Everyday Training Research Articles

Toward multimodal learning analytics in simulation-based collaborative learning: A design ethnography of maritime training

AbstractCollaborative learning in high-fidelity simulators is an important part of how master mariner students are preparing for their future career at sea by becoming part of a ship’s bridge team. This study aims to inform the design of multimodal learning analytics to be used for providing automated feedback to master mariner students engaged in collaborative learning activities in high-fidelity navigation simulators. Through a design ethnographic approach, we analyze video records of everyday training practices at a simulator center in Scandinavia, exploring (a) how feedback is delivered to students during collaborative activities in full-mission simulators and (b) which sensors are needed and why they are needed for capturing the multimodal nature of professional performance, communication, and collaboration in simulation-based collaborative learning. Our detailed analysis of two episodes from the data corpus shows how the delivery of feedback during simulations consists of recurring, multidimensional, and multimodal feedback cycles, comprising instructors’ close monitoring of student’s actions to continuously assess the fit between the learning objectives and the ongoing task. Through these embedded assessments, feedback that draws on the rich semiotic resources of the simulated environment, while considering aspects of realism and authenticity, is provided. Considering the multidimensional and multimodal nature of feedback in professional learning contexts, we identify technologies and sensors needed for capturing professional performance in simulated environments.

Offistretch: camera-based real-time feedback for daily stretching exercises

AbstractIn this paper, we present OffiStretch, a camera-based system for optimal stretching guidance at home or in the workplace. It consists of a vision-based method for real-time assessment of the user’s body pose to provide visual feedback as interactive guidance during stretching exercises. Our method compares the users’ actual pose with a pre-trained target pose to assess the quality of stretching for a number of different exercises. We utilize angular and spatial pose features to perform this comparison for each individual exercise. The result of this pose assessment is presented to the user as real-time visual feedback on an "augmented mirror" display. As our method relies simply on a single RGB camera, it can be easily utilized in everyday training scenarios. We validate our method in a user study, comparing users’ performance and motivation in stretching when receiving audio-visual guidance on a TV screen both with and without our live feedback. While participants performed equally well in both conditions, feedback boosted their motivation to perform the exercises, highlighting its potential for increasing users’ well-being. Moreover, our results suggest that participants preferred stretching exercises with our live feedback over the condition without the feedback. Finally, an expert evaluation with professional physiotherapists reveals that further work must target improvements of the feedback to ensure correct guidance during stretching.

Methods of Alleviating Working Dog’s Anxiety

As our society evolved swiftly, working dogs are becoming more predominant in assisting people in diverse fields. It's easier to see our loyal friends working hard in places like battlefields, rescuing people, or in airfields, detecting drugs. At the same time, researchers proposed a deeper understanding of animal welfare and people are more concerned about how to enhance the standard of living of working dogs. This report aimed to use the scientific studies of working dogs from the last decade to list both methods of preventing and alleviating working dogs' anxiety. These methods encompass both physical supplements and mental support. We will go through these methods through three main categories: methods to prevent their anxiety, physical items, and measures and reminders for their trainers in their everyday training and life. Utilizing this framework, we were able to assist these dogs who were having anxiety because of us. We benefit from their hard work and, subsequently, are responsible for their trauma. On the other hand, just like the inextricable link between living organisms, these methods may not only serve working dogs but also other animals around us, including your pet. Lastly, prioritizing animal welfare in research and practice will be pivotal to ensure the ongoing relationship between dogs and people as co-workers.

Keep it simple: a crosshair on the screen during proctored laparoscopic surgeries.

Inside the operating room, experts use verbal instructions to guide surgical novices through laparoscopic procedures. In this study, we evaluated the use of a crosshair attached to the video monitor, as a hands-free pointing tool to simplify instructions during operation. Ten surgical novices performed two elective laparoscopic cholecystectomies within a week of each other, randomized such that one was performed with and the other without using the crosshair. Directly after operation, questionnaires were completed by the novices and the consultant surgeons. Measures including the comprehensibility of instructions, subjective feeling of safety during preparation, time delays due to different instruction options, and disruptive influence while instructors used the crosshair. Differences in operative performance were evaluated based on the global operative assessment of laparoscopic skills (GOALS) scores. When the crosshair was used, surgical novices had a better understanding of which anatomical structure should be shown (p = 0.028). Operating time (p = 0.222) and feeling of confidence during preparation did not differ with versus without crosshair use (p = 0.081). All participants stated that the crosshair did not negatively affect the field of vision. In terms of the median GOALS score, the operative performance was improved when the crosshair was used compared with verbal instructions only (median 15, IQR (11; 21) vs. median 12, IQR (5; 19), p < 0.001). The crosshair is a simple, inexpensive, and widely available method to improve communication between instructors and novices in everyday training.

