Development Of Dentition Research Articles

Orthodontic treatment for malocclusions in mixed dentition

Early orthodontic treatment is an important means of preventing and treating dentofacial deformities during the period of growth and development. In this stage, children have great potential in growth and development, high adaptability of muscles and temporomandibular joint, and good responsiveness to orthodontic force. Therefore, orthodontic intervention and treatment in this stage can prevent and guide the normal growth and development of dentition, occlusion and maxillofacial complex. This article summarizes the commonly used orthodontic techniques and appliances in the mixed dentition, including interceptive treatment of oral habits, application of functional appliances, fixed appliances, clear aligners, as well as management of severe crowding and space maintenance. This article comprehensively explains the application and indications of different orthodontic techniques in design and appliance selection in the treatment of malocclusions in the mixed dentition.

The Midline Supernumerary Tooth – Mesiodens: A Case Series

Supernumerary teeth have been proposed to be one of the most significant dental defects affecting the primary and early mixed dentition. These teeth can cause poor facial and dental aesthetics, as well as many pathological problems for the development of permanent dentition. Mesiodens are the extra teeth that have erupted or not yet erupted in the maxilla between the central incisors. Early identification and treatment are necessary to mitigate the negative effects of the mesiodens dentoalveolar structures. This case series discusses three different cases for the presence of supernumerary teeth leading to discomfort and aesthetic concerns. Extraction of the supernumerary teeth was performed to reduce future complications and was further suggested for orthodontic correction. Key Words: Children, Mesiodens, Supernumerary tooth

DENTAL AGE ESTIMATION FROM TOOTH DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Age estimation is among several standard methods for identifying unknown individuals in disasters, accidents, crime victims, and identity forgery. Age estimation can be done through observation of the growth and development of dentition. Similar to fingerprints, teeth are unique and specific for each individual. This article discusses the methods of age estimation based on observation of dentition's growth and development process. Demirjian, Gustafson, Kvaal, Gleiser and Hunt, Schour and Massler, and Cameriere are the most commonly used age estimation methods. Each method has its challenges and limitations. Therefore, applying more than one method or conducting a repetition of measurement and calculation could improve the accuracy of the estimation. However, the influence of factors like heredity, ethnicity, and genetic tendencies in a particular population should also be considered.

Dental Developmental Stages and Decayed, Missing, and Restored Teeth in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-affected Children and Adolescents.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant inherited tumor predisposition disease with a highly variable phenotype. The influence of the characteristic NF1 tumors (neurofibromas) on dentition has not yet been examined in detail. The aim of the study was to assess the dentition of NF1 children and adolescents, considering the symmetry of tooth development. The panoramic radiographs of 59 patients with a confirmed NF1 diagnosis were compared with 59 age-and-sex-matched controls. The stages of tooth development on the sides of the jaw, added to a score, were assessed. In addition, the number of filled or decayed teeth, and the number of retained or missing teeth were assessed. The tooth development of both study groups is symmetrical for almost all parameters and in the same developmental stage according to the sum score of the tooth development stages. Discrete developmental delays of teeth, in particular in the oral area of facial plexiform neurofibroma (PNF) are noticeable. NF1 patients' teeth showed less decay and more restorations than that of the control group. The facial PNF (FPNF) does not impair emergence of deciduous teeth. Development of dentition of NF1 patients does not differ from the general population. However, FPNF with oral tumor components often prevent mesial movement of permanent molars and premolars, so these teeth do not develop contact (spacing), hardly emerge or may stay retained in bone. Oral PNF may have a low-retarding effect on some tooth root development (e.g., wisdom teeth). This effect is negligible when comparing the affected and unaffected sides of the jaw and is probably non-specific. Key words:Neurofibromatosis type 1, plexiform neurofibroma, dentition, mixed dentition, symmetry, oral health, tooth development.

Prevalence in the prevention of premature loss of temporary teeth in children

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence in the prevention of premature loss of primary teeth in children at the "Unidad Educativa Ibarra" in Ecuador. A non-experimental cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 123 third-grade children, using structured surveys to identify associated risk factors. The results indicated that cavities, trauma, and inadequate oral hygiene are the main causes of premature loss of primary teeth. It was observed that 82% of the children brush their teeth three times a day, while 51% regularly visit the dentist. The proposed strategies include education on oral hygiene, promotion of a healthy diet, and implementation of preventive school programs. These findings highlight the importance of prevention and continuous monitoring to ensure children's dental health and the proper development of permanent dentition

Development of Yorkshire Terrier Dentition.

