Evidence Of Crime Research Articles

Collecting Evidence of a Computer Crime

Collecting Evidence of a Computer Crime

Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between unemployment and crime. Using U.S. state data, we estimate the effect of unemployment on the rates of seven felony offenses. We control extensively for state‐level demographic and economic factors and estimate specifications that include state‐specific time trends, state effects, and year effects. In addition, we use prime defense contracts and a state‐specific measure of exposure to oil shocks as instruments for unemployment rates. We find significantly positive effects of unemployment on property crime rates that are stable across model specifications. Our estimates suggest that a substantial portion of the decline in property crime rates during the 1990s is attributable to the decline in the unemployment rate. The evidence for violent crime is considerably weaker. However, a closer analysis of the violent crime of rape yields some evidence that the employment prospects of males are weakly related to state rape rates.

The Moral Limits of the Crime of Money Laundering

I. THE PROBLEMATIC Clean money is worth more than dirty money. Clean money—money untainted by criminal association—can be invested in profitable activities or spent on consumption, more or less conspicuous, without risk of recrimination. Dirty money, generally speaking, can only be invested or spent less profitably, less visibly, and at a risk of punishment. It also carries the risk of being used as evidence of the initial crime. With the exceptions of small thefts of fungibles, like cash and the fantasy case of the criminal art collector who wishes to sit alone with a painting so famous that it could not be resold, virtually all income from criminal activities must be disguised to be of use to the criminal. Money laundering 1 is that process of disguise. Analysis of money laundering, in terms of criminal markets, holds that secrecy has value. 2 People will pay for secrecy because it costs less than disclosure. To the person in possession of money deriving from illegal sources, the dangers of disclosure relate to the possibility of prosecution and imprisonment. The process of money laundering holds out the prospect of gaining lasting secrecy for the information dealing with the provenance of the money. On the demand side, a person holding assets

Police Information Technology: Assessing the Effects of Computerization on Urban Police Functions

Municipal police agencies are major users of information technology, and much remains to be learned about the effects of computerization on police operations. This article examines computerization in 188 municipal police agencies in 1993 in cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Relationships among computer hardware, police‐file computerization, and police functions are examined. Cities are categorized as low, medium, and high levels of computerization to uncover differences in expenditures and police‐officer allocation. Personal computers and mainframes supported file computerization of management and administration, throughput, and crime evidence. Management and administration files influenced computerization of police functions, particularly for management and crime solutions. Highly computerized cities reported larger shares of employees in technical positions, spent more per capita, and reported fewer officers per capita than cities with lower computerization levels. These relationships held after controlling for independent influences such as density, fiscal capacity, crime levels, and population.

Hate Crimes in Deeply Divided Societies: The Case of Northern Ireland

Evidence of hate crime is easy to find in deeply divided societies. Yet a number of factors may mask or restrain the incidence of hate crime. The dynamic of a violent conflict, levels of residential segregation and the monopolization of violence by organized groups (paramilitaries) may all restrain levels of hate crime or make it less visible. This paper investigates this masking of hate crime in deeply divided societies with particular reference to Northern Ireland. It also argues that a complex motivational environment surrounds issues of violence, including hate crime, in deeply divided societies and that simplistic views of hate crime may not be helpful.