UK endoscopy trainer survey: perspectives on current endoscopy training delivery, experience, barriers and opportunities

ObjectiveUK endoscopy training is delivered by trainers possessing well developed endoscopy and teaching skills to help learners perform high-quality endoscopy. Train The Trainer (TTT) courses are effective, but additional trainer...

How can outdoor sports protect themselves against climate change-related health risks? – A prevention model based on an expert Delphi study

ObjectivesTo systematically develop an adaptation model to reduce climate change-related health risks for outdoor athletes. DesignDelphi Method study. MethodsA classic asynchronous Delphi study was conducted with a total of three survey rounds. 24 experts from the eight largest outdoor sport associations by membership in the German Olympic Sports Confederation were included as well as 24 medical experts with expertise in sport medicine, internal medicine, allergology, dermatology, infectiology, or toxicology. Based on open-ended questions, panelists were asked to consider prevention measures for sport organizations and clubs. Free text responses were analyzed by qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. ResultsExperts recommended establishing the following eight fields of prevention measures: technical and structural measures; organizational measures; personalized measures; basic, advanced, and continuing education; concepts of action, warning concepts, and financial concepts; cooperation and coordination; campaigns; and evaluation measures. ConclusionsThe pyramid model presented in this study systematizes possible sport-specific adaptation measures on climate change by empirical aggregation of knowledge from scientists, sport organizations, clubs, trainers, and professional athletes. To assess the effectiveness of these prevention measures, sport organizations may incorporate them not only into broader operations but also everyday training routines.

Sleep Assessment in Competitive Athletes: Development and Validation of French Versions of the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and validate French versions of two questionnaires assessing competitive athletes' sleep: the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-FR) and the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ-FR). Methods Four complementary studies were carried out, with a total sample of 296 French competitive athletes from different sports and expertise levels. The studies aimed to develop preliminary versions of the AIS-FR and the ASBQ-FR (study 1), and then to examine their respective dimensionality and reliability (study 2), temporal stability (study 3), and concurrent validity (study 4). The dimensionality was established using confirmatory factor analysis. Similar and correlated psychological factor scales were used to examine the concurrent validity (the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). Results The AIS-FR consists of eight items with two subfactors: nocturnal symptoms and diurnal symptoms, assessed by a uniformized 4-point Likert-type scale. The ASBQ-FR is composed of 15 items with three subfactors, which differs from the original English version: behaviors affecting sleep, behaviors related to anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Due to the Covid context and curfews, three items of the original scale were excluded from the statistical analyses because non-applicable. Both scales presented satisfactory psychometric properties. Discussion The AIS-FR and ASBQ-FR appear to be valid and reliable tools that can be used with competitive athletes for everyday training and research purposes. An ASBQ-FR version that includes the three excluded items should undergo validation testing once pandemic restrictions are eased.

Psychological Intervention Based on Mental Relaxation to Manage Stress in Female Junior Elite Soccer Team: Improvement in Cardiac Autonomic Control, Perception of Stress and Overall Health.

Chronic stress may represent one of the most important factors that negatively affects the health and performance of athletes. Finding a way to introduce psychological strategies to manage stress in everyday training routines is challenging, particularly in junior teams. We also must consider that a stress management intervention should be regarded as "efficacious" only if its application results in improvement of the complex underlying pathogenetic substratum, which considers mechanistically interrelated factors, such as immunological, endocrine and autonomic controls further to psychological functioning and behavior. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of implementing, in a standard training routine of the junior team of the Italian major soccer league, a stress management program based on mental relaxation training (MRT). We evaluated its effects on stress perception and cardiac autonomic regulation as assessed by means of ANSI, a single composite percentile-ranked proxy of autonomic balance, which is free of gender and age bias, economical, and simple to apply in a clinical setting. We observed that the simple employed MRT intervention was feasible in a female junior soccer team and was associated with a reduced perception of stress, an improved perception of overall health, and a betterment of cardiac autonomic control. This data may corroborate the scientific literature that indicates psychological intervention based on MRT as an efficacious strategy to improve performance, managing negative stress effects on cardiac autonomic control.

