Initial Evidence Research Articles

Teledermatology: an evidence map of systematic reviews

BackgroundAlthough the number of teledermatology studies is increasing, not all variables have been researched in equal depth, so there remains a lack of robust evidence for some teledermatology initiatives. This review describes the landscape of teledermatology research and identifies knowledge gaps and research needs. This evidence map can be used to inform clinicians about the current knowledge about teledermatology and guide researchers for future studies.MethodsOur evidence map was conducted according to the Campbell Collaboration checklist for evidence and gap maps. Eight databases were searched (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, and OpenGray), and only included systematic reviews of teledermatology involving humans published in English; while excluding non-systematic reviews (i.e., abstracts, conference proceedings, editorials, commentaries, or letters). From 909 records, 14 systematic reviews published between 2004 and 2022 were included. Our analysis focused on the systematic reviews’ characteristics, dermatological conditions studied, rate of overlap and quality assessment of primary studies reviewed, and main findings reported.ResultsTeledermatology was reportedly comparable with clinic dermatology and generally accepted by patients as a mode of care delivery for dermatological conditions. However, there are concerns about privacy, communication, completeness of information transmitted, familiarity with the technology, and technical problems. Healthcare professionals were generally satisfied with teledermatology but found telemedicine consultations longer than face-to-face consultations, and less confident in asynchronous teledermatology than conventional consultations. Teledermatology was reportedly more cost-effective than clinic dermatology; especially considering the distance traveled by patients, referral volume to teledermatology, and clinic dermatology costs. Although patients and providers are satisfied with teledermatology, face-to-face dermatology has higher diagnostic and management accuracy. Teledermatology was also used for training medical professionals. Regarding the validity and reliability of teledermatology outcome measures, no significant discussions were found.ConclusionsCOVID-19 spotlighted telemedicine in clinical care, and we must ensure telemedicine continually improves with robust research. Further research is necessary for establishing a standardized outcome set, enhancing accuracy, concordance, cost-effectiveness, and safety, comparing teledermatology with non-dermatologist care, examining its effectiveness in non-Western low and middle-income countries, and incorporating patient involvement for improved study design.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.researchregistry.com/ (Unique Identifying Number: reviewregistry878).

Investor response to engagement quality review hours

PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether mandated disclosure of engagement quality review hours provides new information that affects investors’ decision-making.Design/methodology/approachIn 2014, Korean authorities mandated that audit engagement quality review hours must be disclosed in their audit reports. Using this unique field setting in Korea, this study presents empirical evidence of the policy initiative’s effect on earnings reliability by examining both pre- and post-implementation periods.FindingsFollowing the initial disclosure of engagement quality review hours in 2014, the authors observe that the capital market’s valuation of quarterly earnings surprises, measured by earnings response coefficients (ERCs), was significantly lower for firms with high levels of abnormal engagement quality review hours than for other firms. This paper also finds that the observed association between engagement quality review hours and ERCs in the postregulation period hinges on the probability of earnings management, proxied by discretionary accruals and just meeting or beating analyst earnings forecast.Originality/valueThis paper suggests that the policy mandating disclosure of engagement quality review hours provides original information that the market considers relevant for appraising the reliability of reported earnings.

Early maladaptive schemas as a risk factor for fibromyalgia: A case-control study.

There is evidence supporting the relationship between early stress and childhood trauma and the development of fibromyalgia (FM). Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are considered a consequence of early stress. Previous research has shown their role in maintaining stress responses and their relevance in other populations with pain. The main aim of this study has been to analyze the presence of EMSs in patients with FM compared to healthy adult women. In addition, the relationship between the strength of EMSs and pain intensity was tested. The total sample consisted of 167 women: 83 patients with FM and 84 healthy controls. Chi-square analyses showed that the percentage of participants with clinically significant scores is higher for patients with FM in 11 of the 18 EMSs evaluated. Moreover, discriminant analyses revealed that these EMS are useful to discriminate between FM and healthy controls, classifying 74.2% of original cases. In relation to the second aim, the mean pain intensity correlated with the strength of several EMSs: approval seeking, unrelenting standards, insufficient self-control, and mistrust/abuse. The current study highlights that a high rate of patients with FM have clinically significant EMSs compared to healthy matched controls, as has been found in other populations with pain. Besides, this study provides initial evidence that EMSs are positively associated with the pain experienced by patients with FM, suggesting the existence of a possible association between early stress and pain. Therefore, taking EMSs into account could be of great relevance to clinicians. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

