences. Our results show distinct demand-supply matches and mismatches, for example in southwest Germany, and highest flows near population centres. Monetary benefits are highest in counties with high RES Supply that are close to densely populated areas. Our results can usefully inform planning and decision-making, for example to improve and further justify destination management, landscape development, and investments in RES at local, regional, and national levels.

Mapping the evolving trend of research on leukocyte telomere length: a text-mining study

BackgroundSubstantial evidence indicates that measuring leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a useful tool that may be considered as a valuable biomarker of individual biological age, correlating with numerous chronic disorders. However, to date, there has been a lack of in-depth understanding regarding the current landscape and forthcoming developments in the LTL field. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize bibliometric methods to summarize the knowledge structure, current focus, and emerging directions in this field.MethodScientific publications on LTL spanning the period from 2000 to 2022 were acquired from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Several bibliometric tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and an online website were utilized for bibliometric analysis. The primary evaluations encompassed investigating the major contributors and their collaborative relationships among countries/regions, institutions, and authors, conducting co-citation analyses of authors, journals, as well as reference, examining reference bursts, as well as performing co-occurrence analyses of keywords.ResultsThere are 1818 papers with 66,668 citations identified. Both the annual publication and citation counts on LTL exhibited significant upward trends. The United States emerged as the most prominent contributor, as evidenced by the greatest volume of papers and the highest H-index value. University of California San Francisco and Aviv A were identified as the most productive institution and author in this domain, respectively. Reference analysis revealed that longitudinal study and mendelian randomization study are the most concerned research method in this field recently. Keywords analysis showed that the most concerned diseases in LTL fields were aging, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, neurological and psychiatric diseases, and cancers. In addition, the following research directions such as “COPD”, “mendelian randomization”, “adiposity”, “colorectal cancer”, “National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES)”, “telomerase reverse transcriptase”, “pregnancy” have garnered increasing attention in recent times and hold the potential to evolve into research foci in the foreseeable future.ConclusionThis is the first bibliometric study that provides comprehensive overview of LTL research. The findings of this study could become valuable references for investigators to explore and address the current and emerging challenges in LTL research.

Large language models can help boost food production, but be mindful of their risks

Coverage of ChatGPT-style large language models (LLMs) in the media has focused on their eye-catching achievements, including solving advanced mathematical problems and reaching expert proficiency in medical examinations. But the gradual adoption of LLMs in agriculture, an industry which touches every human life, has received much less public scrutiny. In this short perspective, we examine risks and opportunities related to more widespread adoption of language models in food production systems. While LLMs can potentially enhance agricultural efficiency, drive innovation, and inform better policies, challenges like agricultural misinformation, collection of vast amounts of farmer data, and threats to agricultural jobs are important concerns. The rapid evolution of the LLM landscape underscores the need for agricultural policymakers to think carefully about frameworks and guidelines that ensure the responsible use of LLMs in food production before these technologies become so ingrained that policy intervention becomes challenging.

Evolusi Lanskap Budaya Tamansari Yogyakarta

Kota Yogyakarta, known for its cultural richness and sovereignty, displays its cultural heritage characteristics through Keraton Yogyakarta's heritage object. Tamansari is Keraton Yogyakarta's cultural complex built for the royal family's leisure. For 258 years, Tamansari Complex's cultural landscape has been undergoing transformation. The transformations trigger the evolutional process of the Tamansari Complex’s cultural landscape identity. This thesis investigates the evolutional process of Tamansari Complex's cultural landscape in 1765 - 2023. Cultural Landscape Evolution theory acts as the analysis method of this thesis research. The research time spans from January - August 2023. This research is the first attempt to view the Tamansari Complex from the perspective of cultural landscape focusing on the evolutional process of the Tamansari Complex’s cultural landscape identity.