EFEITOS DA PRÁTICA DE CROSSFIT SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE ATLETAS DE BASQUETEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: The strength training and conditioning program known as CrossFit has demonstrated a great capacity for optimization in cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, power, speed, coordination, agility, balance, and precision. It is believed that basketball athletes may derive benefits from their practice. Objective: Explore the effects of CrossFit practice on the sport performance of basketball athletes. Methods: Sixteen athletes were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed adapted CrossFit-based training, while the control group remained with traditional training. The indices relevant to the study were captured before and after the intervention, statistically analyzed, and discussed considering the current literature. Results: The average body fat rate of the experimental group was reduced from 22.33% to 17.68%, the average vital capacity increased from 6210.08 ml to 6270.44 ml; the average time of the 3000 m run was accelerated from 14.00 min to 12.50 min, and the average horizontal pull force value was increased from 63.02 kg to 79.84 kg; and the average ball hit rate in one minute increased from 31.06% to 40.17%. Conclusion: The application of CrossFit-based training was shown to effectively improve the physical level, fitness, and sports performance of basketball players, and can be applied to everyday training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

The comparison of electroencephalography power and event related potential in success and failure during multitask game.

The first game-based treatment for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020. This game was developed for use at home as part of everyday training and can be used along with one's usual training plan. In this game, two tasks are performed in parallel: (1) a perceptual discrimination targeting task (response and not response and avoiding responding to sudden pop-up targets) and (2) a sensory-motor navigation task (players continuously adjust their location to interact with or avoid positional targets). However, the brain activity of people playing this game was not examined, and the immersive environment (3D virtual world) was not considered. Therefore, we aimed to develop a system to investigate brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) during multitask gameplay in virtual reality (VR). In this experiment, we focused on the difference between the success and failure of the Go/No-Go task in a multitask game. We created a color discrimination task and a target tracking task in VR. The content of this game task was designed using previous multitask training. EEG and event data were recorded. Using event data, we can analyze the data in detail. We divided the trial types (Go and No-Go) and results (success and failure). We then compared the success and failure of each task. In the Go trial, the relative theta power in success at Fz was significantly higher than that of failure. However, no difference in power was observed in the No-Go trial. On the other hand, theta power was no different between success and failure in the other task. These results of the Go trial suggest that the participants were attentive to processing both tasks. Thus, it is possible that theta power in the frontal area 1 s before stimulation could predict the success or failure of the Go trial. On the other hand, the results of the No-Go trial may be due to the low number of No-Go failure trials and the fact that stimulus oversight is one of the factors for success.

The Israeli elephant in the settler-colonial room

ABSTRACT This article presents a rationale to expand settler-colonial studies so as to conceptually fuse in the same proposition the question of settler-colonial permanence with that of the settler subject. Arguments are elaborated based on one particular case study, Palestine. This gap in the research in relation to Palestine not only has left unresolved the problem of how to explain the continuation of the Israeli settler regime beyond its unequivocal overt and superior mechanisms of legal and brute power but has also kept the concrete perpetrators in the shadows, away from public accountability. The article also lays out a number of potential dimensions to lead research into the conceptual nexus suggested here, for the specific case of Palestine. These dimensions, which I suggest form the emotional economy of Israeli settler-colonial subjectivity, comprise (1) the compensatory distributions of settler-colonial capture, (2) the historical formation of strata of subjectivation, (3) the avenues of socialization that cement the commitment to a militarized society, and (4) the ways by which settler learning and settler practice are conjoined in everyday training.

Developing the Positional Characteristics of a Dance-Specific Star Excursion Balance Test (dsSEBT).

Current dynamic balance tests do not sufficiently test all aspects of balance required for dancers in everyday training and performances. The aim of this study was to examine alterations to the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) to ensure a more dance-specific protocol. Twenty-four healthy ballet and contemporary dancers (age: 22.21 ± 6.47 years) participated in completing five different variations of the SEBT. This research implemented upper-body restrictions commonly used in dance settings and tested the effects of two different foot positions, parallel and turned out, as well as two alternate balance surfaces, a foam balance pad and a firm yoga block. Reach distances (percent of limb length), center of pressure (COP, cm²), error scores, and time to completion were measured. Overall, the dance-specific upper body restrictions did not affect the dancer's ability to reach maximally and achieve a successful trial as there were no significant differences between the original SEBT and the dance-specific SEBT parallel condition (p = 1.00). The foam and block conditions were found to be significantly more difficult due to lower reach distance values, higher COP values, and higher error score values when compared to the original, parallel, and turnout positions (p < 0.05). Lastly, it was discovered that 62.61% of all errors made were in the crossed side and crossed front spokes, suggesting these are the most difficult reach directions to accomplish. The variations used in the study will aid in developing a reliable dance-specific dynamic balance test.