Criminality and the Policing of Migrant Workers

Previous articleNext article No AccessReports from the FieldCriminality and the Policing of Migrant WorkersZhao Shukai, and Andrew KipnisZhao Shukai Search for more articles by this author , and Andrew Kipnis Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The China Journal Volume 43Jan., 2000 Published on behalf of the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2667534 Views: 65Total views on this site Citations: 16Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The China JournalPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Anqi Shen Women Who Participate in Illegal Pyramid Selling: Voices from Female Rural Migrant Offenders in China, Asian Journal of Criminology 15, no.22 (Aug 2019): 91–107.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-019-09295-yJianguo Chen, Lin Liu, Huiting Liu, Dongping Long, Chong Xu, Hanlin Zhou The Spatial Heterogeneity of Factors of Drug Dealing: A Case Study from ZG, China, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no.44 (Mar 2020): 205.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040205Anqi Shen , ( 2018): 1.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00674-7_1Jianguo Chen, Lin Liu, Suhong Zhou, Luzi Xiao, Chao Jiang Spatial Variation Relationship between Floating Population and Residential Burglary: A Case Study from ZG, China, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6, no.88 (Aug 2017): 246.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6080246Jianhong Liu, Siyu Liu Are children of rural migrants more delinquent than their peers? A comparative analysis of delinquent behaviors in the City of Guangzhou, China, Crime, Law and Social Change 66, no.55 (Oct 2016): 465–489.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9638-2John W. Tai Chinese NGOs: Thriving Amidst Adversity, (Aug 2014): 19–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03665-6_2Jia Lu, Tian Zhang Linguistic intergroup bias in Chinese crime stories: propaganda model vs. commercial model, Asian Journal of Communication 24, no.44 (May 2014): 333–350.https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2014.896387Lei Guang Creating rural–urban boundaries: rural workers in cities and regimes of re-rustication in China, Migration and Development 2, no.22 (Dec 2013): 237–260.https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2013.840968Yue Zhuo Social Capital and Satisfaction with Crime Control in Urban China, Asian Journal of Criminology 7, no.22 (Jan 2012): 121–136.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-012-9130-6Dong Han Policing and racialization of rural migrant workers in Chinese cities, Ethnic and Racial Studies 33, no.44 (Apr 2010): 593–610.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903325651Emily Ng Heartache of the State, Enemy of the Self: Bipolar Disorder and Cultural Change in Urban China, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 33, no.33 (Jun 2009): 421–450.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-009-9144-4Jianhong Liu, Steven F. Messner, Lening Zhang, Yue Zhuo Socio‐Demographic Correlates of Fear of Crime and the Social Context of Contemporary Urban China, American Journal of Community Psychology 44, no.1-21-2 (Jun 2009): 93–108.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9255-7Yue Zhuo, Steven F. Messner, Lening Zhang Criminal victimization in contemporary China: a review of the evidence and challenges for future research, Crime, Law and Social Change 50, no.33 (Jul 2008): 197–209.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9138-0Børge Bakken Moral Panics, Crime Rates and Harsh Punishment in China, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 37, no.1_suppl1_suppl (Dec 2004): 67–89.https://doi.org/10.1177/00048658040370S105Peter Alexander, Anita Chan Does China have an apartheid pass system?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30, no.44 (Aug 2006): 609–629.https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830410001699487 Andrew Kipnis The Disturbing Educational Discipline of "Peasants", The China Journal 46 (Oct 2015): 1–24.https://doi.org/10.2307/3182305

Use of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Fingerprinting Scene of Crime Evidence

The requirement to uniquely characterise and compare physical evidence from crime scenes is a major task in forensic science. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP-MS) was investigated for its potential to provide data on relative trace elemental compositions to achieve this aim. Glass and steel samples were examined as they frequently occur as physical evidence and represent two distinctly dissimilar sample types. A fine focus Nd:YAG laser was used enabling specimens of approximately 50 µm in diameter to be examined. Ablation protocols and optimum compromise sets of laser parameters were established for the analysis of both sample types using both free running and Q-switched mode of laser operation. Mass spectra acquired under these conditions were reproducible and were generated in a fraction of the time required for the conventional solution analyses. Sixty-two glass samples were examined of which thirty-one were float glasses, four were sheet glasses and twenty-seven were container glasses. The steel samples examined were drillings from sixty-nine sources and included steel from safes, firearm barrels, tools, angle iron, rods and crowbars. The LA–ICP-MS method is at present an essentially qualitative technique and relies on comparison of trace element assemblages or ratios. Samples can be conveniently compared by direct overlay of spectra or interpretive software can be used. Software facilitating the inter-comparison of three elements simultaneously (ternary plots) in large groups of samples was used to establish both the reproducibility of the ‘fingerprint’ and the uniqueness of the inter-element associations. Results have shown that robust analytical procedures have been developed which reliably discriminate both steel and glass samples and could have direct application for the examination of a wide range of other crime scene evidence.

