Evolution Problem Research Articles

Efficient simulation of potential energy operators on quantum hardware: a study on sodium iodide (NaI)

This study introduces a conceptually novel polynomial encoding algorithm for simulating potential energy operators encoded in diagonal unitary forms in a quantum computing machine. The current trend in quantum computational chemistry is effective experimentation to achieve high-precision quantum computational advantage. However, high computational gate complexity and fidelity loss are some of the impediments to the realization of this advantage in a real quantum hardware. In this study, we address the challenges of building a diagonal Hamiltonian operator having exponential functional form, and its implementation in the context of the time evolution problem (Hamiltonian simulation and encoding). Potential energy operators when represented in the first quantization form is an example of such types of operators. Through systematic decomposition and construction, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed polynomial encoding method in reducing gate complexity from O(2n)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal {O}(2^n)$$\\end{document} to O∑i=1rnCr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal {O}\\left( \\sum _{i=1}^{r} {} ^nC_r \\right)$$\\end{document} (for some r≪n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$r\\ll n$$\\end{document}). This offers a solution with lower complexity in comparison to the conventional Hadamard basis encoding approach. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was validated with its implementation in the IBM quantum simulator and IBM quantum hardware. This study demonstrates the proposed approach by taking the example of the potential energy operator of the sodium iodide molecule (NaI) in the first quantization form. The numerical results demonstrate the potential applicability of the proposed method in quantum chemistry problems, while the analytical bound for error analysis and computational gate complexity discussed, throw light on issues regarding its implementation.

Spatial structure could explain the maintenance of alternative reproductive tactics in tree cricket males.

Trait polymorphisms are widespread in nature, and explaining their stable co-existence is a central problem in ecology and evolution. Alternative reproductive tactics, in which individuals of one or more sex exhibit discrete, discontinuous traits in response to reproductive competition, represent a special case of trait polymorphism in which the traits are often complex, behavioural, and dynamic. Thus, studying how alternative reproductive tactics are maintained may provide general insights into how complex trait polymorphisms are maintained in populations. We construct a spatially explicit individual-based model inspired from extensively collected empirical data to address the mechanisms behind the co-existence of three behavioural alternative reproductive tactics in males of a tree cricket (Oecanthus henryi). Our results show that the co-existence of these tactics over ecological time scales is facilitated by the spatial structure of the landscape they inhabit, which serves to equalize the otherwise unequal mating benefits of the three tactics. We also show that this co-existence is unlikely if spatial aspects of the system are not considered. Our findings highlight the importance of spatial dynamics in understanding ecological and evolutionary processes and underscore the power of integrative approaches that combine models inspired from empirical data.

Decision Analysis of Cold Chain Supply Chain Based on a Stochastic Evolution Model

Accelerating the development of cold chain logistics for agricultural products is not only an objective requirement for the development of agricultural product circulation but also a necessary demand to promote rural revitalization and upgrade agricultural consumption. Addressing the evolutionary problems of cold chain transportation in uncertain environments, this study considers the actual stochastic disturbances in the cold chain supply chain system, introducing Gaussian white noise to reflect the random perturbations experienced during the evolution of the cold chain. A three-party stochastic evolutionary game model is established involving farmers, logistics enterprises, and government regulatory authorities. Based on this model, numerical simulation analysis is conducted to explore the effects of different factors such as the intensity of random disturbances and the loss transfer coefficient on the fluctuation of strategic choices of the entities and the convergence speed to a stable state during evolution. Finally, combining the results of numerical simulation, relevant policies and recommendations are proposed to provide insights and guidance for the development of cold chain logistics in agricultural products.

Three evolution problems modeling the interaction between acoustic waves and non-locally reacting surfaces

The paper deals with three evolution problems arising in the physical modeling of small amplitude acoustic phenomena occurring in a fluid, bounded by a surface of extended reaction. The first one is the widely studied wave equation with acoustic boundary conditions, but its derivation from the physical model is mathematically not fully satisfactory. The other two models studied in the paper, in the Lagrangian and Eulerian settings, are physically transparent. In the paper the first model is derived from the other two in a rigorous way, also for solutions merely belonging to the natural energy spaces.

