Evolution Of Citizenship Research Articles

Influence of American and French Constitutional Ideas on the Institution of Modern Citizenship

“Citizenship” is a legal term. Citizenship means a person’s belonging to any state and implies the presence of mutual obligations of a person and a state. Citizenship is a separate institution of law. The modern form of citizenship is different from those that we re before. So it was precise because of the experience present, thanks to the evolution of citizenship. In this article, the formation and development of citizenship will be considered on the example of the revolutionary citizenship of France and America.

Urban Identity and Citizenship in the West between the Fifth and Seventh Centuries

ABSTRACT The presentation of the self in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages has traditionally been defined in terms of an ethnic dichotomy between Roman and Barbarian. In parallel discourses, the studies on the evolution of citizenship have focused on the transformation of Roman citizenship after the Constitutio Antoniniana, without much focus on the role of citizenship as a marker of identity. In this article, the possibility of using urban identity (as defined by anthropologists and sociologists) as a valid form of self- and community definition will be put forward, using citizenship and civic involvement as proxy indicators for urban identity. The resilience of urban communities and civic ideas, together with the inclusive nature of place-based identities, serves to further underline the saliency of locality in post-Roman contexts. Elements of post-Roman city life such as continuing municipal administration, new constructions and the cult of martyrs created a city-focused communal cognitive map. Similarly, competition with other cities in diplomacy and constructions, together with the constant interaction between the state and the civitates, socially validated citizenship and urban identities as forms of representing the self and the community.

Political consumerism, young citizens and the Internet

Evidence suggests that purchasing products for ethical or political reasons−also known as political consumerism−may be gaining in importance. With (young) people’s declining voting rates and a general disinterest in political institutions, scholars and political elites alike are speculating on the evolution of citizenship. Research shows that citizens in countries like the UK see issue and life-style-based politics as increasingly relevant. These developments point to an interest in understanding political consumerism and its relationship to citizenship. Through analysis of a survey conducted among 1215 respondents in the UK, this article presents evidence in particular for youth’s notable presence online and their affinity for a particular strain of political consumerism identified as socially conscious consumption. It explores the relationship between this consumption and online and offline political participation. It discusses the potential for political consumerism to play a larger role in traditional political realms and particularly through the utilization of technology.

A “Conservative” National Story? The Evolution of Citizenship and Immigration Canada's Discover Canada

Citizenship and Immigration Canada's new citizenship guide, Discover Canada, received significant coverage in the national media and among popular bloggers when it was released in late 2009. Among the more controversial responses were allegations that the guide served a partisan political purpose. It was “an incremental step in the rebranding of Canada into a conservative country, full of people more inclined to vote Conservative.” This paper investigates the veracity of this claim by documenting the historical evolution of Canada's citizenship guides. It finds that while Discover Canada departs notably from its immediate, Liberal-sponsored, predecessors, it is not so different from the initial documentation produced under the Liberal governments of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. To suggest that the new guide has fundamentally altered the national image is therefore a profound exaggeration.

The Evolution of Citizenship in a Divided Urban Community

This article explores the complex interactions between national citizenship and local citizenship in the divided city of Belfast, Northern Ireland, as they are emerging a decade after the 1998 Good Friday peace agreement was signed. Utilizing in-depth, qualitative interviews with citizens with varied community roles and perspectives, combined with a media survey, this article addresses the question of how local citizenship is evolving in Belfast and how the evolution of a shared local citizenship may ultimately affect national citizenship. The study of this unique case sheds light on the broader theoretical question of the relationship between local and national citizenship within a democratic polity.

The Evolution of Citizenship: Economic and Institutional Determinants

Abstract We investigate the evolution of the legal institution of citizenship from a political economy perspective. We first present a median‐voter model of the determination of citizenship laws. Next we test the implications of the model on a new set of data on citizenship laws across countries. We show that citizenship laws respond to economic and institutional determinants endogenously. When facing increasing immigration, countries with a jus soli regime tend to restrict their legislation, whereas countries with a jus sanguinis regime resist innovation. The welfare burden does not prove to be an obstacle to jus soli legislation, but demographic stagnation encourages it. A high degree of democracy promotes the adoption of jus soli elements, whereas instability of state borders determined by decolonization impedes it. Religion and ethnic diversity have no residual effect.

The Evolution of Citizenship: Economic and Institutional Determinants

The Evolution of Citizenship: Economic and Institutional Determinants

Freedom, solidarity and citizenship

This paper proposes to evaluate the heart of the concept of citizenship of the European Union: namely, freedom of movement and residence. The evolution of citizenship, from its inception in the Maastricht Treaty, as a political concept will be treated. Freedom of movement and residence, with its rights and limitations, historically and legally accrued to economically active persons. Non‐economically ac tive per sons have been given rights in secondary legislation to move and to reside subject to specified conditions and limitations. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, in accordance with which the link with economic in dependence and the freedom to move and reside has been broken, will be critically appraised. Resort to the principle of non discrimination on grounds of nationality in Article 12 of the European Community Treaty, read in conjunction with the citizenship provisions in Articles 17 and 18 EC, has resulted in legal rights for nationals of European Union Member States who are lawfully resident in, and who do not become an unreasonable burden on, the host Member State. Enforceable at the suit of individuals, EU citizenship has given rise to social advantages for non‐economic actors. Citizenship has become a legal source of rights be yond those agreed to by the Member States, the legitimacy for which lies with the degree of financial solidarity accorded under the principle of non‐discrimination and the level of integration of a particular EU citizen into the society of the host Member State. The need to establish a real link and the proportionate legitimate interests of the Member State are limits to citizenship as a source of rights. Nevertheless, it is the intention of this paper to examine the potential for citizenship to transform the polity of the European Union, from one based on economic and social rights, to one based on fundamental rights.