BREAKING SILENCE, SHAPING HISTORY: UNVEILING MARGINALIZED FEMALE WAR-CRIME SURVIVORS’ VOICES

This paper is the synopsis of an ongoing qualitative research project on an intersectional and biopolitical analysis of selected war memoirs written by marginalized female war crime survivors. The primary object of this research is to explore the layers of subjectivity as expressed through the memoirs by women who, in different corners of the world, were subjected to different forms of war crimes during the late twentieth and the twenty-first century. The research paper aims to find whether these life-writings should be recognized only as chronicles of their silent sufferings or as bold proclamations of their resistance against the biopolitical oppressions they were exposed to. In order to do so, a theoretical framework comprising intersectionality and biopolitics will be used according to which the selected memoirs will be critically analyzed. The proposed research will follow a research methodology that is descriptive, correlational, analytical, and exploratory in approach. The primary findings reveal the historical trajectory of women's autobiographical writings related to war and conflicts, identifying the scarcity of such narratives that underscores the challenges faced by survivors in documenting their experiences. The expected outcome is to offer a counter-narrative to official war stories, demonstrating the efficacy of testimonial life-writings from marginalized individuals as human rights activism tools, with potential implications for policy-making, advocacy against sexual violence in conflict zones, and contributing evidence for prevention, justice, and support initiatives, while also highlighting ethical challenges and paving the way for further studies on the intersectional and biopolitical dimensions of sexual violence.

Occurrent beliefs about emotions predict emotion regulation in everyday life.

Whether and how people regulate their negative emotions matters a great deal. However, it is not yet clear why people regulate as they do. One promising idea is that people's beliefs shape their emotion regulation choices, and initial evidence indicates that individuals' dispositional beliefs about emotions are indeed associated with general patterns of emotion regulation. The present study extends prior work on emotion beliefs to better understand how occurrent (i.e., momentary) beliefs about helpfulness, controllability, and justification of specific emotions shape whether and how people regulate negative emotions in everyday life. Participants (N = 143; U.S. community college students recruited in 2022; 76% female; age = 18-60) completed a 7-day experience-sampling protocol in which they were pinged three times per day to describe their most recent negative experiences and answer questions about their emotions, occurrent beliefs about emotions, and emotion regulation. With respect to whether people regulate their emotions, results reveal that people regulate their emotions more when they perceive them to be less helpful. Exploratory analyses additionally show that people regulate negative emotions more when they perceive them to be more controllable and when emotional intensity is relatively high. In terms of how people regulate their emotions, people are more likely to use reappraisal when emotions are seen as more helpful, more controllable, and less justified; and more likely to use distraction when emotions are seen as less helpful and more justified. These findings contribute to a more fine-grained understanding of how beliefs shape emotion regulation in everyday life.respect to whether people regulate their emotions, results reveal that people regulate their emotions more when they perceive them to be less helpful. Exploratory analyses additionally show that people regulate negative emotions more when they perceive them to be more controllable and when emotional intensity is relatively high. In terms of how people regulate their emotions, people are more likely to use reappraisal when emotions are seen as more helpful, more controllable, and less justified; and more likely to use distraction when emotions are seen as less helpful and more justified. These findings contribute to a more fine-grained understanding of how beliefs shape emotion regulation (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Extending contingency management for smoking cessation to patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease: A preliminary trial of a home-based intervention.