The development of dentition in dogs has been associated with several problems including tooth over-crowding, missing permanent dentition, and persistent deciduous teeth (PDT). Information on dentition development in different breeds is lacking. This study of 61 Yorkshire terriers aimed to determine the (i) average age at deciduous tooth exfoliation, (ii) average age at permanent tooth eruption, (iii) PDT incidence, and influencing factors such as body weight. The ages of exfoliation of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent dentition were influenced by body weight and tooth type. These dentition changes tended to occur later in dogs ≤ 3 kg versus dogs > 5 kg. Generally, incisors were exfoliated first, followed by premolars and then canines. At a body weight of 4.5 kg, the middle of the data range, the estimated age at loss of deciduous teeth (with 95% confidence intervals) was 21.9 (21.1, 22.9) weeks for incisors, 26.1 (24.9, 27.4) weeks for canines, and 23.9 (22.9, 24.9) weeks for premolar. The estimated age at eruption of permanent dentition was 22.3 (21.6, 23.0) weeks for incisors, 23.8 (23.0, 24.6) weeks for canines, 24.7 (24.0, 25.5) weeks for premolars, and 26.4 (25.5, 27.3) for molar teeth. However, this sequence was disrupted in dogs ≤ 3 kg. Yorkshire terriers had a high incidence of PDT. At a body weight of 4.5 kg, the estimated proportion of PDT was: incisors 0.86% (0.32, 2.31), canines 15.62% (7.62, 29.37) and premolars 3.57% (1.62, 7.66). Canines constituted the most frequently retained tooth type, with 89.1% retained in dogs ≤ 3 kg compared to 12.0% in dogs > 5 kg. This information will enable veterinarians to provide personalised advice regarding the oral care requirements for Yorkshire terriers and highlights the need to regularly monitor this breed between the ages of two and seven months, during the active phases of tooth development.

Characterization of the very young child's palatal vault growth pattern: how do its size and shape evolve?

This study aimed to characterise the palatal vault evolution during the first years of life, both in terms of shape and size. The study sample was composed of 168 healthy children aged less than 4 years. Twenty-one measurements of distances and 6 angles were taken from 7 fixed landmarks set on the palatal vaults 3D surfaces reconstructed from CT-scans. To analyse only the shape evolution, the "sizefree" log-shape ratio of those measurements were computed and the global shape of the palatal vault and their transversal curve were plotted. Statistical analyses were performed to highlight the shape and size differences separately. The shape and size evolution of the palatal vault during the first years of life was not only correlated with deciduous dentition development. We assumed that the progressive orofacial muscles activation and tongue movements in the oral cavity may also explain these results as they induced strains on the palatal vault, warping it in various ways.

Differences of temporomandibular joint symmetry in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate at different developmental stages.

Currently, the research results regarding the bilateral temporomandibular joint symmetry in patients at different ages with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) are still controversial. In this study, the position of condyle in the articular fossa and morphology of condyle in UCLP patients at different developmental stages was measured and analyzed to explore the asymmetry difference, which can provide a new theoretical basis for the sequential therapy. A total of 90 patients with UCLP were divided into a mixed dentition group (31 cases), a young permanent dentition group (31 cases) and an old permanent dentition group (28 cases) according to age and dentition development. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were imported into Invivo5 software for 3D reconstruction, and the joint space, anteroposterior diameter, medio-lateral diameter, and height of condylar were measured, and its asymmetry index was calculated. The asymmetry index of condylar height and anteroposterior diameter among the 3 groups, from small to large, was the mixed dentition group<the young permanent dentition group<the old permanent dentition group (both P<0.05). There was no significant difference in condylar anteroposterior diameter and asymmetry index between the mixed dentition group and the young permanent dentition group (both P>0.05), all of them were lower than those in the old permanent dentition group (both P<0.05). Compared with the normal side, the height of fracture condyle was smaller among the 3 groups (all P<0.05), and the anterior joint space was smaller (P<0.05) and the posterior joint space was larger (P<0.05) in the mixed dentition group. In patients with UCLP, the asymmetry of condylar morphology increases with age, but the condylar position tends to normal. These results suggest that early treatment has important clinical significance for the morphologic development of temporomandibular joint in UCLP patients.

Dental wear and oral pathology among sex determined Early Bronze-Age children from Franzhausen I, Lower Austria.

