Analysis Of Evolution Research Articles

Characterization of complete mitogenome data of two flies (Diptera) as orchid pollinators from China.

The Diptera insects have important ecological functions. Many plants rely on Diptera insects for pollination, and they play an important role in Co-evolution with plants. We described the detailed characteristics across the complete mitogenome sequences of Desmometopa sabroskyi Brake, 2003 (Diptera: Milichiidae) and an unidentified species of Gampsocera (Diptera: Chloropidae), which are pollinators of orchid species. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the reference genomes of Phyllomyza sp. (OP612805) and Elachiptera insignis (OP612812) available in Genbank. The complete mitogenomes of D. sabroskyi and Gampsocera sp. are 15,841 bp and 16,036 bp in length, respectively. Both mitogenomes include 37 genes consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and one noncoding region (NCR). The mitogenome data would better contribute to species identification, taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolutionary analysis of Diptera insects. .

Evolutionary and functional analyses of LRP5 in archaic and extant modern humans

BackgroundThe human lineage has undergone a postcranial skeleton gracilization (i.e. lower bone mass and strength relative to body size) compared to other primates and archaic populations such as the Neanderthals. This gracilization has been traditionally explained by differences in the mechanical load that our ancestors exercised. However, there is growing evidence that gracilization could also be genetically influenced.ResultsWe have analyzed the LRP5 gene, which is known to be associated with high bone mineral density conditions, from an evolutionary and functional point of view. Taking advantage of the published genomes of archaic Homo populations, our results suggest that this gene has a complex evolutionary history both between archaic and living humans and within living human populations. In particular, we identified the presence of different selective pressures in archaics and extant modern humans, as well as evidence of positive selection in the African and South East Asian populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Furthermore, we observed a very limited evidence of archaic introgression in this gene (only at three haplotypes of East Asian ancestry out of the 1000 Genomes), compatible with a general erasing of the fingerprint of archaic introgression due to functional differences in archaics compared to extant modern humans. In agreement with this hypothesis, we observed private mutations in the archaic genomes that we experimentally validated as putatively increasing bone mineral density. In particular, four of five archaic missense mutations affecting the first β-propeller of LRP5 displayed enhanced Wnt pathway activation, of which two also displayed reduced negative regulation.ConclusionsIn summary, these data suggest a genetic component contributing to the understanding of skeletal differences between extant modern humans and archaic Homo populations.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the cotton ALDH gene family

BackgroundAldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehyde molecules into the corresponding carboxylic acid, regulate the balance of aldehydes and protect plants from the poisoning caused by excessive accumulation of aldehydes; however, this gene family has rarely been studied in cotton.ResultsIn the present study, genome-wide identification was performed, and a total of 114 ALDH family members were found in three cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii. The ALDH genes were divided into six subgroups by evolutionary analysis. ALDH genes in the same subgroup showed similar gene structures and conserved motifs, but some genes showed significant differences, which may result in functional differences. Chromosomal location analysis and selective pressure analysis revealed that the ALDH gene family had experienced many fragment duplication events. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that this gene family may be involved in the response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The RT‒qPCR results showed that the expression levels of some members of this gene family were significantly increased under salt stress conditions. Gohir.A11G040800 and Gohir.D06G046200 were subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments, and the sensitivity of the silenced plants to salt stress was significantly greater than that of the negative control plants, suggesting that Gohir.A11G040800 and Gohir.D06G046200 may be involved in the response of cotton to salt stress.ConclusionsIn total, 114 ALDH genes were identified in three Gossypium species by a series of bioinformatics analysis. Gene silencing of the ALDH genes of G. hirsutum revealed that ALDH plays an important role in the response of cotton to salt stress.