Cigarette smoking puts individuals with or at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in jeopardy of experiencing a major cardiovascular event. Contingency management (CM) for smoking cessation is an intervention wherein financial incentives are provided contingent on biochemically verified smoking abstinence. Conventional CM programs typically require frequent clinic visits for abstinence monitoring, a potential obstacle for patients with medical comorbidities who may face barriers to access. This preliminary study examined the feasibility and comparative efficacy of (a) usual care (UC; advice to quit smoking, self-help materials, quitline referral) versus (b) UC plus home-based CM for smoking cessation (UC + HBCM). HBCM entailed earning monetary-based vouchers contingent on self-reported 24-hr smoking abstinence biochemically verified by a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample ≤ 6 ppm. Participants were 20 outpatients with a CVD diagnosis or qualifying CVD risk factor randomly assigned 1:1 to the two conditions. Intervention participants received 14 in-home abstinence visits over 6 weeks. Voucher monetary value started at $10 and escalated by $2.50 for each subsequent negative sample (maximum earnings: $367.50). Positive samples earned no vouchers and reset voucher value to $10, but two negative samples following a positive allowed participants to continue earning vouchers at the prereset value. Primary outcome was point-prevalence smoking abstinence at Week 6 assessment. More participants assigned to UC + HBCM than UC were smoking abstinent at that Week 6 assessment (90% vs. 30%), χ²(1, N = 20) = 7.5, p < .01. These results provide initial evidence that HBCM can effectively promote smoking abstinence in CVD outpatients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cybersecurity Risk Management Scenarios for Teaching Information Security Management

Amidst security concerns, there has become an increased focus on ensuring cybersecurity becomes a mainstream part of higher education. Cybersecurity requires the development of technical and non-technical skills, with the latter often referred to as “soft skills.” With calls for evidence of initiatives used within higher education to develop these skills, this paper presents an instructional design of how a scenario-based learning activity was utilized for a group of postgraduate students studying “information security management.” This article presents the scenario, observations of teaching practice, and student feedback and provides recommendations for embedding scenario-based learning activities into the curriculum.

Radioligand therapies in meningioma - evidence and future directions.

Meningiomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms in adults. While most meningiomas are cured by resection, further treatment by radiotherapy may be needed, particularly in WHO grade 2 and 3 tumors which have an increased risk of recurrence, even after conventional therapies. Still, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies after exhaustion of local treatment approaches. Radionuclide therapies combine the specificity of tumor-specific antibodies or ligands with the cytotoxic activity of radioactive emitters. Alongside, integrated molecular imaging allows for a non-invasive assessment of predictive biomarkers as treatment targets. Whereas the concept of "theranostics" has initially evolved in extracranial tumors such as thyroid diseases, neuroendocrine tumors, and prostate cancer, data from retrospective case series and early phase trials underscore the potential of this strategy in meningioma. This review aims to explore the available evidence of radionuclide treatments and ongoing clinical trial initiatives in meningioma. Moreover, we discuss optimal clinical trial design and future perspectives in the field, including compound- and host-specific determinants of the efficacy of "theranostic" treatment approaches.

Effects of substituting sedentary time with physical activity on body mass index in Japanese adults with Down syndrome: A cross-sectional study

Objectiveand Rationale: Obesity is a health challenge for adults with Down syndrome. Therefore, a physical activity promotion program is required to prevent or reduce obesity in adults with this condition. However, there is a lack of evidence of useful risk reduction initiatives. The objective of this study was to suggest a rationale for behaviors that should replace time of inactivity to reduce obesity in Japanese adults with Down syndrome. MethodsThe participants were adults with Down syndrome, aged 18–48 years, living in Japan. The snowball sampling method was used. To detect an effect size of 0.20 for body mass index using an F-test, 80 participants were required, generating a statistical power of 0.8 and a risk level of 0.05. Survey items included sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, and physical activity (min/d). Physical activity was categorized by intensity and further divided into ambulatory and non-ambulatory activities. The body mass index categories were compared using analysis of covariance. An isotemporal substitution model was used to confirm the interdependence of behaviors. ResultsHalf of the participants were obese, with a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher. The obese group had significantly fewer light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and ambulatory moderate-to-vigorous physical activity times than the non-obese group. Replacing 10 min of sedentary behavior with ambulatory moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with a lower body mass index. ConclusionsThis study suggests a rationale for behaviors that should replace time of inactivity to reduce obesity in adults with Down syndrome. Specifically, replacing 10 min of sedentary behavior with ambulatory moderate-to-vigorous physical activity time may contribute to obesity reduction.

