Evidence Of Weight Gain Research Articles

Structural, microstructural, vibrational, and thermal investigations of NiO nanoparticles for biomedical applications

The structural, morphological, thermal, and anti-microbial properties of NiO nanoparticles were investigated using natural fuels in conjunction with the combustion process. XRD revealed the Face-centered cubic polycrystalline structure in all of the samples. The crystallite diameters for tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine-assisted nanoparticles were 32.60 nm, 27.41 nm, 29.58 nm, and 27.75 nm, respectively, according to the WH plot for NiO nanoparticles. The FESEM and EDAX analytical results corroborate the stoichiometric of the products as well as the existence of diamond, pollen grain, cluster pore, and mushroom-like morphologies. The average particle size as assessed by TEM and the size of crystallites are connected. All XRD pattern parameters that were matched with JCPDS data (04–0835), as well as the FTIR spectrum, support the presence of a pure phase of Face-centered cubic NiO in the range of 453.57 cm-1 to 438 cm-1. Thermal investigations (TG-DTA) indicated that the particles were stable even at 1000 °C. When NiO is subjected to thermal analysis, there is evidence of weight gain and loss. Anti-microbial study of organically fueled NiO used Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria, as well as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungi. It has been discovered that NPs are more efficient at inhibiting fungal growth than bacterial development.

Process Validation of Sevelamer Hydrochloride Film Coated Tablet

All the three batches resulted in granules with desired flow and compaction which is evident from the data of compressed tablets. At compression stage Weight parameters and Speed parameters evaluated and found within Specified limit as well as, The Statistical analysis process performance is high capable, Data is normal and Z bench value also give assurance that process remains in state of control (Process validation state) during manufacturing of Sevelamer Hydrochloride film coated tablets, 800 mg. Coating process proven as validated from the weight build up data of tablets as validation data provided for after 50% coating, 75% coating and 100% coating and found in accordance with process validation protocol. Finished product result was evidence of Weight gain while the inspection activity as this material is in very high hygroscopic in nature. However results found within specified limit.

Xanomeline and Trospium: Potential substitute for conventional antipsychotics.

Dear Madam, Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness with a global prevalence of 24 million people (1). With paucity of researches mounting the exact prevalence of schizophrenia in Pakistan, the treatment of this illness becomes even harder to combat. This condition is typically managed with antipsychotics, which work by blocking the D2 dopamine receptors but recent advances in research also suggest that the muscarinic cholinergic system is also involved in its pathophysiology (2). The drug Xanomeline is an oral muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist that activates M1 and M4 receptors. Xanomeline however causes side effects like vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, sweating and hypersalivation. To bypass these effects, Trospium was added, which acts by blocking peripheral muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (3, 4). To observe the reduction of psychosis in schizophrenics, a double-blinded clinical trial was done with promising results: reduction of both, positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia, good tolerance and no evidence of weight gain (4). Side effects included constipation, nausea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, and vomiting although the incidence of these effects reduced over the course of the trial. However, there is a dearth of research when it comes to comparison of this combination drug (called KARXT) with the usual antipsychotics. Therefore, further research regarding the safety of KARXT, and its efficacy needs to be explored for potential amelioration of symptoms. Moreover, studies comparing the efficacy of this drug with the commonly used antipsychotics need to be explored in order to effectively assess the advantage and potential replacement benefits of this drug.

Parameter for Process Validation of Sevelamer Hydrochloride Film Coated Tablet

Validation is a tool of quality assurance which provides confirmation of the quality in equipment system, manufacturing process, software and testing methods. Validation of the individual step of manufacturing processes is called the process validation. The concept of validation was first proposed by two Food and Drug Administration(FDA) officials, Ted Byers and Bud Loftus, in the mid-1970s in order to improve the quality of pharmaceuticals Assurance of product quality is derived from careful attention to number of factors including selection of quality parts and materials, adequate product and process design, control of the process, and in process and end product testing. Process Validation has now become a part of Current Good Manufacturing Practices Regulations (cGMP), it is mandatory for manufacturer to go through Process Validation much more rigorously than earlier. Coating process proven as validated from the weight build up data of tablets as validation data provided for after 50%coating, 75% coating and 100% coating and found in accordance with process validation protocol. Finished product result was evidence of Weight gain while the inspection activity as this material is in very high hygroscopic in nature. However results found within specified limit

More Evidence for Weight Gain with Newer-Generation Integrase Inhibitors

Weight gain after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a common concern among persons living with HIV (PWH). Although initially characterized as

Break-Up Kummerspeck? No Evidence for Weight Gain After Romantic Relationship Dissolution

Break-Up Kummerspeck? No Evidence for Weight Gain After Romantic Relationship Dissolution