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Torovirus in Uruguay

Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an enteric pathogen that may cause diarrhea in calves and adult cattle, which could result in economic losses due to weight loss and decreased milk production. This study aimed to report the presence, the genetic characterization and the evolution of BToV in calves in Uruguay. BToV was detected in 7.9% (22/278) of fecal samples, being identified in dairy (9.2%, 22/239) but not beef (0.0%, 0/39) calves. BToV was detected in both diarrheic (14%, 6/43) and non-diarrheic (13.2%, 5/38) dairy calves. In addition, BToV was detected in the intestinal contents of 14.9% (7/47) of naturally deceased dairy calves. A complete genome (28,446 nucleotides) was obtained, which was the second outside Asia and the first in Latin America. In addition, partial S gene sequences were obtained to perform evolutionary analyses. Nucleotide and amino acid substitutions within and between outbreaks/farms were observed, alerting the continuous evolution of the virus. Through Bayesian analysis using BEAST, a recent origin (mid-60s) of BToV, possibly in Asia, was estimated, with two introductions into Uruguay from Asia and Europe in 2004 and 2013, respectively. The estimated evolutionary rate was 1.80 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and genetic characterization for the effective management and understanding of BToV’s global epidemiology and evolution.

Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the Widely Distributed CAP Superfamily in Spider Venom

Venom plays a crucial role in the defense and predation of venomous animals. Spiders (Araneae) are among the most successful predators and have a fascinating venom composition. Their venom mainly contains disulfide-rich peptides and large proteins. Here, we analyzed spider venom protein families, utilizing transcriptomic and genomic data, and highlighted their similarities and differences. We show that spiders have specific combinations of toxins for better predation and defense, typically comprising a core toxin expressed alongside several auxiliary toxins. Among them, the CAP superfamily is widely distributed and highly expressed in web-building Araneoidea spiders. Our analysis of evolutionary relationships revealed four subfamilies (subA-subD) of the CAP superfamily that differ in structure and potential functions. CAP proteins are composed of a conserved CAP domain and diverse C-terminal domains. CAP subC shares similar domains with the snake ion channel regulator svCRISP proteins, while CAP subD possesses a sequence similar to that of insect venom allergen 5 (Ag5). Furthermore, we show that gene duplication and selective expression lead to increased expression of CAP subD, making it a core member of the CAP superfamily. This study sheds light on the functional diversity of CAP subfamilies and their evolutionary history, which has important implications for fully understanding the composition of spider venom proteins and the core toxin components of web-building spiders.

From molecular variations to behavioral adaptations: Unveiling adaptive epistasis in primate oxytocin system.

Our primary objective was to investigate the variability of oxytocin (OT) and the GAMEN binding motif within the LNPEP oxytocinase in primates. We sequenced the LNPEP segment encompassing the GAMEN motif in 34 Platyrrhini species, with 21 of them also sequenced for the OT gene. Our dataset was supplemented with primate sequences of LNPEP, OT, and the oxytocin receptor (OTR) sourced from public databases. Evolutionary analysis and coevolution predictions were made followed by the macroevolution analysis of relevant amino acids associated with phenotypic traits, such as mating systems, parental care, and litter size. To account for phylogenetic structure, we utilized two distinct statistical tests. Additionally, we calculated binding energies focusing on the interaction between Callithtrix jacchus VAMEN and Pro8OT. We identified two novel motifs (AAMEN and VAMEN), challenging the current knowledge of motif conservation in placental mammals. Coevolution analysis demonstrated a correlation between GAMEN, AAMEN, and VAMEN and their corresponding OTs and OTRs. Callithrix jacchus exhibited a higher binding energy between VAMEN and Pro8OT than orthologous molecules found in humans (GAMEN and Leu8OT). The coevolution of AAMEN and VAMEN with their corresponding OTs and OTRs suggests a functional relationship that could have contributed to specific reproductive and adaptive behaviors, including paternal care, social monogamy, and twin births, prominent traits in Cebidae species, such as marmosets and tamarins. Our findings underscore the coevolution of taxon-specific amino acids among the three studied molecules, shedding light on the oxytocinergic system as an adaptive epistatic repertoire in primates.

WIPO initiative of transforming traditional resources and sharing rights: An evolutionary game analysis and a Chinese context.