Blood-based liquid biopsy: A promising noninvasive test in diagnosis, surveillance, and prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma

ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of blood-based liquid biopsy in the diagnosis, surveillance, and prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Methods and MaterialsIn this prospective study, peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with primary UTUC before surgery with curative intent and follow-up visits at University of Southern California between May 2021 and September 2022. The samples were analyzed using the third-generation comprehensive high-definition single-cell assay (HDSCA3.0) to detect rare events, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and oncosomes, based on the immunofluorescence signals of DAPI (D), cytokeratin (CK), CD45/CD31 (CD), and vimentin (V). The findings of pre-surgery liquid biopsies were compared with those of blood samples from normal donors (NDs) and matched follow-up liquid biopsies. The association between liquid biopsy findings and clinical data, including recurrence-free survival (RFS), was also assessed. ResultsTwenty-eight patients with UTUC were included, of whom 21 had follow-up samples. Significant differences in specific rare analytes were detected in the preoperative samples compared to the NDs. In the post- vs. presurgery matched analysis, a significant decrease was detected in total-, CK-, and CK|V oncosomes, as well as in D-, D|V-, and D|V|CD cells. With a median follow-up of 11 months, 8 patients had disease recurrence. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with >1.95 preoperative CK|V oncosomes (p = 0.020) and those with >4.18 D|CK|V cells (p = 0.050) had worse RFS compared to other patients. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated promising initial evidence for the biomarker role of CTCs and oncosomes in the diagnosis and surveillance of patients with UTUC.

Ready to help, no matter what you did: Responsibility attribution does not influence compassion in expert Buddhist practitioners.

Within western social psychology and neuroscience, compassion is described as being conditioned by cost-benefit appraisals, such as the attribution of responsibility for the causes of suffering. Buddhist traditions maintain the possibility of cultivating and embodying unconditioned and universal forms of compassion. Whereas a growing body of empirical literature suggests that Buddhist-inspired compassion-based programs foster prosociality and well-being in healthy and clinical populations, there is no evidence that such compassionate disposition toward others can become unconditioned from moral judgment. To address this question, we collected and integrated self-report and behavioral data from expert Buddhist practitioners and trained novices using a previously validated within-subject experiment that manipulates contextual information to influence moral judgment toward suffering others and a newly designed approach-avoidance task. We found that context manipulation impacted responsibility and blame attribution in both groups and that experts' reported willingness to help was higher and less influenced by context, compared to novices. Partial correlation networks highlighted a negative relationship between blame attribution and willingness to help in novices, but not in expert practitioners. Self-reported willingness to help was correlated to reaction times when approaching suffering stimuli. Approach behavior was modulated by context in novice, but not in experts. This study provides initial evidence of a dissociation between moral attributions and prosocial attitude in expert Buddhist practitioners and challenges established evolutionary accounts of compassion in western psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Simplified COVID-19 guidance for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created guidance documents that were too complex to be read and understood by the majority of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities who often read at or below a third-grade reading level. This study explored the extent to which these adults could read and understand CDC documents simplified using Minimised Text Complexity Guidelines. This study involved 20 participants, 18-48 years of age. Participants read texts and responded to multiple-choice items and open-ended questions to gather information about how they interacted with and understood the texts. The results provide initial evidence that the Minimised Text Complexity Guidelines resulted in texts that participants could read and understand. Implications for increasing the accessibility of public health information so that it can be read and understood by adults with extremely low literacy skills are discussed.