The physical properties of diet and oral health throughout childhood play an important role in the development of human dentition, and differed greatly before the industrial revolution. In this study we examined dental wear and oral pathology in a sample of children from the Early Bronze-Age to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of childhood diet and related oral health. We explore cross-sectional age and sex-based variation of children in the sample. The analysis was carried out on the dentitions of 75 children, 978 teeth, excavated from the Early Bronze-Age cemetery Franzhausen I in Lower Austria. Presence of dental caries and calculus was recorded. Dental wear was measured using dentine exposure, occlusal topography, and dental microwear texture analysis. Sex determination was carried out using amelogenin peptide analysis. Caries were found in only 4 individuals (crude prevalence rate-5%, 95% CI 1% to 13%), affecting only 5 teeth (true prevalence rate-less than 1%). Dentine exposure was observed in over 70% of deciduous molars and dental wear measurements indicate a comparatively strong dental wear accumulation especially, among younger children, when compared to modern-day and later pre-industrial populations. Microwear textures presented a high complexity (Asfc > 2)/low anisotropy (epLsar < 1) profile, especially in older children. Differences between male and female children were not generally significant but increased dentine exposure was observed in the lower molars of younger female children. Our results suggest that the Early Bronze-Age children at Franzhausen I consumed a non-cariogenic diet, more abrasive and inclusive of harder/polyhedral foodstuffs than present-day children and some later Medieval children. Differences in dental wear accumulation were observed between children within the population, but with minimal variation between the sexes mostly occurring among younger children.

Spring Back the Lost Space: Fixed Space Regainer for E Space Loss- A Case Report

Maintenance of the E space is crucial to the normal development of dentition and early loss of second deciduous molars due to caries can compromise the same if not managed with a space maintainer. Fixed space regainers are being increasingly used to upright and distalisation of molars regaining the lost space and offering rapid results over their removable counterparts. Sectional orthodontics has been the focus of interceptive orthodontics in the recent past and the use of pre-adjusted edgewise appliances bonded to the erupted teeth and introduction of NiTi coil springs can help in rapid space regaining.

Displaced Mandibular Fracture in an Infant - A Case Report

Introduction: Mandibular fractures in infants are rare. We aim to describe a case of displaced mandibular fracture of an infant who was managed by a combination of treatment modalities to achieve favourable outcome. Case report: A healthy 11 months old girl was referred to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry for management of a mandibular fracture following a fall. Clinical and radiographic examination demonstrated a displaced symphysis fracture of the mandible with concomitant right intra-capsular condylar fracture. Open reduction and internal fixation with titanium miniplate and screws were fixated at the lower border of the mandible with additional immobilisation with cap splint. The cap splint was stabilised with circum-mandibular wirings. The splint and implants were removed after 4 weeks and 3 months, respectively. Post-operative healing was uneventful. The face was symmetrical with the primary teeth erupted into occlusion. Conclusion: The treatment approach should be customised for each case by considering the patient’s age, level of co-operation of the child, degree of fracture displacement, pre-treatment occlusion derangement, and stage of dentition development.

Divergent tooth development mechanisms of Mexican tetra fish (Astyanax mexicanus) of Pachón cave origin

The Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) is one of the fresh water teleost fish models in evolutionary developmental biology. The existence of two morphs: eyed, pigmented surface fish and blind depigmented cavefish from multiple cave populations, provides a unique system to study adaptive radiation. Compared to the adult surface fish, cavefish have large oral jaws with an increased number of structurally-complex teeth. Early tooth development has not been studied in detail in cavefish populations. In this study, bone-stained growth series and vital dye staining was used to trace the development and replacement of dentitions in Pachón cavefish. Our results show that first tooth eruption was delayed in cavefish compared to the surface fish. In particular, the first tooth eruption cycle persisted until 35 days post fertilization (dpf). Unlike surface fish, there are multicuspid teeth in cavefish first generation dentition. In addition to the teeth in the marginal oral jaw bones, Pachón cavefish have teeth in the ectopterygoid bone of the palatine roof. Next, we characterised the expression of ectodysplasin signalling pathway genes in tooth-forming regions of surface and cavefish. Interestingly, higher expression of Eda and Edar was found in cavefish compared to the surface fish. The altered ectodysplasin expression needs further investigation to confirm the different molecular mechanisms for tooth development in the oral and pharyngeal regions of surface fish and cavefish.