WIPO-GRTKF specifies, for the first time, how traditional resources embodied by traditional knowledge, genetic resources, and folklore can be defined, and what the relationship between original rights, and rights arising from the transformation and utilisation of traditional resources can be understood. Committed to promoting innovation, shared benefits and balanced interests, WIPO tries to achieve a balance between preventing users from violating holders' original rights through the acquisition of patent, trademark and copyright, and incentivizing all stakeholders to transform traditional resources to improve the greater good. The document triggers a new round of disputes among interest groups over how to share rights arising from the transformation and utilisation of traditional resources. Using an evolutionary game model to simulate how holders and users transform traditional resources, and share rights, we find that when the two sides choose to cooperate to apply for transformation and give consent to use, their benefits are maximised and strategies stabilised. We suggest that in the transforming process, holders' rights and users' interests be given equal emphasis, and an autonomous and open mode combining statutory licensing, and justified utilisation of original rights be employed. We advocate for a hybrid legislative arrangement that integrates the incentive of IPRs as private rights, and the safeguard of public rights. In the dual subject system, both users and holders enjoy multiple rights in the process of protecting and transforming traditional resources. The Chinese approach to transforming traditional resources and sharing their rights will contribute to sustainable development of traditional resource industry across the globe.

The three-sided right-handed β-helix is a versatile fold for glycan interactions.

Interactions between proteins and glycans are critical to various biological processes. With databases of carbohydrate-interacting proteins and increasing amounts of structural data, the three-sided right-handed β-helix (RHBH) has emerged as a significant structural fold for glycan interactions. In this review, we provide an overview of the sequence, mechanistic, and structural features that enable the RHBH to interact with glycans. The RHBH is a prevalent fold that exists in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses associated with adhesin and carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) functions. An evolutionary trajectory analysis on structurally characterized RHBH-containing proteins shows that they likely evolved from carbohydrate-binding proteins with their carbohydrate-degrading activities evolving later. By examining three polysaccharide lyase and three glycoside hydrolase structures, we provide a detailed view of the modes of glycan binding in RHBH proteins. The 3-dimensional shape of the RHBH creates an electrostatically and spatially favorable glycan binding surface that allows for extensive hydrogen bonding interactions, leading to favorable and stable glycan binding. The RHBH is observed to be an adaptable domain capable of being modified with loop insertions and charge inversions to accommodate heterogeneous and flexible glycans and diverse reaction mechanisms. Understanding this prevalent protein fold can advance our knowledge of glycan binding in biological systems and help guide the efficient design and utilization of RHBH-containing proteins in glycobiology research.

Evolutionary game analysis of data sharing among large and medium-sized enterprises in the perspective of platform empowerment

With the swift advancement of the global digital economy, data has emerged as a critical component in fostering the integration of large enterprises with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Nevertheless, due to disparities in resources and capabilities between these entities, there is a deficiency in the willingness to share data, hindering the full actualization of data’s potential value. Hence, it is imperative to facilitate a novel cooperative development paradigm wherein platforms enable data sharing among large enterprises and SMEs. In this paper, we construct a tripartite evolutionary game model encompassing large enterprises, SMEs, and digital platforms, examine the evolutionary stable strategies adopted by these entities in the data sharing, and use numerical simulation to explore the system’s evolutionary stability under various influencing factors. Contrasting with prior research, this study considers the heterogeneity of enterprise scale and delves into the data sharing dynamics between large enterprises and SMEs. Simultaneously, it positions the digital platform as a player in the game, examining its impact on data sharing among the enterprises. Findings indicate that: (1) SMEs exhibit greater eagerness for data sharing compared to large enterprises, which display a U-shaped influence during the process; (2) Digital platforms are particularly sensitive to costs, with the platform’s initiative and the service quality will affect enterprises strategic choices; (3) Government subsidies positively encourage tripartite cooperation, and robust data security governance framework is crucial for enterprises. Finally, based on the results of the study and combining with the current situation of digital economy development, it puts forward the suggestions for promoting platforms to empower large enterprises and SMEs to realize data sharing and the prospects for future research.