Small and Medium Enterprises Amidst the Pandemic and Reopening: Digital Edge and Transformation

Using administrative universal business registration data as well as primary offline and online surveys of small businesses (including unregistered self-employments) in China, we examine (i) whether digitization helps small and medium enterprises (SMEs) better cope with the COVID-19 pandemic and (ii) whether the pandemic has spurred digital technology adoption. We document significant economic benefits of digitization in increasing SMEs’ resilience against such a large shock, as seen through mitigated demand decline, sustainable cash flow, ability to quickly reopen, and positive outlook for growth. After the January 2020 lockdown, firm entries exhibited a V-shaped pattern, with entries of e-commerce firms experiencing a less pronounced immediate drop and a quicker rebound. Moreover, the pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation of existing firms and the industry in multiple dimensions (e.g., altering operation scope to include e-commerce, allowing remote work, and adopting electronic information systems). The effect persists more than one year after reopening, and it is more pronounced for certain sectors, firms in industrial clusters, and areas with more digital inclusion but less financial efficiency, constituting initial evidence for the long-term impact of the pandemic and the supposedly transitory mitigation policies. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance. Funding: This research was funded in part by the China Natural Science Foundation [Grants 71874008, 71441008, 71873121, and 72192844], Peking University, the Kauffman Foundation [Junior Fellowship], and the FinTech Chair at Paris–Dauphine University–Université Paris Sciences et Lettres. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.02424 .

Control strategy under pressure situations: performance pressure conditionally enhances proactive control.

Previous research and theories have demonstrated that attentional control plays a crucial role in explaining the choking phenomenon (i.e., the performance decrements) under pressure situations. Attentional control is thought to function through two distinct control strategies: proactive control (i.e., a sustained and anticipatory strategy of control) and reactive control (i.e., a transient strategy of control). However, little is known about how performance pressure affects these control strategies. The present study was designed to address this issue. Participants were instructed to complete a continuous performance task (AX-CPT40) under pressure situations. The results showed that individuals under high-pressure situations tended to use proactive control rather than reactive control. Moreover, performance pressure resulted in a more liberal response bias following an A-cue, consistent with an increased use of proactive control. Importantly, the proactive behavioral index calculated on RTs showed that the increased proactive control mainly occurred in the short interval between the cue and probe, but not in the long interval. This suggests that individuals under high-pressure situations are unlikely to employ a proactive control strategy in a situation that requires more attentional resources. In summary, our results provide initial evidence that performance pressure conditionally enhances proactive control, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic adjustment of control strategies under pressure situations.

Initial Validity Evidence for a Measure of Transactional Sex in a U.S. College Student Sample

ABSTRACT The current study provides initial validity evidence for a measure of Transactional Sex (TS). Participants (N = 269) were recruited from a Northeastern University in the United States and consisted of undergraduate and graduate students. Participants completed an online survey through QuestionPro that contained the Transactional Sex Measure (TSM) as well as measures of depression, anxiety, and stress, condom use negotiation self-efficacy and sexual risk, alcohol and drug use, and materialism. Construct and criterion validity were examined. Findings revealed that the TSM provided good criterion validity evidence but the construct validity evidence was minimal. Further studies on the conceptualization of TS and distribution of the TSM across a variety of diverse samples can provide more validity evidence.

Identification of Novel Can Manipulation Behaviour in the Common Raven (Corvus corax)

This study examines the common raven (Corvus corax) population on Lanzarote, Spain, at a previously unstudied site. The study aimed to compare the use of camera trap technology and human observation in capturing a wide repertoire of raven behaviour and pay close attention to the perforation of aluminium cans, a behaviour that has not been described in the scientific literature previously but has been reported anecdotally through human observation. Five cameras were sited over a period of 6 months, with three aluminium cans placed at each location. One of the three cans was baited with meat and eggs, mimicking wild feeding substrate. Human observations took place over the same period of time in the same locations. Raven sightings were highly correlated in human-inhabited areas as well as agricultural areas, seemingly linked to food acquisition. Camera trap technology identified a greater number of can-orientated behaviours (interaction, manipulation, peeking inside, and pecking) compared to the human observation method. Conversely, human observation yielded a greater number of non-can-orientated behaviours (analysed as a group) when compared to that of camera trap observation. Overall, there was a significantly greater number of ravens observed via human observation when compared to that of camera trap observation. Initial evidence suggests that ravens only perforate cans they deem salient in terms of food acquisition, with beer cans being the most common focus of the behaviours observed, possibly linked to olfactory stimuli, the movement of the can or learned behaviour relating to reward acquisition. This study presents new data regarding object interaction in ravens, adding to the current body of knowledge.

