Evolution Of Tourism Research Articles

Historical Research and Tourism Analysis: The Case of the Tourist-Historic City of Jerusalem

Studies of tourist–historic cities often rely upon evolutionary models, which chart the development of tourism in historical towns. Prominent among these models are: Ashworth and Tunbridge's model of the tourist–historic city; models outlining the development of the Central Tourist District; The Tourist Town's Functional Spaces Model; and the Accommodation Service Model. The article seeks to prove that using such models without, at the same time, examining the roots and evolution of tourism in these towns from an historical perspective, will provide only a partial and, occasionally, inaccurate picture of the birth, development and unique character the tourist–historic city. Moreover, given the fact that tourism is a widespread and dynamic phenomenon that touches upon many aspects of the human urban experience–social and political, environmental, economic and so on–probing into the roots and rise of tourism in historical towns may also shed light on various features which, idiosyncratic to historical towns, encouraged their eventual transformation into tourist–historic cities. The article will do all this by tracing the origins and flowering of tourism in Jerusalem–one of the world's most famous tourist–historic cities–during the time of the British mandate (1917–1948).

WTO World Tourism Barometer and Preliminary Results for International Tourism in 2003

In 2003 WTO began to compile its WTO World Tourism Barometer, a thrice-yearly publication with the aim of monitoring the short-term evolution of tourism. Preliminary full-year data, as included in the January 2004 issue, show that in 2003 tourism went through the third difficult year in a row due to the Iraq conflict, SARS and the continuing weak world economy. A fourth determining factor in 2003 was the strong and rapid movement of exchange rates, causing above all a redirection of tourist flows. Closer analysis of the evolution of tourism over the last three years reveals that the tourism sector of the USA was exceptionally hard hit by the combination of economic downturn and geopolitical uncertainty. With the world economy improving and the geopolitical climate more relaxed, prospects for 2004 look more promising.

Shepherd of the Hills Country: Tourism Transforms the Ozarks, 1880s–1930s

Shepherd of the Hills Country: Tourism Transforms the Ozarks, 1880s-1930s Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers-Phinney. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999. Tourism is projected to become the number one industry in Missouri in the twenty-first century, bringing in more than $17 billion annually. Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers-Phinney draw on their experience as preservationists and archivists to examine the evolution and impact of tourism in the Ozarks, a mountain and river chain in Missouri and Arkansas. In the nineteenth century, immigrants came by wagon roads and keelboats, and established a stockman's agriculture centering on furs, pelts, cattle, hogs, cotton, grain, flour, and lumber. In the 1870s, railroads broke down the isolation of the frontier, expanded the population, and diversified the economy. As the United States industrialized and urbanized in the mid-nineteenth century, people sought escape from the stresses and strains of cities. The countryside offered opportunities of rest, relaxation, and regeneration from regimented lives. People of means from Kansas City, St. Louis, and other Midwestern points sought out the Ozarks for physical and spiritual regeneration. Harold Bell Wright romanticized the natural and primitive locale in The Shepherd of the Hills (1907). More and more people wanted to experience the romanticized ideal of simplicity and wholesomeness. Travelogues provided a popular way of explaining and inventing the mythical Ozarks. Tourists were attracted to the karst formations: valleys, caves, springs, and sinkholes carved by water running over limestone. In a state that had over 4,000 caves, Marble Cave, Missouri, for example, had multiple lives: a repository of minerals, relics of earlier civilizations, and natural fertilizer (bat dung); a sublime place to hold social and political events; and a natural storage site for food and moonshine. Hunting and fishing also proved popular, not simply for food and clothing but also for sport and recreation. Float trips became a popular wilderness adventure. In the 1890s, wealthy businessmen purchased thousands of acres for private game parks and made longterm investments. Over the decades, commercialization also set in. As the railroad added a spur to Marble Cave, management in turn accommodated visitors by erecting ladders down into the cavern, a stage for performances in the Great Room, and cabins and souvenir stands around the attraction. Local arts and crafts-handmade chairs, rugs, quilts, and baskets - became cottage industries. …

Turismo de Eventos: promoções e parcerias no Brasil

This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of Events Tourism in Brazil. It shows the importance of events tourism as a new segment, which has been responsible for the valuation and implementation of tourist areas and as a way of correcting the seasonality of flows. It places Brazil amongst the ranks of world events. It shows the role of a Convention Visitors Bureau and International Meeting Association in the promotion of tourist events, the rise of the events market in Brazil, in 1950, with the National Textile Industry Fair (Fenit), and how events became more frequent in the Brazilian capitaIs. It also presents incentives for events held by the Convention Bureau and Brazilian Tourism Agencies, Congress and Events Operators.

Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management

Contents * Preface * Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. Introduction * Defining Cultural Tourism * Conceptualizing Cultural Tourism--A Thematic Approach * The Key Issue: Linking Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism Management * Chapter 2. Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Cultural Tourism * Introduction * Culture and Tourism--Collaborators or Competitors? * The Independent Evolution of Tourism and Cultural Heritage * Seven Possible Relationships Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management * The Consequences * The Solution? * Chapter 3. How Tourism Works * Introduction * The Nature of Tourism * Attractions Drive Tourism * Factors Influencing Visitation Levels * Tourist Behavior * Cultural Tourism * Conclusion * Chapter 4. Cultural Heritage Management * Introduction * Core Concepts * Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism * Negative and Positive Impacts of Tourism * Conclusion * Chapter 5. Tangible Heritage * Introduction * Process-Driven Conservation of Tangible Cultural Heritage * The Scope of Tangible Heritage Assets * Cultural Significance of Heritage Assets * Authenticity * Tourism, Authenticity, and Commodification * Visitor Accessibility to Tangible Heritage Assets * Consultation As an Important Element of the Management Process * Chapter 6. Intangible Heritage and Its Management * Introduction * Recognition of Intangible Cultural Heritage Management * Intangible Heritage Assets--Management and Tourism Issues * Authenticity and Cultural Space * Tourism and Changes to Intangible Heritage * Culturally Appropriate and Sustainable Use of Assets * Stakeholder Consultation in Setting Management Priorities * Chapter 7. Cultural Tourism Products--A Regional Perspective * Introduction * Products * Benefits of Adopting a Marketing Approach to Product Development * Hierarchy of Attractions * Developing Cultural Tourism Attractions * Conclusions * Chapter 8. Commodification, Environmental Bubbles, and Cultural Tourism Products * Introduction * Consumption--Strangeness versus Familiarity and the Environmental Bubble * Creating Cultural Tourism Products or Attractions * Tactics * Conclusions * Chapter 9. The Cultural Tourism Market: A Cultural Tourism Typology * Introduction * Who Are Cultural Tourists? * A Typology of Cultural Tourists: Recognizing Different Shades of Cultural Tourists * Five Types of Cultural Tourists * Testing the Model: Hong Kong As a Case Study * Implications for Cultural Tourism * Chapter 10. Gatekeepers * Introduction * Using Cultural and Heritage Assets to Brand a Destination * The Role of Gatekeepers in Conveying Messages * Effect of Many Gatekeepers on the Message Passed to the Tourist * Chapter 11. Assessment * Introduction * Assessing the Tourism Potential of Assets * Considering the Wider Context * Understanding the Asset in Its Setting * Asset Specific Issues: Place and Cultural Spaces * Stakeholder and Consultation Issues * People, Skills, and Financial Resources * Conclusions * Chapter 12. Asset Auditing and Planning * Introduction * An Audit Model * An Audit Procedure * Testing the Procedure--Hong Kong * Planning * Chapter 13. Marketing * Introduction * Marketing As a Management Tool * Unique Features of Marketing in Cultural Tourism * Thinking Strategically * Sustainable Competitive Advantages * Role of Research * Putting It Together--The Marketing Plan * The Four Ps--The Marketing Mix * Conclusions * Chapter 14. Presentation and Management of Heritage Assets * Introduction * Reinvestment of Revenue in Conservation As One Benefit of Tourism * Fees and Levies Raised at the Source * Epilogue * References * Index

The Impact of Conflict on a Country's Economy: An Obligatory Response to Beatriz Plaza

This paper is a response to Beatriz Plaza's reply to an article we wrote for European Planning Studies, 8(4) (2000). We argued that a society in which a wide range of agents and institutions exhibits a well-developed set of values (confidence, cooperation, solidarity, etc.) is likely to be more socio-economically efficient. We will demonstrate that our critic's reply makes absolutely no reference whatsoever to our article's central theses. Moreover, the reply completely ignores the temporal context of our article. We disagree with the manner in which our critic has presented the data to 'demonstrate' the negative impact of terrorism, something that is very obvious. The real effect of violence and terrorism on a society transcends what is reflected in data that are frequently incomplete and lacking in context. Empirical social analyses increasingly attempt to use more personalized, qualitative surveys, instead of econometric models that are not capable of explaining a richer social reality. Analysis of the trends in and evolution of tourism could also help explain phenomena that extend beyond the strict scope of the Basque economy. Knowledge of the tourist sector and the capacity for sound analysis are prerequisites for anyone claiming to do a serious study or critique on the topic. Given the points cited above, we believe that our critic's reply to our article is incomplete, lacking in context, useless, unnecessary, incoherent, and demagogic. We thus still believe each and every one of the arguments in our article to be valid, and do not see how our critic has in any way called them into question. We believe that our critic is completely off the mark in criticizing us so harshly and so unfoundedly.