Tripartite evolutionary game analysis of carbon emission reduction behavior strategies under government regulation

Tripartite evolutionary game analysis of carbon emission reduction behavior strategies under government regulation

Plastid Phylogenetics, Biogeography, and Character Evolution of the Chinese Endemic Genus Sinojackia Hu

Sinojackia Hu. comprises five to eight Chinese endemic species with high ornamental and medicinal value. However, the generic limits, interspecific relationships and evolutionary history of the genus remain unresolved. In this study, we newly sequenced three plastomes of S. oblongicarpa and compared them with those of the other congeneric species to explore the taxonomic delimitation of the species and the evolutionary history of the genus. The plastome structure of Sinojackia species was extremely conserved in terms of number of genes, sequence length, and GC content. The codon usage patterns revealed that natural selection may be the main factor shaping codon usage bias. Our phylogenetic tree shows that Sinojackia is monophyletic and can be divided into two clades. Sinojackia oblongicarpa as a distinct species is supported for it is distantly related to S. sarcocarpa. The evolutionary analysis of morphological features indicates that the woody mesocarp is an ancestral feature. Sinojackia originated in central Southeast China during the early Miocene. In this period, it experienced elevated diversification and migrated from central Southeast China to the Hunan Province and the Sichuan Province with the development of the Asian monsoon and East Asian flora. Glacial–interglacial interactions with the monsoon climate may provide favorable expansion conditions for Sinojackia on a small scale.

Genomic identification and evolutionary analysis of chemosensory receptor gene families in two Phthorimaea pest species: insights into chemical ecology and host adaptation

BackgroundInsects rely on sophisticated sensitive chemosensory systems to sense their complex chemical environment. This sensory process involves a combination of odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) in the chemosensory system. This study focused on the identification and characterization of these three types of chemosensory receptor genes in two closely related Phthorimaea pest species, Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) and Phthorimaea absoluta (tomato leaf miner).ResultsBased on manual annotation of the genome, we identified a total of 349 chemoreceptor genes from the genome of P. operculella, including 93 OR, 206 GR and 50 IR genes, while for P. absoluta, we identified 72 OR, 122 GR and 46 IR genes. Through phylogenetic analysis, we observed minimal differences in the number and types of ORs and IRs between the potato tuber moth and tomato leaf miner. In addition, we found that compared with those of tomato leaf miners, the gustatory receptor branch of P. operculella has undergone a large expansion, which may be related to P. absoluta having a narrower host range than P. operculella. Through analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of male and female antennae, we uncovered 45 DEGs (including 32ORs, 9 GRs, and 4 IRs).ConclusionsOur research provides a foundation for exploring the chemical ecology of these two pests and offers new insights into the dietary differentiation of lepidopteran insects, while simultaneously providing molecular targets for developing environmentally friendly pest control methods based on insect chemoreception.

Patient-related decisional regret: An evolutionary concept analysis.

Health-related decision-making is a complex process given the variability of treatment options, conflicting treatment plans, time constraints and variable outcomes. This complexity may result in patients experiencing decisional regret following decision-making. Nonetheless, literature on decisional regret in the healthcare context indicates inconsistent characterization and operationalization of this concept. To conceptually define the phenomenon of decisional regret and synthesize the state of science on patients' experiences with decisional regret. A concept analysis. Rodgers' evolutionary method guided the conceptualization of this review. An interdisciplinary literature search was conducted from 2003 until 2023 using five databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. The search informed how the concept manifested across health-related literature. We used PRISMA-ScR checklist to guide the reporting of this review. Based on the analysis of 25 included articles, a conceptual definition of decisional regret was proposed. Three defining attributes underscored the negative cognitive-emotional nature of this concept, post-decisional experience relating to the decision-making process, treatment option and/or treatment outcome and an immediate or delayed occurrence. Antecedents preceding decisional regret comprised initial psychological or emotional status, sociodemographic determinants, impaired decision-making process, role regret, conflicting treatment plans and adverse treatment outcomes. Consequences of this concept included positive and negative outcomes influencing quality of life, health expectations, patient-provider relationship and healthcare experience appraisal. A conceptual model was developed to summarize the concept's characteristics. The current knowledge on decisional regret is expected to evolve with further exploration of this concept, particularly for the temporal dimension of regret experience. This review identified research, clinical and policy gaps informing our nursing recommendations for the concept's evolution. This concept analysis examines existing literature and does not require patient-related data collection. The methodological approach does not necessitate collaboration with the public.

An evolutionary game analysis of algorithmic indirect copyright infringement from the perspective of collusion between UGC platforms and direct infringers.

