The 2-substituted imidazolines are of considerable importance because their derivatives exhibit a wide variety of biological activities, including antihypercholesterolemic, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. These compounds are also used as intermediates and catalysts in synthetic chemistry. Several methods for the synthesis of 2-imidazolines from carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, orthoesters, hydroximoyl chlorides, hydroxy amides, and mono-, or disubstituted chlorodicyanovinyl benzene have been reported previously. However, some of these methods suffer from disadvantages such as long reaction times, low yields of the products, difficulty in preparation of starting materials and tedious workup. Therefore, there is still a scope to find potential methods for this transformation. In recent years organic reactions assisted by microwave irradiation have gained special attention. The chief features of the microwave reactions are the enhanced selectivity, much improved reaction rates, milder reaction conditions and formation of cleaner products. In this paper we wish to report an efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 2-imidazolines from nitriles and ethylenediamine in the presence of sulfur under microwave irradiation (Scheme 1). Typically, benzonitrile (1a), ethylenediamine and sulfur were mixed and irradiated for 2.5 min in a domestic microwave oven (operating at 720 W). The reaction mixture was allowed to reach to room temperature, then cold water was added and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. Removal of the solvent and recrystallization of the crude product from cyclohexane gave the corresponding 2imidazoline (2a) in 97% yield. The effect of microwave irradiation power in this reaction was also investigated. The results show that the highest yield of compound 2a is obtained at a power of 720 W (Table 1). At this power, the temperature of the reaction vessel after the irradiation was measured to be ~130 °C. Under the same reaction conditions, a variety of nitriles are cleanly and rapidly converted to their corresponding 2-imidazolines in 96-99% yields within 1.211 min (Table 2). The conventional thermal reactions were also performed for this transformation in the absence of microwave energy. The experimental results show that the yields of the products are relatively lower under this condition and the reaction times are longer, specially in the cases of 1b, 1h and 1j. In order to show the general applicability of this method, the reaction of benzonirtile was performed on a 100 mmole scale. The result (95% yield, 2.5 min) was comparable to that obtained by the small scale experiment. In order to show the effect of sulfur, a mixture of benzonitrile (1a) and ethylenediamine was irradiated in the absence of sulfur. Under this condition, the reaction did not proceed at all and benzonitrile remained intact in the reaction mixture. The exact mechanism of the reaction is not clear at this time. However, a plausible explanation is that sulfur reacts with nitrile to produce thioamide. Thioamide reacts with ethylenediamine, which upon elimination of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, produces 2-imidazoline. Evolution of hydrogen sulfide is a certification of the above statement. In conclusion, a simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2-imidazolines has been explored. Mild reaction conditions, absence of solvent, shorter reaction time, easy and quick isolation of the products and excellent yields are main advantages of this procedure which make this method an attractive and useful contribution to the present methodologies.
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Open Access
Apr 27, 2018
Ryan Thompson + 3