Problems in policing computer crime

The paper discusses the problems in policing computer crime in terms of: the absence of reliable statistics on computer crime due to difficulties over defining computer crime and the background and motivation of those providing information and statistics on incidents of computer crime: the attitudes of police to computer criminals, how computer criminals are treated by the courts and the culpability of victim organisations: and the adequacy of the training of police officers to deal with technological crime. As a solution, the paper outlines a forensic methodology for dealing with computer crime. The approach covers: the investigation of a computer crime: the legal aspects of computer crime in terms of possible offences and the rules of evidence; the skills and equipment needed to present computer crime evidence in court; and the appropriate computing skills. The conclusion reached is that computer crime will only be combatted successfully if adequate resources are committed to the problem and the police develop or have access to relevant expertise.

Premises Liability and Negligent Security: Issues and Implications

This study examines 82 premise liability cases reported from 1985 to 1989 in the American Trial Lawyers Association Law Reporter. The focus of the research is to determine the primary sources of business litigation and case outcomes. The study revealed that most cases resulted in out-of-court settlements due to inadequated human and physical security practices. In a majority of cases, there was evidence of prior crimes and intrusions on the business premise. Residential business (apartments) outnumber other businesses in the amount of litigation.

Codes of ethics

Partly as a result of much recent evidence of business and government crime, a large proportion of major corporations have adopted codes of ethics; government service is also making more use of them. The electrical manufacturing anti-trust conspiracy and 1973–1976 investigation of foreign and domestic bribery were immediate prods. There are also government codes of which the ASPA code is most widely distributed. Corporate codes discuss relations to employees, interemployee relationships, whistle blowing, effect on environment, commercial bribery, insider information, other conflicts of interest, anti-trust, accounting, consumer relations, and political activities. A discussion of use of codes shows partly favorable results. A number of corporation decisions have not yet become a subject of code provisions. Codes will be more useful if the reasons behind each order are stated and team work is encouraged.

Recent Legal Developments

Once again, the Review highlights a collection of significant Supreme Court decisions in the area of criminal justice. The Court mainly 'fine-tuned" various Fourth Amendment principles, most notably the Terry "stop and frisk" and the Carroll automobile search doctrines. In deciding the following cases, the Court repeatedly stated its view that the need for a less restricted, more efficient police investigatory process could sometimes outweigh individual rights. However, despite this general "pro police" view, the Court did indicate that it is not always willing to subvert individual rights to the investiga tory process. For example, in Winston v. Lee, the court refused to force a suspect to undergo major chest surgery in order for the police to gain possible evidence of a crime. The Court rejected the state's argument that investiga tive needs were paramount. In Hayes v. Florida, the Court called for the suppression of fingerprints obtained during a detention which was not supported by probable cause. In Garner v. Tennessee, the Court limited a police officer's right to use deadly force. These cases demonstrate that although the Court may, on balance, be pro law enforcement, it will not give police officers absolutely free rein as some commentators have feared. All case summaries were prepared by Michael R. Neuenkirch, a third year law student, Georgia State University College of Law.

U.S. coverup of Nazi scientists

“Paperclip” was a U.S. project to employ German scientists in sensitive military and space programs after World War II. This investigation reveals that evidence of Nazi activism and war crimes was suppressed in order to allow many of them to immigrate.

Impact of expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification.

The purpose of the present research was to study the influence on jurors ofexpert testimony about eyewitness identification. In Experiment 1 240 students(all registered voters) acted as jurors and received evidence against a defendantin a violent or a nonviolent case. The major piece of prosecution evidencewas the testimony of the eyewitness. Half of the jurors read about the testimonyof a defense expert on the reliability of eyewitness identification, whereas halfdid not. Individual verdicts were reached. The results indicated that therewere fewer convictions when expert testimony was permitted. In Experiment2 120 students received evidence in a hypothetical violent crime and thendeliberated injuries of 6 to reach a verdict for or against the defendant. Jurorswho had read about the expert testimony spent much more time discussingthe eyewitness account than did jurors who had not been presented with experttestimony. The results indicate that one consequence of presenting psychologi-cal expert testimony is an increase in the amount of attention that jurors giveto eyewitness accounts, perhaps enhancing their scrutinization. Some pros andcons of the psychological expert testimony are discussed.