Pediatric mandibular fracture with concomitant craniovertebral ligament injuries and retroclival hematoma: A rare occurrence

The mandible is one of the most commonly fractured facial bone in children. The principle of management of pediatric mandibular fracture bears no resemblance to its adult counterpart due to concerns regarding the growing facial skeleton and development of dentition. Pediatric mandibular fractures with traumatic retroclival hematoma and concomitant craniovertebral junction injuries is an extremely rare entity reported in literature. Manipulation during operative procedure for mandibular fractures could potentially cause serious injuries to the spinal cord, leading to significant disability and mortality. The authors report a case of a 12-year-old child with right parasymphysis and left angle of mandible fracture treated by open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Her craniovertebral ligamentous injuries and retroclival hematoma were treated conservatively with good outcome. The presence of a halo frame for cervical spine stabilization during ORIF contributed to the difficulty in operative management. • Attending surgeons should have a high level of suspicion for cervical spine injury in pediatric maxillofacial fracture cases. • Improper examination and manipulation to the head and neck region could cause serious injuries to the spinal cord leading to devastating outcomes in the young child. • Multidisciplinary team management is important in concomitant maxillofacial and cervical spine injuries for safe and optimal outcome.

Resin composites direct restoration of enamel structural defects – case report

During dentition development stages, various defects of the dental structures can appear and can be in shape, number, position, structure. The latter primarily affect the aesthetic appearance, but also the other functions of the dentomaxillary system, when the severity of the lesions is important. Enamel hypoplasia in the frontal area of dental arches, with moderate extension of defects, can be easily treated with modern resin composite materials using adhesive technique, by direct restorations. In this way, the coronal morphological integrity and the harmonious dento-facial appearance are restored. Restorations for this type of dental lesions need to be carefully monitored and retreatment performed if necessary.

ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 4-YEAR-OLD CHILD: HIGHLIGHTING THE POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a rare malignant neoplasm in pediatric patients. We present the case of a 4-year-old male patient diagnosed with left mandibular ridge OSCC. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.2-cm expansive, infiltrative lesion with poorly defined limits. The histological results showed a well-differentiated OSCC. The patient was treated with surgical resection, chemotherapy, and adjuvant radiotherapy. The postoperative period was uneventful and 12 months after surgical resection the patient remains disease free. The growth and development of the patient's dentition still under monitoring. This case highlights the importance of postoperative evaluation, because dental eruption may make recognition of tumor recurrence difficult. The dentistry approach associated with the multidisciplinary team must attempt to improve the patient's quality of life based on proper treatment plans. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a rare malignant neoplasm in pediatric patients. We present the case of a 4-year-old male patient diagnosed with left mandibular ridge OSCC. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.2-cm expansive, infiltrative lesion with poorly defined limits. The histological results showed a well-differentiated OSCC. The patient was treated with surgical resection, chemotherapy, and adjuvant radiotherapy. The postoperative period was uneventful and 12 months after surgical resection the patient remains disease free. The growth and development of the patient's dentition still under monitoring. This case highlights the importance of postoperative evaluation, because dental eruption may make recognition of tumor recurrence difficult. The dentistry approach associated with the multidisciplinary team must attempt to improve the patient's quality of life based on proper treatment plans.

Abnormal wear patterns in different types of malocclusions

Relevance. Abnormal tooth wear is a disease characterized by excessive loss of hard tissues of the erupted teeth, unrelated to the physiological process. This disease prevalence appears to have increased in recent decades. The literature often indicates malocclusion as the cause of abnormal tooth wear, though it rarely notes the impact of abnormality type on individual teeth.Purpose. The study aimed to establish the relationship between the abnormality type and the degree and nature of abnormal tooth wear in children at different stages of dentition development.Materials and methods. The study analyzed the examination results of 266 patients aged 8 to 18 years without a history of previous orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic diagnosis was made based on the ICD-10. The patients formed the groups according to the stage of dentition development. The tooth wear index (TWI) (only permanent teeth) evaluated the abnormal tooth wear. The maximum TWI score determined the grade of abnormal tooth wear. The study statistically analyzed the data by StatTech v. 2.5.6, compared the data using the Kruskal – Wallis test (ANOVA) and Pearson chi-square, and made post hoc comparisons using Dunn’s test with Holm adjustment. The prognostic model was developed using the linear regression method.Results. The children and adolescents showed a sufficiently high prevalence of abnormal tooth wear (69.2% had at least one tooth with a tooth wear facet), tooth-wear grade increased with age (correlation coefficient rxy = 0.674, p &lt; 0.001). The risk of abnormal tooth wear in distal and deep occlusion appeared to increase at incisors and canines (p &lt; 0.001), in mesial occlusion - molars and premolars, in open bite – molars (p &lt; 0.001). The combination of distal and deep occlusion led to severe abnormal tooth wear.Conclusion. The study results showed that wear patterns differ in various types of malocclusions. The received data will help to develop effective measures to prevent abnormal tooth wear.