Nonlinear aggregation-diffusion equations with Riesz potentials

We consider an aggregation-diffusion model, where the diffusion is nonlinear of porous medium type and the aggregation is governed by the Riesz potential of order s. The addition of a quadratic diffusion term produces a more precise competition with the aggregation term for small s, as they have the same scaling if s=0. We prove existence and uniqueness of stationary states and we characterize their asymptotic behavior as s goes to zero. Moreover, we prove existence of gradient flow solutions to the evolution problem by applying the JKO scheme.

A priori and a posteriori estimates for solving one evolutionary inverse problem

   This article considers an initial-boundary value problem for a system of parabolic equations, which arises when studying the flow of a binary mixture in a horizontal channel with walls heated non-uniformly. The problem was reduced to a sequence of initial-boundary value problems with Dirichlet or Neumann conditions. Among them, an inverse problem with a non-local overdetermination condition was distinguished. The solution was constructed using the Fourier method and validated as classical. The behavior of the non-stationary solution at large times was discussed. It was shown that certain functions within the solution tend to their stationary analogs exponentially at large times. For some functions, only boundedness was proved. The problem and its solution are relevant for modeling the thermal modes associated with the separation of liquid mixtures.

On a class of evolution problems driven by maximal monotone operators with integral perturbation

The present paper is dedicated to the study of a first-order differential inclusion driven by time and state-dependent maximal monotone operators with integral perturbation, in the context of Hilbert spaces. Based on a fixed point method, we derive a new existence theorem for this class of differential inclusions. Then, we investigate an optimal control problem subject to such a class, by considering control maps acting in the state of the operators and the integral perturbation.

Transferability of Multi-Objective Neuro-Fuzzy Motion Controllers: Towards Cautious and Courageous Motion Behaviors in Rugged Terrains

This study is motivated by the need to develop generic neuro-fuzzy motion controllers for autonomous vehicles that may traverse rugged terrains. Three types of target problems are investigated. These problems differ in terms of the expected motion behavior, including cautious, intermediate, and courageous behaviors. The target problems are defined as evolutionary multi-objective problems aiming to evolve near optimal neuro-fuzzy controllers that can operate in a variety of scenarios. To enhance the evolution, sequential transfer optimization is considered, where each of the source problems is defined and solved as a bi-objective problem. The performed experimental study demonstrates the ability of the proposed search approach to find neuro-fuzzy controllers that produce the required motion behaviors when operating in various environments with different motion difficulties. Moreover, the results of this study substantiate the hypothesis that solutions with performances near the edges of the obtained approximated bi-objective Pareto fronts of the source problems provide better transferability as compared with those that are associated with performances near the center of the obtained fronts.

THE IMAGE OF THE ENEMY IN SOVIET PROPAGANDA DURING THE TURNING POINT OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST FASCISM (June 1942 – August 1943)

The article examines the problems of the enemy image evolution during the turning point of the struggle of the Soviet people against fascism. The most important aspects of the ideological struggle between Germany and the Soviet Union in June 1942 – August 1943 are studied. The reasons for the transformation of the enemy’s image are substantiated based on the analysis of the wartime events that took place. The relevance of this issue is determined primarily by the importance of preserving the memory of the Great Patriotic War, in which knowledge about the enemy played a decisive role. This victorious experience can help to counteract the resurgence of the Nazi ideas in the modern world. Thanks to deep and comprehensive studying the mechanism of military patriotic propaganda and the introducing new technologies into it, the tasks of preserving identity and developing our society were solved. Currently, these historical processes will help to broaden the horizons and develop moral and patriotic values in modern youth. The purpose of the article is to consider the transformation of the enemy image the during the radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War in June 1942 – August 1943 in order to identify the most characteristic features of its depiction in various materials of Soviet patriotic propaganda. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of this research is both general scientific and special historical principles and methods of cognition, including the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, as well as a set of methods that made it possible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of archival and other research sources, including historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic and others. The work is based on archival documents and periodical materials. Study results. The most important circumstances of this period are noted, which played a decisive role in the development of the enemy image in the Soviet propaganda. The article presents the most characteristic features of the enemy’s image created by the Soviet propaganda. The article examines the changes in German propaganda among the population of the occupied territories. A comparative analysis of the activities performed by propagandists of the Nazi Germany and the USSR is carried out. The author provides examples of creating the enemy image based on the study of documentary sources, embodied in works of literature and art. The metaphorical image of the enemy reflected in the Soviet propaganda is revealed based on the study of archival materials and periodicals. At this, the importance of naturalistic description of the crimes committed by the fascists against the civilian population of the occupied territories is assessed in order to present the true face of the invaders and mobilize the society to fight the enemy. The issues of the legitimacy of the power of the warring parties are revealed. Conclusions. During this crucial period of the Great Patriotic War, significant changes are taking place in the image of the enemy. The original image of an inhuman, bestial enemy enslaving more and more lands, after the defeats suffered by the German army, is transformed into a caricature of a defeated cowardly enemy. The enemy is still strong, cruel and insidious, but the image of the defeated enemy is becoming dominant in the works of the Soviet propaganda and in public mind. The inevitability of victory becomes the dominant leitmotif in the Soviet propaganda and the enemy in the images created by propaganda should cause a feeling of disgust. Naturalization of the submitting the information about crimes committed by fascists and their accomplices becomes an important factor. It is referred to the development of a counter-propaganda system that convinces people that an inhuman enemy who kills women and children cannot be trusted. The images created in Soviet propaganda works achieved their goal and were firmly rooted in the public consciousness.

