Evolution In Man Research Articles

The Emergence of Denomination. Darwinism and Philology in George John Romanes’ Enquiry on the Human Mind

The paper considers some extracts from George John Romanes’ Mental Evolution in Man (1888) in order to analyse the author’s contribution to the debate on the mental faculties of human beings and the origin of language. By adopting the Darwinian view of a continuity between species – where all differences are in kind and not in degree – Romanes identifies in receptual ideation and denotative sign-making a common psychological and semiotic ground shared by humans and other animals, starting from which human beings gradually attained conceptual ideation and denominative sign-making. By applying this scheme to the findings of contemporary philologists, Romanes achieves his main goal of providing philological proof for his hypotheses, thus defending the Darwinian theory on the origin of language against past and present attacks at the hands of German philologist Max Muller.

Glycosylation Focuses Sequence Variation in the Influenza A Virus H1 Hemagglutinin Globular Domain

Antigenic drift in the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for seasonal reformulation of influenza vaccines. Here, we address an important and largely overlooked issue in antigenic drift: how does the number and location of glycosylation sites affect HA evolution in man? We analyzed the glycosylation status of all full-length H1 subtype HA sequences available in the NCBI influenza database. We devised the “flow index” (FI), a simple algorithm that calculates the tendency for viruses to gain or lose consensus glycosylation sites. The FI predicts the predominance of glycosylation states among existing strains. Our analyses show that while the number of glycosylation sites in the HA globular domain does not influence the overall magnitude of variation in defined antigenic regions, variation focuses on those regions unshielded by glycosylation. This supports the conclusion that glycosylation generally shields HA from antibody-mediated neutralization, and implies that fitness costs in accommodating oligosaccharides limit virus escape via HA hyperglycosylation.

The fluorescence pattern of the human karyotype.

The pattern of fluorescence of the 24 human chromosome types is described and illustrated by means of one karyotype (Fig. 1) and one idiogram (Fig. 2). The fluorescent bands are of two main types: those with dark shades (dark and dim), called negative, and those with light shades (light, bright and intense), called positive. The number, size and shade of the fluorescent bands are recorded and each band is located in the human idiogram. The locations are determined as distances from the centromere in each chromosome, the unit of distance being 1% of the female haploid chromosome length. A nomenclature is proposed, in which the bands are numbered from the centromere to the chromosome ends. Since the centromeric regions in all human chromosomes show negative fluorescence, it follows that negative bands will have 0 or even numbers and positive bands odd numbers. The survey of the morphological data resulted in the finding of some suggestive trends with possible bearing on karyotypic evolution in man.

Genetic enhancement of cognition in a kindred with cone–rod dystrophy due to RIMS1 mutation

Background: The genetic basis of variation in human cognitive abilities is poorly understood. RIMS1 encodes a synapse active-zone protein with important roles in the maintenance of normal synaptic function: mice...

Impacts of the evolutionary concepts of cancer on the study of human diseases.

Evolutionary concepts of cancer (Okuyama and Mishina 1984; 1990) have already been found useful in understanding carcinogenesis and anti-cancer defense lines in the body and various cancer attributes. The concept of endosymbiotic disorders gave an impact upon the science of internal medicine leading to discovery of amitosis in Reed-Sternberg cells, a primitive eukaryotism (Okuyama 1991a). A novel concept of vasogenic necrosis was also developed for such diseases of Perthes' disease, cerebral vascular diseases and myocardial infarction: costs of bipedalitic evolution in man.