Patrimonio y turismo sostenible desde la ordenación del territorio: el caso del Pirineo Aragonés

It is tackled natural patrimony and cultural heritage of «Pirineo aragones» analysis in relation to the tourism from a wide, integrater and complete view, as Geography has traditionally done and as E.U regional planning (E.T.E., 1999) and UNESCO (Monte Perdido, 1997) tends to do nowadays. Tourism evolution towards the sustainability, included in the Sustainable Tourism World Card (1995) requires its convergence with regional planning, especially in so fragile patrimonies as the mountain's are. In order to get it, more regional planning and patrimony regulations than the tourism ones exist in Aragon. Cultural park figure, increased by geographers and regulated with law rank in 1997 for every territory which counts with a natural patrimony wealth sited in a landscape of ecological or aesthetic value is a way to plan the territory, promoting a sustainable tourism. «Vero» river and «San Juan de la Pena» experiences are joined to the Leader programs, like «Sobrarbe-Ribagorza» to protect and, at the same time, promoting Pirineo region with tourism.

Tourism as a Catalytic Force for Low-Politics Activities between Politically Divided Countries: The Cases of South/North Korea and Taiwan/China

Tourism has played a significant role in influencing international relations, political policies and world peace. This study analyzes the relationship of politics and tourism between two pairs of politically divided nations: South/North Korea and Taiwan/China. It compares the impact of tourism on the cross-straits relations between Taiwan and China as well as inter-Korea relations. By applying the Tourism Evolution Model of Butler and Mao, this study finds that the Mt. Kumgang tourism development is a barometer not only measuring the willingness of the two Koreas to engage each other in low-politics activities but also the current status of South-North relations. This article analyzes tourism as a low-politics activity influencing initial reconciliation between governments, and discusses the Mt. Kumgang tourism development as a symbolic joint venture for inter-Korean economic relations. It also compares and contrasts tourism as low-politics activity between China and Taiwan.

An emerging tourism planning paradigm? A comparative analysis between town and tourism planning

AbstractThis article examines the roots and the evolution of tourism and town planning theory and practice. It discusses how both fields have interacted with each other, and provides some clues about the way in which tourism and town planning theory and practice are likely to evolve in the future. It is argued that tourism planning theory is still looking for its own identity and ways of evolving in the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tourism In Brazil: Notes On Its Evolution

As tourism has become an increasingly important economic activity in the last years and has been seen as one of the best ways for Brazil and other Latin American countries to join the new global division of labor, there is a need for scientific knowledge to be produced in the area of tourism management. This paper is about some preliminary results of an on-going research on the evolution of tourism in Brazil so as to provide an overview of the macroenvironment of that business and thus disclose problems and opportunities for its practicioners and scholars.

Leisure lifestyles and tourism: Socio-cultural, economic and spatial change in Lake Macquarie

Tourism influences the social, economic and spatial characteristics of many settlement patterns. Conversely, social, economic and spatial dynamics are also influential in shaping opportunities for and patterns of leisure and tourism. This paper argues that an understanding of this dynamic and recursive relationship in which tourism simultaneously influences and is being influenced by its broader societal context is essential for more effective policy making. The historical development and evolution of leisure and tourism in Lake Macquarie, Australia is examined from the perspective of political economy.

Niagara Icewine Tourism: Japanese Souvenir Purchases at Inniskillin Winery

A local wine route in the Niagara Peninsula connects over 50 wineries offering tours, tasting, restaurants and shopping. At the forefront of development has been Inniskillin Winery. This paper highlights the evolution of wine tourism in the Niagara region and focuses on Inniskillin's efforts to expand into a non-traditional wine tourist market. The winery has formed a strategic alliance with a Japanese tour operator and its Icewine has become a very popular exclusive souvenir for the Japanese. An understanding of the psychological background of the Japanese target segment illustrates the link between Icewine and Japanese gift giving and sense of social obligation. Seasonal implications of this market are discussed. Inniskillin's example of developing strategic alliances has been followed by other wineries in attracting Japanese tourists as well as developing links to a variety of industries linked to wine tourism.

The Evolution of Tourism in Kenya

Until recently (the late 1980s) Kenya has been an important tourist destination, receiving over 6% of the total tourist arrivals to Africa. In 1989, the country received over 800,000 international tourists, and it was being predicted that if similar trends continued, the country could receive over 1 million tourists by the turn of the century. However, defying expert projections, Kenya's tourism industry experienced abrupt and unforeseeable decline in the 1990s, and currently the future of the country's tourism industry is uncertain. This paper provides a historical and contextual analysis of the evolution and development of tourism in Kenya. In order to put the evolution of tourism in Kenya in proper and broader context, the product life cycle model is used as an analytical tool. The model provides a conceptual framework to explain the complex processes of tourism development in Kenya over the years. However, as the study shows, while the product life cycle model is useful in explaining the development and evolution of tourism in retrospect, it is not a useful tool for focusing future trends in tourism development.