Distributionally Robust Optimization methods on robust medical diagnosis systems

In the medical field, modern recommendation systems face significant challenges due to distributional shifts in data. We propose utilizing Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) and Distributionally and Outlier Robust Optimization (DORO) methods to address this issue. This paper aims to develop suitable DRO and DORO frameworks for the medical domain and validate their effectiveness through extensive experiments. We employ the DDXPlus dataset for our investigations and cluster patients based on age, sex, and initial evidence to partition the data into distinct distributions. Using a simple three-layer neural network, we incorporate CVaR and CHISQ as DRO methods and their respective DORO forms. The experimental results show that the overall DRO approach demonstrates more significant enhancements while all four methods exhibit improvements over the original distributional scenarios. Our research contributes to optimizing deep learning models in the medical domain and enhancing their robustness. Furthermore, we intend to use these methods to estimate and provide best-fit patient therapies, addressing real-world medical challenges. The application of these approaches has the potential to enhance the performance and practicality of medical recommendation systems, offering improved medical services to patients.

Impact of Suramin on Key Pathological Features of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease-Derived Forebrain Neurons.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by disrupted proteostasis and macroautophagy (hereafter "autophagy"). The pharmacological agent suramin has known autophagy modulation properties with potential efficacy in mitigating AD neuronal pathology. In the present work, we investigate the impact of forebrain neuron exposure to suramin on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, a major regulator of autophagy, in comparison with rapamycin and chloroquine. We further investigate the effect of suramin on several AD-related biomarkers in sporadic AD (sAD)-derived forebrain neurons. Neurons differentiated from ReNcell neural progenitors were used to assess the impact of suramin on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway relative to the autophagy inducer rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Mature forebrain neurons were differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) sourced from a late-onset sAD patient and treated with 100μM suramin for 72 h, followed by assessments for amyloid-β, phosphorylated tau, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and synaptic puncta density. Suramin treatment of sAD-derived neurons partially ameliorated the increased p-Tau(S199)/Tau ratio, and fully remediated the increased glutathione to oxidized nitric oxide ratio, observed in untreated sAD-derived neurons relative to healthy controls. These positive results may be due in part to the distinct increases in Akt/mTOR pathway mediator p-p70S6K noted with suramin treatment of both ReNcell-derived and iPSC-derived neurons. Longer term neuronal markers, such as synaptic puncta density, were unaffected by suramin treatment. These findings provide initial evidence supporting the potential of suramin to reduce the degree of dysregulation in sAD-derived forebrain neurons in part via the modulation of autophagy.

Psychometric Assessment of the Rett Syndrome Caregiver Assessment of Symptom Severity (RCASS).

Rett syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that affects about 1 in 10,000 females. Clinical trials of disease modifying therapies are on the rise, but there are few psychometrically sound caregiver-reported outcome measures available to assess treatment benefit. We report on a new caregiver-reported outcome measure, the Rett Caregiver Assessment of Symptom Severity (RCASS). Using data from the Rett Natural History Study (n = 649), we examined the factor structure, using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and the reliability and validity of the RCASS. The four-factor model had the best overall fit, which covered movement, communication, behavior, and Rett-specific symptoms. The RCASS had moderate internal consistency. Strong face validity was found with age and mutation type, and convergent validity was established with other similar measures, including the Revised Motor-Behavior Assessment Scale, Clinical Severity Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Child Health Questionnaire. These data provide initial evidence that the RCASS is a viable caregiver-outcome measure for use in clinical trials in Rett syndrome. Future work to assess sensitivity to change and other measures of reliability, such as test-retest and inter-rater agreement, are needed.

Abstract A020: Neural stem cells expressing PTEN-L suppress glioblastoma invasion in vivo

Abstract A020: Neural stem cells expressing PTEN-L suppress glioblastoma invasion <i>in vivo</i>