Genetic instability as the primary cause of human aging

The origins of aging of higher forms of life, particularly humans, is presented as the consequence of an evolved balance between 4 specific kinds of dysfunction-producing events and 4 kinds of evolved counteracting effects in long-lived forms. Among the deleterious events, particular importance is assigned to damage to DNA, but damage of a different kind than classical mutations. The evolution in man's ancestors of means to counteract the kinds of events that limit the life-spans of short lived mammals is postulated to be the indirect consequence of the prior evolution of superior mental capacities. Further, it is shown that the human species rapidly evolved its life-extending mutations because of the special circumstances afforded by the subdivision of the species into small semi-isolated (genetically) tribes of 10–100 individuals in which polygamy was the key factor in rapid incorporation of life- and well-being-extending new features. These conditions permit at least one or two orders of magnitude more of such beneficial genes to have been incorporated into our genomes during the 100,000 years or so of extremely rapid human evolution that evidently occurred about 100,000 to 200,000 years age than has been posited by other workers. The sources of damage to DNA are then considered, with special emphasis on free-radical derivatives of molecular oxygen and evidence is presented that longer lived forms of mammals have peroxide lysing enzymes that produce a lower steady state of damaging radicals derived from this compound. Evidence that so-called “classical” mutations cannot be the source of aging is then reviewed. A different kind of mutation, one that is not increased in proportion to point mutations by mutagens, namely deletio of tandemly duplicated copies of genes, is discussed and the evidence that such damage (gene loss) occurs in an amount sufficient to account for the major losses in function during aging is presented. The most likely mechanisms of such loss plus the prospects for evolving and bio-engineering means to counteract these losses together with some implications regarding the documented loss of of NORs with age (as regards rDNA loss) together with key areas for intensive present and future research on aging are presented.

Physical evolution and technological evolution in man: A parallelism

Abstract There could be a relationship between the increasing complexity of the brain from the austra‐lopithecines to modern man and the increasing complexity of the techniques used by palaeolithic people. Evolution of these techniques may have been done by steps, more or less parallel to the steps in the physical development of man. However, after the level of modern man was attained, the mechanism seems to change and the acceleration of the cultural evolution is probably a consequence, on the one hand, of the growth of the population, and on the other hand of a better utilization of the new capacities of abstraction.

Main Stages of Social Evolution in Man

PROF. GRAHAME CLARK has given tentative estimates of the population of England and Wales, or Britain, in early times. These figures, together with the somewhat firmer estimates for the historical period1 form the basis of Figs. 1 and 3. L. S. Palmer gives tentative estimates of the number of general kinds of materials used for making things2. These form the basis of Figs. 2 and 4.

Control of evolution in man.

Control of evolution in man.

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. On Fertility, Duration of Life and Reproductive Selection

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. On Fertility, Duration of Life and Reproductive Selection

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. A Second Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. A Second Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand

A Periodical for Statistical Biologists 1

THE receipt of the first part of the new periodical, Biometrika, calls for more than mere formal acknowledgment. The methods of investigating biological problems statistically may be looked upon as having their origin in this country, and the names of the editorial staff are those of the pioneers in this modern departure—Francis Galton, and Profs. W. F. R. Weldon and Karl Pearson, associated with Prof. C. B. Davenport, of the University of Chicago. The part received is prefaced by an editorial article setting forth the scope and defining the spirit of the publication and an article on biometry from the pen of Mr. Galton. An admirable figure of the Darwin statue in the University Museum at Oxford, reproduced from a photograph by Mrs. E. B. Poulton, forms an appropriate frontispiece, the motto “Ignoramus, in hoc signo laboremus” being printed below the illustration. The papers contributed to this first part are seven in number, including those already mentioned. Prof. Dr. F. Ludwig writes (in German) on problems and materials for variation statistics; Mr. A. O. Powys contributes data for the problem of evolution in man, anthropometric data from Australia; Miss Beeton and Prof. Pearson furnish a paper on the inheritance of the duration of life and the intensity of natural selection in man; Mr. E. T. Browne writes on variation in Aurelia aurita, and Prof. Weldon on a first study of natural selection in Clausilia laminata.

DATA FOR THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION IN MAN: ANTHROPOMETPIC DATA FROM AUSTRALIA

DATA FOR THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION IN MAN: ANTHROPOMETPIC DATA FROM AUSTRALIA Get access A. O. POWYS A. O. POWYS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 1, Issue 1, October 1901, Pages 30–49, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/1.1.30 Published: 01 October 1901

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. Anthropometric Data from Australia

Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. Anthropometric Data from Australia

Data for the problem of evolution in man. VI.—A first study of the correlation of the human skull

The substance of this paper was a thesis for the London D. Sc. degree; it was shown to Professor Pearson, at whose suggestion considerable modifications were made, and a revision undertaken with a view to publication. In order to deal exactly with the problem of evolution in man it is necessary to obtain in the first place a quantitative appreciation of the size, variation, and correlation of the chief characters in man for a number of local races. Several studies of this kind have been already undertaken at University College. These fall into two classes, (i) those that deal with a variety of characters in one local race, and (ii) those which study the comparative value of the constants from a variety of races.