Does Orthodontics Extractions Negatively Affect The Occlusal Bite Force Of An Individual - A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Orthodontics is said to be that branch of dentistry which takes into consideration the facial growth, dentition development as well as occlusion. It is also concerned with the prevention as well as the rectification of the occlusal anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine the occlusal bite force (OBF) changes during fixed orthodontic treatment up to a period of 9 month in Class I patients treated with extraction and non-extraction treatment protocol. It was a Quasi-experimental study conducted from 13th March 2018 to 20th March 2019 in the orthodontic department on 90 subjects which were divided into a treatment group {extraction (30), non-extraction (30)} and controls (n=30). Bite force was measured with an OBF gauge at 6 different intervals before starting the treatment to the ninth month of the treatment. The changes in OBF were assessed using r-ANOVA test. Post-hoc Bonferroni was used for multiple comparisons in bite force levels at different treatment stages. The mean difference in OBF between treatment groups was evaluated by independent t-test. Significance for all tests was predetermined at p value of ≤0.05. The mean OBF significantly increased in both the extraction and non-extraction treatment groups (p<0.001) in comparison to the controls. The mean change in OBF was comparatively greater in the non-extraction group as opposed to the extraction group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.468). Orthodontic treatment has a positive effect with a gradual increase in the OBF values in subjects treated with extraction and non-extraction fixed mechano-therapy. This indicates that well-aligned arches can have an impact on the functional occlusion, hence, enhancing the bite force levels.

The prevalence of different types of occlusal relationships based on the type of terminal plane in primary dentition: a study among 3- to 6-year old children in Tbilisi, Georgia.

Background. Primary dentition takes the most important role in the development of permanent dentition. Primary second molars determine the eruption and position of permanent first molars. Early diagnosis and treatment could prevent the establishment of occlusal anomalies and deformities, therefore this study aimed to collect data about the prevalence of malocclusions based on the deciduous second molar terminal planes among the Tbilisi preschoolers.Methods. A total of 396 children aged 3-6 years, with an equal number of male and female subjects, were examined in kindergartens drawn from ten districts of Tbilisi, using the PPS (probability proportional to size) method. The relationship between distal surfaces of primary second molars was evaluated and recorded according to Baume’s classification. The significance level is 0.05 for all statistical tests.Results. Out of investigated preschoolers, 52.7% showed the flush terminal plane, followed by the distal step in 21.2% and mesial step in 26.1% of cases. There were no significant differences in genders. The most prevalent relationship between deciduous second molars was the flush terminal plane, with equal distribution in all age groups. The frequency of distal step decreased with age, more frequently recorded in the 3 to 4 year age group. The mesial step was mostly recorded in 3-4 and 5-6 year groups.Conclusion. The flush terminal plane is the most frequent molar relationship, followed by mesial and distal step. Prevalence of distal mesial step significantly decreased with age, while mesial step relationship showed the tendency to increase. The flush terminal plane showed little change with age.

Dietary interventions and nutritional impact on oral health and development: a review.

Food and nutrients play a pivotal role in the development of dentition and oral health. While diet includes the overall forms of consumed foods, the nutrients include specific micro- (vitamins and minerals) and macro- (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) nutrients. As much as the assimilation of macro and micronutrients depends on proper oral health for ingesting food, oral health, in turn, depends on the availability of nutrients in the food so ingested. Age, certain medical conditions, socioeconomic status, and overall changes in the evolution of society determine the type of diet which in turn influences oral health. This article has touched upon certain salient aspects of these nutrients and their bearing on overall oral health and development.

Developmental Dental Defects in Permanent Teeth Resulting from Trauma in Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review.

The objective was to determine whether trauma in primary dentition causes alterations in the development of permanent dentition. Searches were made in May 2020 using PubMed, MEDLINE, MEDES, Scopus, Lilacs, and Embase. Papers in English, German, and Spanish, without restrictions in the year of publication, were included. The quality of the studies was analyzed using the NOS Scale. The search retrieved 537 references, and seven studies were included for a qualitative analysis. The results showed that trauma to a deciduous tooth can damage the bud of the permanent tooth. Enamel discoloration and/or hypoplasia were the most common sequelae in the permanent teeth after trauma to the primary predecessor. The type and severity of sequelae in the permanent tooth are associated with the development phase of the bud. Children with trauma of their primary teeth should receive checkups until the eruption of the permanent teeth for the early diagnosis and treatment of possible sequelae. Intrusion of the primary tooth was the trauma that caused the most damage and enamel alterations the most frequent sequelae.