Complications of Learning Curve in Supratentorial Intraventricular Region. The Concept of Fast Daily Fresh Cadaver Practice. (Technical Note for Training Method)

Background: The difficulty of learning curve in different microsurgical regions is one of the most challenging factors that affect neurosurgeon’s life. Two of the delicate areas are the suprasellar intraventricular and pontocerebellar region. High level of microsurgery or endoscopic surgery requires virtuosity, which can not be learnt only by assisting. Even among the well skilled neurosurgeons who work in big centers we can often hear “in spite of centralization there are not enough operations available to keep the high level of our skills”. The situation of surgeons working at mid centers is more difficult especially on duties. Methods: Huge number of scientific articles demonstrate the importance of different types of cadaver practice, but always did not pay enough attention to the daily fast fresh cadaver exercises. Focusing on lifelong every day practice we examined the difficulties of learning curve in intraventricular and pontocerebellar region and try to give some useful advice for practicing on fresh cadavers on a daily basis. We offer a simple endovascular fresh cadaver model for practicing. Results: We have performed more than 800 quick (60 - 90 minutes long) routine practice sessions in these two regions during last 18 years. We found that implantation a modelized pathology and removing it by microscopical or endoscopic way without causing injuries to sensitive structures seems to be the most practical way of fast everyday training. Nerves and vascular bypass sutures are also excellent practical method. Conclusions: We have focused on daily fast fresh cadaver practice as a novel training method like used in professional sport and art. After 18 years experience we can state that, for mastering the microsurgery of pontocerebellar and intraventricular region, which is one of the most challenging regions minimum 100 fresh cadaver practice sessions need before performing the operation. We believe this region should be part of fast fresh cadaver microsurgical practice routine programme on daily bases, minimum one time/week/person.

Consent Behaviours for Veterinary Procedures

Visiting the veterinarian is likely to be among the most stressful things a dog is regularly asked to do. With stress comes risk, not only of aggression towards staff and caregivers, but also of developing behaviors related to trauma. This article is an overview of the different classes of stress-related behavior and introduces the concept of a trained “consent behavior.” Working on consent behaviors as part of everyday training can go a long way to creating a safer, more predictable environment for a dog, minimizing stress and promoting agency.

Assessment of approaches to pre-start stress coping in judo competitors

Background. Both everyday training regime and participation in competitions itself are for athletes sources of multiple emotionally-difficult circumstances. A competitor who would like to succeed should know how to cope with such problems. For some competitors, stress itself can be a motivating stimulus, although, in practice, it depends on multiple factors. The aim of the study was presentation and description of the approaches used by Wroclaw judo competitors in order to minimize pre-start stress accumulation. Material and methods. 54 judo trainees from Wroclaw clubs participated in the experiment. Diagnostic opinion poll was used, based on questionnaires and surveys. The anonymous survey included questions concerning the presence of pre-start stress, approaches to stress minimization, the type of stress and the circumstances under which stress reaches its maximal levels. Results. In order to minimize the level of pre-start stress, the participants talk mainly with their friends, listen to music, watch TV, play computer games or exercise. Only a small part of competitors use relaxation techniques prior to competitions. Conclusions. It is necessary to introduce more diverse specialist strategies and stress coping techniques to judo training. Permanent coach education in this domain is essential since, based on the study results, their role in regulation of the competitor’s emotional states is essential.

‘A Fact in the History of the World’: The &lt;i&gt;Vegetarian Advocate&lt;/i&gt; (1848‒50) and the Serialization of Life

This essay examines the Vegetarian Advocate, a British monthly periodical that ran from 1848 to 1850, and it argues that the periodical’s serial form shaped its representation of vegetarianism. As the first official organ of the UK Vegetarian Society, the Vegetarian Advocate carried different messages to different audiences. For members of the Society, it circulated information on the organization’s publications, annual meetings, membership statistics, and finances, subjects that would be of interest only to insiders. For outsiders and the uninitiated, it published articles explaining vegetarian principles, using arguments drawn from physiology, chemistry, natural history, economics, and ethics to persuade curious readers to experiment with a vegetarian diet. However, drawing on press scholarship and Michel Foucault’s techniques of the self, this essay argues that the serial form of the periodical itself carried an important message on the vegetarians’ ‘serialization of life’, their belief that life be lived serially or, in other words, that forward progress and self-improvement come through repetition, attention to routine, and the everyday training of oneself. Specifically, this essay claims that the seriality of the Vegetarian Advocate allowed the Vegetarian Society to represent its dietary regimen as serial — that is, as a repetitive yet progressive, sequential system of self-transformation in which all forms of activity (from eating to exercising to socializing) accrued meaning sequentially, serially, and relationally, orientating vegetarianism and vegetarians towards a teleological objective, or what Foucault calls the ‘telos of the ethical subject’. Serialization, it claims, was integral to both the practice and concept of vegetarianism: vegetarian print materials were published serially while the practice itself was conceptualized as a progressive step in the development of the individual and the species.