Data for the problem of evolution in man. V. On the correlation between duration of life and the number of offspring

According to the Darwinian theory of evolution the members of a community less fitted^ to their environment are removed by death. But this process of natural selection would not permanently modify a race, if the members thus removed were able before death to propagate their species in average numbers. It then becomes an important question to ascertain how far duration of life is related to fertility. In the case of many insects death can interfere only with their single chance of offspring they live or not for their one breeding season only. A similar statement holds good with regard to annual and biennial plants.

V. Data for the problem of evolution in man.—VI. A first study of the correlation of the human skull

(1.) The reconstruction of an organism from a knowledge of some only of its parts is a problem which has occupied the attention of biologists for many years past. Cuvier was the first to introduce in his Discours sur les Révolutions de la Surface du Globe,’ 1812, the idea of correlation. He considered that a knowledge of the size of a shoulder blade, leg, or arm might make it possible to reconstruct the whole individual to which the bone had belonged. The conception was taken up by Owen, but has fallen into discredit owing to the many errors made in attempts from a wide but only qualitative knowledge of the skeleton, to reconstruct forms the appreciation of which depends really on quantitative measurement and an elaborate quantitative theory. Such a theory having now been developed, and anatomists having provided large series of measurements, it has become possible to reconsider the problem on a sounder basis, and to determine more closely the limits under which our modern methods may be safely applied. The three fundamental problems of the subject are: (i.) The reconstruction of an individual, of whom one or more organs only are known, when a series of organs for individuals of the same local race have been measured and correlated.

“Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. V. On the Correlation between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring”

According to the Darwinian theory of evolution the members of a community less fitted to their environment are removed by death. But this process of natural selection would not permanently modify a race, if the members thus removed were able before death to propagate their species in average numbers. It then becomes an important question to ascertain how far duration of life is related to fertility. In the case of many insects death can interfere only with their single chance of offspring; they live or not for their one breeding season only. A similar statement holds good with regard to annual and biennial plants. In such cases there might still be a correlation between duration of life and fertility, but it would be of the indirect character, which we actually find in the case of men and women living beyond sixty years of age—a long life means better physique and better physique increased fertility. On the other hand, there is a direct correlation of fertility and duration of life in the case of those animals which generally survive a number of breeding seasons, and it is this correlation which we had at first in view when investigating the influence of duration of life on fertility in man. The discovery of the indirect factor in the correlation referred to above was therefore a point of much interest. For it seems to show that the physique fittest to survive is really the physique which is in itself (and independently of the duration of life) most fecund.

V. Data for the problem of evolution in man. V.—On the correlation between duration of life and the number of offspring

You have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Beeton M. , Yule George Udny and Pearson Karl 1900V. Data for the problem of evolution in man. V.—On the correlation between duration of life and the number of offspringProc. R. Soc. Lond.66450http://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0150SectionYou have accessPaper readV. Data for the problem of evolution in man. V.—On the correlation between duration of life and the number of offspring M. Beeton Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , George Udny Yule Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Karl Pearson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author M. Beeton Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author , George Udny Yule Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Karl Pearson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:01 January 1900https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0150"V. Data for the problem of evolution in man. V.—On the correlation between duration of life and the number of offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 66(424-433), p. 450FootnotesThis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition (OCR) software. As such, it may contain errors. Please contact the Royal Society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. Mathematical notations produced through Infty OCR. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Shahzad S, Khan S and Atiq Ur Rehman (2022) Most Stringent Test of Independence in W× K Contingency Tables for Nominal Data Using Monte Carlo Simulations, Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies, 10.26710/sbsee.v4i1.2145, 4:1, (45-62) This Issue31 December 1900Volume 66Issue 424-433 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0150Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:0370-1662Online ISSN:2053-9126History: Published online01/01/1997Published in print01/01/1900 License:Scanned images copyright © 2017, Royal Society Citations and impact

Data for the problem of evolution in man. IV. Note on the effect of fertility depending on homogamy

1 . In a paper recently contributed to the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ “Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man. III. On the Magnitude of Certain Coefficients of Correlation in Man,” &c., I dealt with the problem of the possible dependence of fertility on homogamy, and I used the following words (p. 29):— “When any form of life breaks up into two groups under the influence of natural selection, what is to prevent them intercrossing and so destroying the differentiation at each fresh reproductive stage ?”