Rapid response to eating disorder treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This review aimed to (a) examine the effects of rapid response on behavioral, cognitive, and weight-gain outcomes across the eating disorders, (b) determine whether diagnosis, treatment modality, the type of rapid response (changes in disordered eating cognitions or behaviors), or the type of behavioral outcome moderated this effect, and (c) identify factors that predict a rapid response. Thirty-four articles met inclusion criteria from six databases. End of treatment and follow-up outcomes were divided into three categories: Behavioral (binge eating/purging), cognitive (EDE global scores), and weight gain. Average weighted effect sizes(r) were calculated. Rapid response strongly predicted better end of treatment and follow-up cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Moderator analyses showed that the effect size for rapid response on behavioral outcomes was larger when studies included both binge eating and purging (as opposed to just binge eating) as a behavioral outcome. Diagnosis, treatment modality, and the type of rapid response experienced did not moderate the relationship between early response and outcome. The evidence for weight gain was mixed. None of the baseline variables analyzed (eating disorder psychopathology, demographics, BMI, and depression scores) predicted a rapid response. As there is a solid evidence base supporting the prognostic importance of rapid response, the focus should shift toward identifying the within-treatment mechanisms that predict a rapid response so that the effectiveness of eating disorder treatment can be improved. There is a need for future research to use theories of eating disorders as a guide to assess within-treatment predictors of rapid response. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:905-919.

Long-term outcomes of direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy: a 10-year cohort.

Study aim: To assess the clinical outcomes of patients who received direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) for enteral feeding. Materials and methods: This is a 10-year cohort study in a single tertiary center. Main outcome measurements were technical success, and short- and long-term outcomes. DPEJ was attempted in 83 patients (51 men; 55 ± 2 years) for dysphagia (n = 35), gastroparesis with recurrent aspiration (n = 30), and levodopa drug infusion for severe Parkinson’s disease (n = 18). Results: DPEJ was successful in 75 (90 %) patients. All technical failures were related to the inability to find adequate trans-illumination, and were not influenced by BMI, age, gender, or indication. Peri-operative (30-day) adverse events occurred in 11 (13 %) patients, including wound infection (3), leakage around the stoma (4), minor bleeding requiring no intervention (2), and aspiration (1). There was one case (1.2 %) of gastric perforation after PEJ insertion for levodopa drug infusion trial. This 60-year-old woman required an emergency laparotomy with nil complications, and levodopa drug infusion recommenced successfully. One case of intestinal perforation (1.2 %) occurred after jejunostomy tube replacement at 6 months of insertion, which was successfully managed with surgery. There were no peri-operative deaths. Adequate delivery of enteral feeding or Duodopa drug was achieved in 66/73 (90 %) patients, with evidence of weight gain or improvement in Parkinson’s disease. Seven (8 %) continued to have clinical regurgitation but not aspiration. After a median follow-up of 84 months, 27 (33 %) patients died of their underlying diseases. Seven (8 %) had marked improvement in their underlying disease and had PEJ removed after 5 months (range 1 – 8 months). Limitations: Single center study. Conclusions: DPEJ is associated with a high technical success rate (90 %), a relatively low rate of peri-operative adverse events (13 %) and an improvement in long-term nutritional support in the majority of patients (90 %). DPEJ should be the procedure of choice to gain enteral access for feeding or drug delivery prior to considering surgery.

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Eating Disorders

Objectives. The treatment of eating disorders is a complex process that relies not only on the use of psychotropic drugs but should include also nutritional counselling, psychotherapy and the treatment of the medical complications, where they are present. In this review recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders (anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED)) are presented, based on the available literature. Methods. The guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders are based on studies published between 1977 and 2010. A search of the literature included: anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa, eating disorder and binge eating disorder. Many compounds have been studied in the therapy of eating disorders (AN: antidepressants (TCA, SSRIs), antipsychotics, antihistaminics, prokinetic agents, zinc, Lithium, naltrexone, human growth hormone, cannabis, clonidine and tube feeding; BN: antidepressants (TCA, SSRIs, RIMA, NRI, other AD), antiepileptics, odansetron, d-fenfluramine Lithium, naltrexone, methylphenidate and light therapy; BED: antidepressants (TCA, SSRIs, SNRIs, NRI), antiepileptics, baclofen, orlistat, d-fenfluramine, naltrexone). Results. In AN 20 randomized controlled trials (RCT) could be identified. For zinc supplementation there is a grade B evidence for AN. For olanzapine there is a category grade B evidence for weight gain. For the other atypical antipsychotics there is grade C evidence. In BN 36 RCT could be identified. For tricyclic antidepressants a grade A evidence exists with a moderate-risk-benefit ratio. For fluoxetine a category grade A evidence exists with a good risk-benefit ratio. For topiramate a grade 2 recommendation can be made. In BED 26 RCT could be identified. For the SSRI sertraline and the antiepileptic topiramate a grade A evidence exists, with different recommendation grades. Conclusions. Additional research is needed for the improvement of the treatment of eating disorders. Especially for anorexia nervosa there is a need for further pharmacological treatment strategies.

Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight.

Progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) are appropriate for many women who cannot or should not take estrogen. Many POCs are long-acting, cost-effective methods of preventing pregnancy. However, concern about weight gain can deter the initiation of contraceptives and cause early discontinuation among users. The primary objective was to evaluate the association between progestin-only contraceptive use and changes in body weight. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, POPLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP, and contacted investigators to identify other trials. All comparative studies were eligible that examined a POC versus another method or no contraceptive. The primary outcome was mean change in body weight or body composition. Two authors extracted the data. We computed the mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous variables and odds ratio with 95% CI for dichotomous variables. We did not conduct meta-analysis due to the various contraceptive methods and weight change measures. Fifteen studies examined progestin-only pills (N=1), Norplant (N=4), and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) (N=10). Comparison groups were similar for weight change in 11 studies. Four studies showed differences in weight or body composition change for POCs compared to no hormonal method. Adolescents using DMPA had a greater increase in body fat (%) versus a group using no hormonal method (mean difference 11.00; 95% CI 2.64 to 19.36). The DMPA group also had a greater decrease in lean body mass (%) (mean difference -4.00; 95% CI -6.93 to -1.07). In another study, weight gain (kg) was greater for the DMPA group than an IUD group (mean difference 2.28, 2.71, 3.17, respectively). The differences were notable within the normal weight and overweight subgroups. One study showed the Norplant (six-capsule) group had greater weight gain (kg) than a non-hormonal IUD group (mean difference 0.47 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.65) and a group using non-hormonal or no method (mean difference 0.74; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96). Another study also showed a Norplant group also had greater weight gain (kg) than an IUD group (mean difference 1.10; 95% CI 0.36 to 1.84). We found little evidence of weight gain when using POCs. Mean gain was less than 2 kg for most studies up to 12 months, and usually similar for the comparison group using another contraceptive. Appropriate counseling about typical weight gain may help reduce discontinuation of contraceptives due to perceptions of weight gain.

The Effect of Exercise During Pregnancy on Maternal Outcomes: Practical Implications for Practice

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women with low-risk pregnancies participate in moderate-intensity exercise during their pregnancy. Currently, only 15.1% of pregnant women exercise at the recommended levels, which is significantly lower than the general population's 45%. One potential reason is that exercise during pregnancy is perceived as risky. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of the literature examining the effect of exercise on preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, weight gain, labor and birth, and other issues associated with pregnancy. Overall, the evidence indicates that exercise during pregnancy is safe and perhaps even reduces the risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The evidence for weight gain and labor and birth (rates of cesarean sections, duration of labor) is mixed. Unfortunately, much of the research examining exercise during pregnancy is observational, and the few randomized controlled trials that do exist are small and inadequately powered. Taken together, given the potential benefits of exercise during pregnancy and the lack of evidence for harmful effects on the mother and newborn, practitioners should encourage their healthy pregnant patients to exercise. Practical guidelines for recommending exercise to pregnant women are presented.

Effects of Sweet Taste Stimulation on Growth and Sucking in Preterm Infants

To evaluate the effect of sweet taste stimulation in augmenting the reported growth-enhancing effects of nonnutritive sucking in preterm infants who are gavage-fed. Random assignment of preterm infants to receive stimulation by one of three methods during each feeding until totally orally fed. Hospital intensive-care and infant transitional units. Eligibility criteria included body weight greater than or equal to 1,250 g, gestational age younger than 34 weeks, growth parameters appropriate for gestational age, tolerating at least 100 kcals/kg/day by gavage feeding with evidence of weight gain, and no clinical evidence of health complications. Data are presented for 42 infants who completed 14 days of treatment. Exposure to a sweet pacifier, a latex pacifier, or maternal heartbeat sounds during gavage feedings. Growth, time to total oral feeding, and sucking responses. No significant differences in sucking measures were noted among treatment groups. Differences in progression time to total oral feedings and weight gain favored the sweet-pacifier group but were not statistically significant. Oral stimulation of gavage-fed, preterm infants during a 2-week hospitalization was not sufficient to elicit a significant improvement in growth efficiency, progression to total oral feedings, or sucking maturation. Additional studies may show a beneficial effect of chemosensory stimulation in preterm infants.