Recasting citizenship: Introduction

The imposition of universal male conscription by the first French Republic in 1798 and the end of conscription by the Fifth French Republic, announced by French President Jacques Chirac in 1996, are major landmarks for the recasting of modern citizenship and the terrain covered by this collection.1 Covering over two centuries between 1780 and 1996, the essays focus on the changing structures of European citizenship-granting bodies as well as on the evolving characteristics of claim-making populations. In 1798, universal male conscription marked the culmination of the French republic's mobilization of its male citizens, the apogee of a dramatic expansion of citizenship rights won at the cost of vastly increased citizen responsibilities. In 1996, the proposed end of conscription in France (it had already been abolished in Belgium and scheduled for abolition in Holland) marked the fading away of the military rivalries that had made the continent a battlefield but also generated citizenship rights for both men and women. In fact, while overall European states were limiting access to citizenship, with the elimination of conscription, the basic state-building relationship of the revolutionary era was operating in reverse: states diminished responsibilities to recruit long-term resident migrants to citizenship. Given the aging of European populations, could such procedures indicate a new direction in the evolution of citizenship? At the same time, European states were facing new competition for citizens' loyalties. Western European states were members of a market-based European Union (EU) that brought sustained prosperity but little meaningful political participation. From Portugal, to Ireland, to Italy, a new Western European standard of living spread in the decades after World War II but, more recently, a new spirit of exclusionary nationalism has flourished in many EU nations. Could a new and deeper European union be built under such conditions?

Women in the transition of democracy in post-communist Czechoslovakia: The case of Slovakia

The solution of women’s problems in a democratic context requires not merely being able to exercise the rights which are guaranteed de-iure, but it is equally important to exercise it de-facto. The stage of the citizen’s emancipation process-the citizen being a woman-would, without doubt, be as problematic in the postcommunist society as the illfamed socialist ability to recognise reserves in the efforts in full emancipation of the woman. Quite different from the socialist paradigm here, under democratic circumstances, nothing has been promised. On the contrary, the rights of a female citizen represent only an inalienable precondition for her to incorporate herself into society in the capacity of a fully qualified citizen and shape herself as an autonomous human being. This fact, however, increases extraordinarily the importance of achieving a social and political consensus on the issue of women’s integration into the life of the society and of the social space for their participation in decision making processes and in the distribution of power in the society. Up to now everything witnesses that transformation of our public has solid ground in two reference frames determining the evolution of citizenship. Civil rights and political rights in their renewed form, guarantee for each citizen of our country a compatible chance for positive human citizenship and political selfarticulation. It may be anticipated that women are contented with the concept of self-articulation and that it meets all requirements for their human or civil emancipation. However, another hypothesis may be formulated-do women really know these fundamental documents and the rights and obligations specified in them? The shift in quality from the stage of passive democratisation to participation in democratic reforms, resulting in reconstruction of democracy, presupposes primarily the presence of ‘civil potential’, i.e. the readiness of citizens to manifest the civil self-articulation in a non-political way. The power of this civil potential is strongly dependent on the stage of development of the civil society. In the circumstances of postcommunist societies it is somehow anticipated that after the collapse of totalitarian political systems a phase of restoration of the citizenship would follow, so to say, in conformity with natural laws. We are encountering the fact that while one group of theorists from the ‘West’ points out that a fundamental social precondition of any democracy is the emerging of social actors and social movements at the very moment of the collapse of political systems (Touraine), the other stresses rather the procedural side of the evolution

Industrial Capitalism and the Welfare of the State: The Role of Employers in the Comparative Development of Welfare States. A Review of Recent Research

Recent debates on the future of social benefits in the market economy have focussed attention on the origins of state services and the conditions which encouraged the growth of public welfare in modern society. The emphasis in the recent writing has been upon the political conditions for the evolution of citizenship rather than on economic and industrialisation models of welfare expenditure. At the same time there have been various attempts to adapt and refine the rational choice analysis of public goods to explain individual support for collective services. Each of these approaches has been developed with a strong interest in the historical and comparative analysis of welfare provision. This essay reviews recent research and the definitions of economic and political power which are employed. Many writers stress the continuities of traditional institutions at the expense of recurring economic and political conflict which defined the practical boundaries of citizenship. An alternative view of capitalist prerogatives is outlined. Taking the particular example of industrial capitalism and social insurance in Britain, it is argued that the social policies of the state formed part of a wider political settlement at key moments of development. In this process we can trace the significance of discursive struggles as well as economic structures and state initiatives. Such an approach reveals the complexity of political processes and the limits of comparative studies which focus primarily on economic or state structures.

The Evolution of Citizenship

The Evolution of Citizenship