Evolutionary graph theory beyond pairwise interactions: Higher-order network motifs shape times to fixation in structured populations.

To design population topologies that can accelerate rates of solution discovery in directed evolution problems or for evolutionary optimization applications, we must first systematically understand how population structure shapes evolutionary outcome. Using the mathematical formalism of evolutionary graph theory, recent studies have shown how to topologically build networks of population interaction that increase probabilities of fixation of beneficial mutations, at the expense, however, of longer fixation times, which can slow down rates of evolution, under elevated mutation rate. Here we find that moving beyond dyadic interactions in population graphs is fundamental to explain the trade-offs between probabilities and times to fixation of new mutants in the population. We show that higher-order motifs, and in particular three-node structures, allow the tuning of times to fixation, without changes in probabilities of fixation. This gives a near-continuous control over achieving solutions that allow for a wide range of times to fixation. We apply our algorithms and analytic results to two evolutionary optimization problems and show that the rate of solution discovery can be tuned near continuously by adjusting the higher-order topology of the population. We show that the effects of population structure on the rate of evolution critically depend on the optimization landscape and find that decelerators, with longer times to fixation of new mutants, are able to reach the optimal solutions faster than accelerators in complex solution spaces. Our results highlight that no one population topology fits all optimization applications, and we provide analytic and computational tools that allow for the design of networks suitable for each specific task.

On the joint evolution problem for a scalar field and its singularity

On the joint evolution problem for a scalar field and its singularity

The origin and evolution of Cynodontia (Synapsida, Therapsida): Reassessment of the phylogeny and systematics of the earliest members of this clade using 3D-imaging technologies.

The origin of cynodonts, the group ancestral to and including mammals, is one of the major outstanding problems in therapsid evolution. One of the most troubling aspects of the cynodont fossil record is the lengthy Permian ghost lineage between the latest possible divergence from its sister group Therocephalia and the first appearance of definitive cynodonts in the late Permian. The absence of cynodonts and dominance of therocephalians in middle Permian strata has led some workers to argue that cynodonts evolved from within therocephalians, rendering the latter paraphyletic, but more recent analyses support the reciprocal monophyly of Cynodontia and Therocephalia. Furthermore, although a fundamental dichotomy in the derived subclade Eucynodontia is well-supported in cynodont phylogeny, the relationships of more stemward cynodonts from the late Permian and Early Triassic are unresolved. Here, we provide a re-evaluation of the phylogeny of Eutheriodontia (Cynodontia + Therocephalia) and an assessment of character evolution within the group. Using computed tomographic data derived from extensive sampling of the earliest known (late Permian and Early Triassic) cynodonts and selected exemplars of therocephalians and later (Middle Triassic onwards) cynodonts, we describe novel aspects of the endocranial anatomy of these animals. These data were incorporated into a new phylogenetic data set including a comprehensive sample of early cynodonts. Our phylogenetic analyses support some results previously recovered by other authors, but recover therocephalians as paraphyletic with regards to cynodonts, with cynodonts and eutherocephalians forming a clade to the exclusion of the "basal therocephalian" families Lycosuchidae and Scylacosauridae. Though both conservatism and homoplasy mark the endocranial anatomy of early non-mammalian cynodonts, we were able to identify several new endocranial synapomorphies for eutheriodont subclades and recovered generally better-supported topologies than previous analyses using primarily external craniodental characters.