Revealing the pinning landscape and related vortex pattern evolution in granular superconducting films

Most superconducting electronics based on films exhibit granular structures. It has been suggested that grain boundaries form a network with relatively weak superconductivity, potentially acting as pinning centers. Yet, so far, detailed microscopic studies of the pinning landscape and its relation to vortex behavior remain scarce. Here, we imaged the vortex lattices (VL) in granular Nb films using magnetic force microscopy over large scanning areas at various magnetic fields. A non-monotonic evolution in the degree of vortex lattice ordering was observed with increasing vortex density, driven by a combination of vortex-vortex interactions and pinning effects. The spatial distribution of pinning potential within the film was directly mapped using a recently developed scanning quantum vortex microscope (SQVM). Instead of the network formed by grain boundaries, the pinning landscape presents a network-like structure, yet with domains significantly larger than the individual grains. The results of numerical simulations based on pinning landscape revealed by SQVM well reproduce our experiments. The pinning force per unit length at low magnetic fields was calculated. The critical current density, estimated from the relative positions of vortices, aligns well with the critical state model. Our work illustrates the relationship between the evolution of the vortex lattice with magnetic field and the structural features of granular Nb film, providing new insights into the design of high-performance superconducting electronic devices.

Holocene aeolian-fluvial interactions patterns and their response to climate changes in the Paiku Co basin, Southern Tibetan Plateau

Aeolian-fluvial processes are crucial in shaping landforms. Despite the advancements in understanding the sedimentary processes of aeolian-fluvial interactions, the sedimentary patterns of these interactions are complex in spatiotemporal scale, and the records of Holocene small-scale aeolian-fluvial interaction sedimentary is insufficient, especially in the Tibetan Plateau region. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the sedimentary patterns of aeolian-fluvial interactions and their response to climate change in the Paiku Co basin of the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Through the examination of aeolian-fluvial sequences, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating is utilized to establish a chronological framework. Furthermore, proxy indices are explored to identify potential sediment models and their reactions to climate change. The findings indicate that fluvial activity predominated during a relatively warm and wet period around 5.1–4.6 ka, while thicker aeolian sands accumulated extensively during 4.6–4.1 ka as the climate transitioned to cold and dry conditions. On a millennial scale, the aeolian-fluvial interaction sedimentation is characterized by alternating deposition of clay layers and medium to fine sand. This sedimentation pattern is predominantly influenced by climate change. Overall, the findings shed light on the complex coupling between aeolian and fluvial processes in response to past climate changes, which has important implications for understanding the landscape evolution and environmental changes in this sensitive high-altitude region.

Revolutionizing Computer Science Education: Integrating Blockchain for Enhanced Learning and Future Readiness

Abstract: This research investigates the transformative potential of incorporating blockchain technology into computer science education. In light of the rapid evolution of the digital landscape, traditional educational frameworks often fail to meet the demands of the industry, resulting in a significant skills gap among graduates. This paper analyzes how the integration of blockchain can revolutionize computer science curricula by enhancing learning experiences and equipping students to navigate future technological challenges. The study highlights the advantages of blockchain in educational contexts, including increased security and transparency of academic records, streamlined credentialing processes, and the establishment of decentralized learning platforms that promote collaboration and innovation. It presents case studies of institutions that have successfully implemented blockchain, along with strategies for educators to effectively integrate this technology into their pedagogical approaches. Additionally, the research addresses the challenges and limitations associated with blockchain integration, such as the requisite learning curve and infrastructure demands. The findings indicate that the incorporation of blockchain in computer science education can significantly boost student engagement, provide verifiable skill sets, and align academic outcomes more closely with industry requirements. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on educational innovation and offers a strategic framework for institutions aiming to utilize blockchain technology in preparing students for the future job market.

Tea tourism landscape development through a sustainable alternative livelihood approach: a case study of Pedro tea estate, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

Tea tourism has gained traction in the tourism industry around the world as a sustainable and eco-friendly niche in agro-tourism. Sri Lanka, a significant tea-producing nation renowned for its “Ceylon Tea” brand, has the opportunity to harness tea agro-tourism as a sustainable alternative income source. This research focuses on the case of Pedro Tea Estate in Nuwara-Eliya, Sri Lanka, to examine the sustainable alternative livelihood approach in tea tourism landscape development and its impact on both the tea tourism industry and community empowerment. Tea tourism offers immersive experiences to eco-conscious travellers seeking authentic encounters with the tea production process. By integrating sustainable practices, tea tourism fosters environmental responsibility and contributes to economic development in tea-growing regions. Aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, tea tourism demonstrates its potential to foster economic growth, social inclusion, cultural preservation, and environmental stewardship. This study aims to demonstrate how responsible practices and community engagement can enable the tea tourism industry to thrive while safeguarding the cultural and environmental heritage of tea-growing areas. The research endeavours to inspire other tea-growing regions to adopt sustainable landscape development and community empowerment strategies, fostering a more responsible and sustainable global tea tourism industry.