An approximated principal component prediction model for continuous-time stochastic processes

SUMMARY In this paper, a linear model for forecasting a continuous-time stochastic process in a future interval in terms of its evolution in a past interval is developed. This model is based on linear regression of the principal components in the future against the principal components in the past. In order to approximate the principal factors from discrete observations of a set of regular sample paths, cubic spline interpolation is used. An application for forecasting tourism evolution in Granada is also included. ( 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Health service - a part of the tourism product

The history and evolution of tourism show that the beginnings of tourism, as well as its later development are based on the development of those destinations that had markedly attractive factors of curative character. Health tourism can therefore be defined as a joint working area of health service and tourism where these two, on the partnership basis and with a mutual interest, organize the stay of individuals as tourists who come to places with marked natural and curative factors which they use and w'here they under medical control (or without it) receive health services through active vacation and through various other forms of treatment. The satisfaction of the need for health services, as well as for other partial tourist products that aim at satisfying the need for health services, also demands an adjustment of the business operations of the subjects offering tourist products, especially in hotel industry. Having in mind the fact that tourist movements, to a greater or lesser extent, also represent “movements for health purposes”, it is extremely important that hoteliers fully recognize the specific characteristics (e g., age structure, health condition and habits, etc.) of those segments of guests to which they direct their services and products.

From White To Green: A Proposed Environmental Management System Framework for Ski Areas

While still very much in its infancy, to date the evolution of sustainable tourism from concept to practice might be described as being comprised of three stages. The first has involved the development of principles, often expressed in codes of conduct or environmental policies. The second has entailed the translation of principles into 'greening' practices. The most recent third stage has centred on the implementation of environmental auditing programmes to assess the effectiveness of these practices. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) provide a management framework for guiding all of these activities towards sustainability objectives. Based on a review of literature on this subject, this paper proposes an EMS 'self-improvement' model for the North American ski area industry. It then examines the extent to which the components of such a model currently exist in or could be incorporated into these ski operations. The results indicate that the EMS model has application potential not only in the ski area industry but also in a wide variety of other tourism businesses.

The revitalization of Italy as a tourist destination

Italy, which has historically been one of the world's leading tourist destinations, has experienced a downturn in the flow of international travellers since 1987. This paper traces the evolution of Italy's tourism through an application of the ‘product life cycle’ concept. The analysis is framed into three main sections: first, it illustrates the different products offered by Italy as a tourist destination; second, it examines Italy in light of each life-cycle stage, focusing on its main events; and third, it proposes management suggestions, specifically related to spatial, demand and temporal concerns.

Evolving air-charter tourism patterns: Change in outbound traffic from the Republic of Ireland

This article explores the growth and destinations of outbound air-charter traffic from the Republic of Ireland as an example of the evolution of package tourism from a small source country. Spain has always been the prime destination but regional shifts have occurred within it. The role of Spain has diminished, however, as traffic has dispersed to other countries, mainly to Mediterranean coastal and insular destinations. The many influences which promote both continuity and change in package tourism patterns in general, and especially the tendencies towards concentration and dispersion of destinations, are outlined.

Computational approaches to estimation in the principal component analysis of a stochastic process

AbstractAfter performing a review of the classical procedures for estimation in the principal component analysis (PCA) of a second order stochastic process, two alternative procedures have been developed to approach such estimates. The first is based on the orthogonal projection method and uses cubic interpolating splines when the data are discrete. The second is based on the trapezoidal method. The accuracy of both procedures is tested by simulating approximated sample‐functions of the Brownian motion and the Brownian bridge. The real principal factors of these stochastic processes, which can be evaluated directly, are compared with those estimated by means of the two mentioned algorithms. An application for estimation in the PCA of tourism evolution in Spain from real data is also included.

What is tourism's history?

The conventional view of tourism's past is dominated by the history of western cultural experience. Tourism starts with the wealthy, with images of prestigious visits to spas and seaside resorts, Grand Tours and the activities of business entrepreneurs such as Thomas Cook, before it begins to filter down the social ladder. This paper argues that more attention should be paid to tourism's past in non-western societies and cultures and to the more ordinary and routine practices of a wider cross-section of the population. It is too simplistic to portray tourism's evolution as a geographical process of diffusion from one or two core areas and a social process of downward movement from the affluent. Reasons for the prevailing image of tourism's past are suggested and several ideas are proposed for broadening research into its history.