Document of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Chung-fa (1976) No. 24

Party Committees of Various Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions; Party Committees of Various Military Regions, Military Districts and Field Armies; Party Committees, Party Leading Groups or Party Nucleus Groups of the Various Departments, Ministries and Commissions of the Party Central Committee and the State Council; Party Committees of the Various Headquarters and Armed Services of the Military Commission: Issued to you now is Evidence of Crime of the Wang Hung-wen, Chang Ch'un-ch'iao, Chiang Ch'ing and Yao Wen-yüan Anti-Party Clique (Material No. 1). Please communicate it immediately to the w ole Party, the whole Army and people throughout the country and organize readings and discussions, to ensure that it be made known to every family and understood by everyone.

YouTube and the Role of Digital Video for Transitional Justice in Syria

International media access is extremely limited in Syria and many human rights organisations rely on individual citizens and activists to provide them with evidence that could indicate war crimes and crimes against humanity. The role of YouTube and digital video for transitional justice in Syria is the central theme of this research paper. Research methodology is based on systematic observation of video clips on YouTube, visits to Syrian grass root audio-visual media centres and semi-structured interviews with Syrian video activists on the ground in Turkey and Syria. Fort this study, a conceptual thematic categorisation of eight different video-categories has been developed, based on observation, media-ethnography and regular monitoring of clips coming out of Syria since 2011 and in-depth surveillance of YouTube material uploaded between 2014 and 2015. In total 400 YouTube video clips were surveyed, analysed and monitored between 2014 and 2015. The paper assesses the feasibility of using these clips for legal evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The paper considers the latest approaches to using and verifying digital audio-visual material and how video can be used for future transitional justice and conflict resolution.

Features of proving economic crimes

Scientific interest in the problem of proving criminal proceedings for economic crimes is caused by the urgent need to close loopholes of legislation in this area. Investigating the peculiarities of the evidence will increase the efficiency of the officers conducting the pre-trial investigation, bring those responsible to justice and recover damages.
 The process of investigating economic crimes can be complicated by the following problems: a crime may be committed not by one person but by several persons, since the nature of economic crimes by its nature must have a well-thought-out plan of action; mandatory presence of intellectual element of the act; There may be several episodes of criminal activity. Persons committing economic crimes have the power of authority while in office and in the performance of their functional responsibilities. At present, there is an urgent need to improve the system of investigation of economic crimes.
 Investigation of economic crimes is a priority of law enforcement agencies. In order to increase the effectiveness of pre-trial investigation and to prevent errors in proving such a category of cases, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the investigation process.
 Evidence of economic crime consists in the collection, recording, verification and evaluation of evidence at the pre-trial stage of criminal proceedings. The process of proving economic crimes has its own peculiarities: the procedure for gathering evidence; specific type of documents of financial and economic activity; establishment of a criminal intent of a person; tracking cash flow. Economic crime investigation is a complex step-by-step procedural mechanism for bringing persons to justice, fulfilling the main tasks of criminal procedure law.
 During the investigation of economic crimes, the following procedural steps are taken to gather evidence: investigative (investigative) actions and unspoken investigative (investigative) actions, temporary access to things and documents, expertise and other actions aimed at establishing the truth in criminal proceedings.

Codes of ethics

Partly as a result of much recent evidence of business and government crime, a large proportion of major corporations have adopted codes of ethics; government service is also making more use of them. The electrical manufacturing anti-trust conspiracy and 1973–1976 investigation of foreign and domestic bribery were immediate prods. There are also government codes of which the ASPA code is most widely distributed. Corporate codes discuss relations to employees, interemployee relationships, whistle blowing, effect on environment, commercial bribery, insider information, other conflicts of interest, anti-trust, accounting, consumer relations, and political activities. A discussion of use of codes shows partly favorable results. A number of corporation decisions have not yet become a subject of code provisions. Codes will be more useful if the reasons behind each order are stated and team work is encouraged.

Evidence: Admissibility of Evidence of Previous Crime: Instructions to Jury

Evidence: Admissibility of Evidence of Previous Crime: Instructions to Jury

Laubenheimer et al. v. Factor.

Extradition — Conditions of — Principle of Double Criminality — Evidence of Crime and Principle of Double Criminality — Interpretation of Treaties — Liberal Interpretation — Negotiations Preceding the Treaty — Practical Construction by Governmental Department.

Evidence: Admissibility in Criminal Prosecutions of Evidence of Other Crimes Committed by Defendant

Evidence: Admissibility in Criminal Prosecutions of Evidence of Other Crimes Committed by Defendant