User-generated content (UGC) is developing rapidly as an emerging platform form, however, the problem of indirect copyright infringement by algorithms is becoming more and more prominent, and infringement governance has become a key act in the development of UGC platforms. When infringement occurs, recommendation algorithms expand the scope and results of infringement, while platforms choose to conspire with direct infringers for their own interests, making it difficult for infringed persons to defend their rights. In order to analyse the influence of different factors in the platform ecosystem on the subject's behavioural strategies, a "platform-infringer" evolutionary game model is constructed, and numerical simulation is used to verify the correctness of the stable results. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the factors of uncertain revenue, punishment and reputation loss have important influence on the decision-making behaviour of the subject of infringement governance, and accordingly, the proposed measures on the publishers, platforms and the legal level of the government are conducive to the evolution of the system to the point of positive regulation and stability of rights protection, with a view to promoting the healthier and more stable development of the UGC platforms.

Research on the mechanism of consumer participation in value co-creation by innovative enterprises: An evolutionary game analysis framework.

The profound changes brought about by informatization and digitalization have given rise to the user-centered innovation concept, and value co-creation by enterprises has become an inevitable trend. It has become a pressing issue for scholars to analyze the mechanism of consumer participation in the value co-creation of innovative enterprises. In this paper, by establishing an evolutionary game model between consumers and innovative enterprises, we analyze in depth the mechanism of consumer participation in the value co-creation of innovative enterprises. The results show that the initial cooperation probability between consumers and innovative enterprises directly affects their strategic choices; the establishment of reward mechanisms makes consumers more inclined to choose active participation in value co-creation strategies; as the probability of non-cooperation between the two parties being reported increases, the probability of consumers and innovative enterprises choosing cooperation also increases. Studying the mechanism of consumer participation in the value co-creation of innovative enterprises has essential theoretical and practical significance for enterprises to achieve value creation, enhance competitiveness, and promote innovation. This study not only enriches and develops relevant theories but also provides guidance and support for the practice of enterprises, promoting sustainable development and successful co-creation.

Carbon emission allowances purchasing decisions in supply chains under the cap-and-trade mechanism in China: an evolutionary game analysis

PurposeThe importance of carbon reduction has become a global consensus, and more and more countries are implementing the cap-and-trade mechanism, including China. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal carbon emission allowances (CEA) purchasing decisions of supply chain members under the cap-and-trade mechanism in China.Design/methodology/approachAn evolutionary game model is established to analyze the CEA purchase strategy choices of suppliers and manufacturers in the supply chain. The influence of the key parameters on the evolutionary game results is analyzed by numerical simulations.FindingsThe supply chain system always evolves towards neither supplier nor manufacturer purchasing CEA or both purchasing CEA. Illegal production behavior and excessive CEA costs are key factors that hinder parties from purchasing CEA. High revenue from purchasing CEA for production, high supply chain losses and high governmental penalties can promote parties to purchase CEA.Originality/valueThe results help supply chain members make better CEA purchasing decisions and also benefit the development of China’s carbon trading market and environmental protection.

Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of TKL_CTR1-DRK-2 gene family and functional characterization reveals that TaCTR1 positively regulates flowering time in wheat

BackgroundFlowering time has an important effect on regional adaptation and yields for crops. The tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) gene family is widely existed and participates in many biological processes in plants. Furthermore, only few TKLs have been characterized functions in controlling flowering time in wheat.ResultsHere, we report that TaCTR1, a tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) gene, regulates flowering time in wheat. Based on identification and evolutionary analysis of TKL_CTR1-DRK-2 subfamily in 15 plants, we proposed an evolutionary model for TaCTR1, suggesting that occurrence of some exon fusion events during evolution. The overexpression of TaCTR1 caused early flowering time in transgenic lines. Transcriptomics analysis enabled identification of mass differential expression genes including plant hormone (ET, ABA, IAA, BR) signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenolamides and antioxidant, and flowering-related genes in TaCTR1 overexpression transgenic lines compared with WT plants. qRT–PCR results showed that the expression levels of ethylene (ET) signal-related genes (ETR, EIN, ERF) and flowering-related genes (FT, PPD1, CO, PRR, PHY) were altered in TaCTR1-overexpressing wheat compared with WT plants. Metabonomics analysis showed that flavonoid contents were altered.ConclusionsThus, the results show that TaCTR1 plays a positive role in controlling flowering time by activating various signaling pathways and regulating flowering-related genes, and will provide new insights on the mechanisms of wheat flowering regulation.