Decoding modular reconfigurable robots: A survey on mechanisms and design

The intrinsic modularity and reconfigurability of modular reconfigurable robot (MRR) systems confer advantages such as versatility, fault tolerance, and economic efficacy, thereby showcasing considerable potential across diverse applications. The continuous evolution of the technology landscape and the emergence of diverse conceptual designs have generated multiple MRR categories, each described by its respective morphology or capability characteristics, leading to some ambiguity in the taxonomy. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey covering a wide range of mechanism and design aspects of MRR systems, spanning from 1985 to 2023. It introduces an innovative, unified conceptual framework for understanding MRR hardware, which encompasses three pivotal elements: connectors, actuators, and homogeneity. Through the utilization of this trilateral framework, this paper systematically interprets and classifies MRR systems over the years, aiming to provide a structured taxonomy perspective and enhance understanding of MRR. It explains the fundamental attributes characterizing MRR systems and their compositional aspects, providing insights into their design, technology, functionality, and categorization. Augmented by the proposed trilateral framework, this paper also elaborates on the trajectory of evolution, prevailing trends, principal challenges, and potential prospects within the field of MRR.

Spatiotemporal topology of religious spread in a multi‐religious metropolis: A historical religious profile of Taipei City in Taiwan from 1660 to 2020

AbstractReligious identities play an important role in shaping migrants' experiences. Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of religions enhances our knowledge of both religious expansion and religious cultures. This paper aims to leverage spatiotemporal analysis to characterise the topology of the spread of multiple religions in the Taipei metropolitan area from 1660 to 2020, including Folk Taoism (853 temples/altars, 55.39%), Christianity (306 churches, 19.87%) and Buddhism (332 temples, 21.56%). Three major factors affecting religious distribution are considered: the year of establishment of religious units (churches, temples or altars), the reclamation year of religious locations, and the economic index of religious sites. The results show that Folk Taoism and Buddhism have a long history of development in early reclamation regions with a hopping expansion pattern. However, Christianity expanded later in the later reclaimed and early reclaimed areas. The Christian religious units have highly concentrated spatial patterns and are located in the higher‐income districts, centralised in the core regions of the Taipei metropolis. Modern forms of highly institutionalised religion, such as Buddhism and Christianity, are more prevalent in the relatively higher‐income, later‐cultivated areas, which provide richer social resources for development. Folk Taoism, as a traditional religion, is maintained and developed by local communities. This macroscopic analysis helps to (1) identify the exact chronology of different growth waves and explain them in a historical context, and (2) elucidate the spatial distribution differences between institutionalised religions and folk religion. Our research shows the evolution of religious landscapes from an undeveloped city to a developed city, offering valuable insights for geographical and religious studies, and enhancing understanding of diffused and institutionalised religious expansion.

Toward understanding the hydrologic, ecologic and community flooding implications of coastal restoration strategies: Sediment diversions

Evaluating the real-world impacts of proposed restoration strategies is a complex process. Typically, restoration is pursued to achieve a number of primary and secondary objectives as most coastal and deltaic areas support a variety of functions and activities with substantial social and economic values. In this analysis, we demonstrate the importance of considering the broad implications of planning and implementing restoration projects. We use a recently developed simplified and computationally efficient biophysical numerical model. The Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion, a restoration project approximately 60 km down the Mississippi River from New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, offers an opportunity to quantify the benefits and potential impacts of large-scale restoration. Operation plans of the diversion are employed in this analysis to reveal the delicate balance between its potential benefits and possible adverse effects. Evaluation metrics include net land change and landscape evolution, change in salinity and subsequent shift in the distribution of marsh types, long-term change in the hydroperiod and marsh inundation, and change in the flood risk for unique local coastal communities and culture. We also consider subaqueous basin infilling, spatial sediment deposition, and creation of shallow water areas that might be of ecological value. These metrics are evaluated collectively under a set of future scenarios capturing long-term impacts of sea level rise and subsidence. This analysis provides evidence in favor of using a multi-metric approach to holistically evaluate restoration during the planning and design phases, as well as to guide the process of adaptively managing restoration projects post construction.