Higher order interpolative geometries and gradient regularity in evolutionary obstacle problems

We prove new optimal C1,α regularity results for obstacle problems involving evolutionary p-Laplace type operators in the degenerate regime p>2. Our main results include the optimal regularity improvement at free boundary points in intrinsic backward p-paraboloids, up to the critical exponent, α≤2/(p−2), and the optimal regularity across the free boundaries in the full cylinders up to a universal threshold. Moreover, we provide an intrinsic criterion by which the optimal regularity improvement at free boundaries can be extended to the entire cylinders. An important feature of our analysis is that we do not impose any assumption on the time derivative of the obstacle. Our results are formulated in function spaces associated to what we refer to as higher order or C1,α intrinsic interpolative geometries.

Surface-subsurface filtration transport with seawater intrusion: multidomain mixed variational evolution problems

Surface-subsurface filtration transport with seawater intrusion phenomena are formulated and variationally analyzed, as coupled multimedia mixed pairs of free boundary interface problems. Physically, multidomain subsurface mixed velocity-pressure fractional Darcian flow models coupled with surface evolution Stokesian mixed flows are considered. Specifically, two-phase air-fresh water above the sea level and fresh water-seawater characterizations are considered. Internal boundary synchronizing transmission conditions of multidomain nonoverlapping decompositions are modeled in terms of variational Lagrangian dual subpotential maximal monotone inclusions. Similarly, filtration transport coupling interface transmission constraints are implemented by mass flux-velocity-pressure Lagrange dual multipliers as solutions of subpotential subdifferential equations.

Microgeographic population structuring in a genus of California trapdoor spiders and discovery of an enigmatic new species (Euctenizidae: Promyrmekiaphila korematsui sp. nov.).

The recognition and delineation of cryptic species remains a perplexing problem in systematics, evolution, and species delimitation. Once recognized as such, cryptic species complexes provide fertile ground for studying genetic divergence within the context of phenotypic and ecological divergence (or lack thereof). Herein we document the discovery of a new cryptic species of trapdoor spider, Promyrmekiaphila korematsui sp. nov. Using subgenomic data obtained via target enrichment, we document the phylogeography of the California endemic genus Promyrmekiaphila and its constituent species, which also includes P. clathrata and P. winnemem. Based on these data we show a pattern of strong geographic structuring among populations but cannot entirely discount recent gene flow among populations that are parapatric, particularly for deeply diverged lineages within P. clathrata. The genetic data, in addition to revealing a new undescribed species, also allude to a pattern of potential phenotypic differentiation where species likely come into close contact. Alternatively, phenotypic cohesion among genetically divergent P. clathrata lineages suggests that some level of gene flow is ongoing or occurred in the recent past. Despite considerable field collection efforts over many years, additional sampling in potential zones of contact for both species and lineages is needed to completely resolve the dynamics of divergence in Promyrmekiaphila at the population-species interface.

Asymptotic analysis of time-fractional quantum diffusion

We study the large-time asymptotics of the mean-square displacement for the time-fractional Schrödinger equation in Rd. We define the time-fractional derivative by the Caputo derivative. We consider the initial-value problem for the free evolution of wave packets in Rd governed by the time-fractional Schrödinger equation iβ∂tαu=−Δu, with initial condition u(t=0)=u0, parameterized by two indices α,β∈(0,1]. We show distinctly different long-time evolution of the mean square displacement according to the relation between α and β. In particular, asymptotically ballistic motion occurs only for α=β.

A bivariate spectral linear partition method for solving nonlinear evolution equations

This work develops a method for solving nonlinear evolution equations. The method, termed a bivariate spectral linear partition method (BSLPM), combines the Chebyshev spectral collocation method, bivariate Lagrange interpolation, and a linear partition technique as an underlying linearization method. It is developed for an th‐order nonlinear differential equation and then used to solve three known evolution problems. The results are compared with known exact solutions from literature. The method's applicability, reliability, and accuracy are confirmed by the congruence between the numerical and exact solutions. Tables, error graphs, and convergence graphs were generated using MATLAB (R2015a), to confirm the order of accuracy of the method and verify its convergence. The performance of the method is also observed against other methods performing well in these types of differential equations and is found to be comparable in terms of accuracy. The proposed method is also efficient as it uses minimal computation time.