Matreex: compact and interactive visualisation for scalable studies of large gene families.

Studying gene family evolution strongly benefits from insightful visualisations. However, the ever-growing number of sequenced genomes is leading to increasingly larger gene families, which challenges existing gene tree visualisations. Indeed, most of them present users with a dilemma: display complete but intractable gene trees, or collapse subtrees, thereby hiding their children's information. Here, we introduce Matreex, a new dynamic tool to scale-up the visualisation of gene families. Matreex's key idea is to use "phylogenetic" profiles, which are dense representations of gene repertoires, to minimise the information loss when collapsing subtrees. We illustrate Matreex's usefulness with three biological applications. First, we demonstrate on the MutS family the power of combining gene trees and phylogenetic profiles to delve into precise evolutionary analyses of large multi-copy gene families. Secondly, by displaying 22 intraflagellar transport gene families across 622 species cumulating 5'500 representatives, we show how Matreex can be used to automate large-scale analyses of gene presence-absence. Notably, we report for the first time the complete loss of intraflagellar transport in the myxozoan Thelohanellus kitauei. Finally, using the textbook example of visual opsins, we show Matreex's potential to create easily interpretable figures for teaching and outreach. Matreex is available from the Python Package Index (pip install matreex) with the source code and documentation available at https://github.com/DessimozLab/matreex.

Genome-wide analysis of polyphenol oxidase gene family in Solanum tuberosum and functional identification of StuPPO9 in regulating tolerance to Phytophthora infestans

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is the key enzyme involved in the enzymatic browning of potato tubers. However, the understanding of its other functions, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, is still limited. StuPPO9 was predicted as an inducible gene in response to disease defense and cell rescue, as analyzed using the EST database. In this study, an identification and evolutionary analysis of PPOs in Solanum tuberosum was conducted. A total of 10 members of StuPPOs were identified and their gene structure, protein motifs, chromosomal location, and tissue distribution were further investigated. QRT-PCR analysis indicated that most PPOs were induced or inhibited under hormone treatments, and StuPPO9 showed the highest expression level when induced by Phytophthora infestans. Therefore, StuPPO9, the only one located on chromosome 2, was selected for further study. The StuPPO9 overexpressing Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic line effectively slowed down the growth of P. infestans and showed more tolerance compared to the wild type (WT). Moreover, the molecular markers NtHin1 and PR genes were significantly upregulated in the transgenic tobacco than in WT under P. infestans infection. This study will provide a basis and reference for future research on the roles of StuPPO9 in disease defense.

A Sarcocystidae-Specific striated fiber assemblin protein SFA5 is required for parasite division in Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexan encompass a variety of intracellular parasites responsible for significant diseases in humans and animals, such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. Among these, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) serves as an exemplary organism for understanding the intricate biological characteristics of the phylum. At the parasite's apical tip, a striated fiber was discovered and proposed to be evotionarily derived from the algal flagellum. However, the protein composition (the striated fiber assemblin, SFA) of this fiber remains poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of a proximity biotin labeling approach to identify potential SFA proteins by fusion of an engeneered biotin ligase TurboID with SFA2, from which we identified several novel components of the fiber. Evolutionary analysis suggested that SFA4 is conserved in the Apicomplexa phylum with the exception of piroplasmida, while SFA5 is specific to species of Sarcocystidae. Confocal imaging analysis showed that SFA4 and SFA5 are substantially co-localized with the bait SFA2. Using a new version (OsTIR1F74G) of the plant auxin-inducible degron system that we adapted in this study, we found that SFA4 and SFA5 were efficiently depleted by addition of a much lower concentration of inducer (5-Ph-IAA, instead of IAA). Detailed phenotypical analyses demonstrated that SFA5 is essential for daughter parasite formation and separation of parasite nuclei during division, supporting the localization of SFA5 at the striated fiber that connects the centriole and the apical conoid. The mouse assay suggested the essentiality of SFA5 in the parasites. Thus, this study provided a new repertoile of the stiated fiber, and new data supporting association of the fiber with parasite division.