Tissue science and histology in the system of biomedical scientific and educational disciplines

In this article, the authors analyze the role and significance of histology in biomedical scientific and educational disciplines (history, present condition, and controversial issues). This study discusses the formation and development of histology—the science of tissues—and the emergence of notions about tissues and tissue classification. When describing the microscopic structure of plant organs in 1671, the English botanist and physician N. Grew (1641–1712) used the term “tissue” for the first time. In the mid-19th century, German histologists R.A. Kölliker (1817–1905) and F. Leydig (1821–1908) established the present scientific classification of tissues. These authors classified tissues into four main groups: epithelium, connective tissue and blood, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue. Russian scientists A.A. Zavarzin and N.G. Khlopin made significant contributions to developing tissue classification and evolution problems. It is worth noting that the term “tissue,” which was initially interpreted as purely morphological, has gained physiological content; that is, the idea of “tissue” has become a morphofunctional concept. The idea of tissue stability during the ontogenesis stages of organisms is one of the significant paradigms of histology. Fabric variability is allowed within certain limits within the tissue group to which the fabric belongs. There is no compelling evidence of tissue transition from one tissue group to another. The first histology departments appeared in European higher educational institutions in the middle of the 19th century and Russian higher educational institutions in the late 1960s. As a scientific discipline, histology has not exhausted its capabilities; therefore, excluding histology from the nomenclature of scientific specialization is incorrect.

Historian A.S. Shofman and His Academic Environment

The article deals with the problem of academic environment evolution in which an antiquity historian, A.S. Shofman (1913–1993) conducted his research and taught students in different periods of his life. The author shows that Shofman’s personal qualities, such as determination, ability to work in any external conditions, considerate and, at the same time, demanding attitude to his students and colleagues, sense of humor, irony, self-deprecation, and others played an important role in his development as a scholar. It is also pointed out that fate often brought him to teachers and colleagues who facilitated his success. Different spheres of his scientific communication are studied: prominent scholars of Ancient History and Philology – his teachers at Leningrad State University; international scientific contacts with his colleagues from Macedonia and Serbia, which used to be the part of Yugoslavia, from Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia. His relationship with Russian historians and philologists from Moscow, Leningrad, Voronezh, Tomsk and Belorussian scholars from Minsk were also discussed as well as academic environment at Kazan State University, especially at the Department of World History which A.S. Shofman headed for several decades. The article reveals the influence of his scientific surroundings on his development as a scholar and on themes of his research. A.S. Shofman, in his turn, shaped the mode of activity of the Department he headed and set up a scientific school in Kazan State University well-known in the country

Spatial Confinement of Pt Nanoparticles in Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient and Selective H2 Evolution from Methanol.

H2 generation from methanol-water mixtures often requires high pressure and high temperature (200-300°C). However, CO can be easily generated and poison the catalytic system under such high temperature. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop the efficient catalytic systems for H2 production from methanol at room temperature, even at sub-zero temperatures. Herein, carbon nanotube-supported Pt nanocomposites are designed and synthesized as high-performance nano-catalysts, via stabilization of Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nanotube (CNT), for H2 production upon methanol dehydrogenation at sub-zero temperatures. Therein, the optimal Pt/CNT nanocomposite presents the superior catalytic performance in H2 production upon methanol dehydrogenation at the expense of B2(OH)4, with the TOF of 299.51min-130 oC. Compared with other common carriers, Pt/CNT exhibited the highest catalytic performance in H2 production, emphasizing the critical role of CNT in methanol dehydrogenation. The confinement of Pt nanoparticles by CNTs is conducive to inhibiting the aggregation of Pt nanoparticles, thereby significantly increasing its catalytic performance and stability. The kinetic study, detailed mechanistic insights, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirm that the breaking of O─H bond of CH3OH is the rate-controlling step for methanol dehydrogenation, and both H atoms of H2 are supplied by methanol. Interestingly, H2 is also successfully produced from methanol dehydrogenation at -10°C, which absolutely solves the freezing problem in the H2 evolution upon water-splitting reaction.