The “Scene of Discourse”: Foucault and the Theater of Truth (on &lt;em&gt;Parrhēsía)&lt;/em&gt;

The "Scene of Discourse"Foucault and the Theater of Truth (On Parrhēsía) Kélina Gotman (bio) Foucault's views on theater shifted radically in the decade between 1975 and his death in 1984. Often noted in theater and performance studies, Foucault's concept of the spectacularity of discipline and punishment—the spectacle of the scaffold—most vividly articulated in Surveiller et Punir (1975, Discipline and Punish [1977]), suggests that for centuries, power played out theatrically, through a show of public humiliation.1 But visuality remained important even when punishment went behind the scenes. He wrote, "We are [today] much less Greeks than we believe. We are neither in the amphitheater, nor on the stage, but in the panoptic machine" (Foucault 1977, 217). In this view, power in the postindustrial West was characterized by mechanisms of observation and calculation designed to keep subjects in states of perpetual abeyance. Yet within the next decade, Foucault would come back to thinking about theatricality of another sort, seeing in discursive figures and practices of theater another beacon for politics. This time, he would return more closely to the Greeks, articulating a practice of observation and self-observation reaching in particular to Stoic and Cynic writings. In this later, less well-known work, Foucault attended carefully to the dramaturgical ways mutual relations of friendship, pedagogy, dramatic performance, and care enacted frank or fearless speech (parrhēsía). From this perspective, "care of self" (epimeleia heautou) and "knowledge of self" (gnōthi seauton) supported care of the other in a cultivable relationship requiring of all parties involved the courage to see and hear as well as to seek out truth.2 This article takes up the task of thinking Foucault's relationship to this other politics—to a practice of truth-speaking. I argue that this is a dramaturgical practice, grounded in theater as an engine of truth. [End Page 28] Significantly for Foucault, particularly between 1979 and 1984, when he was working through concepts of critique and governmentality, theater and performance became figures for thinking how to engage with relationships of self to self and self to other. This is not "theater" primarily in the sense of public spectacle—lies behind which "truth" might hover like an actor behind a mask—but attention to scenes of knowing, to the exercise of the gaze, and to the movements of thought. The philósophos—a physician of the soul—calls herself to herself, enabling and supporting thereby the possibility that others will be transformed through careful attention to truth as to an everyday practice in the "arts of life." DISCIPLINE AND ASKĒSIS Theory in this sense is a practice of care, and philosophy is everyday training in the practice of cutting and caring, truthful life. In his lecture courses at the Collège de France, the University of California at Berkeley, Dartmouth, and elsewhere, Foucault engages candidly in meditating on his own excurses and stray thoughts, extended digressions and returns. What I call his discursive theatricalism, his heightened presence to the present moment, constitutes a method grounded in the tripartite work of parrhēsía (truthful, fearless speech), askēsis (everyday training in philosophical life), and alēthourgia (the progressive unfolding of truth discourse) to shape the work of "critique." For Foucault, philosophy returns to Greco-Roman practices of self, anchored in radical self-searching; he does not merely discuss this but performs it obliquely for his audiences and himself.3 This joins what his interlocutor classicist Pierre Hadot (2002 [1993]) called "spiritual exercises" and what Foucault saw as "diagnosing the present" and one's role in it, speaking carefully what it may hurt to hear.4 Critique thus brings into focus a way of knowing exercised as tekhnai peri bion—arts of living, or everyday training in truthful life (Foucault 2014b, 31–44; 2001e, 248; 2017, 93). Understood first of all as a biotechnology or technology or technique of the self, these arts simultaneously enact a theater of self-discovery and self-disclosure (2014b, 37). Importantly, this "self" is not narcissistic: the arts of living unravel concepts of "self" bound up in particular modes of subjectivation or [End Page 29] subjective scenographies, arguably...

Learning to Read Equine Agency: Sense and Sensitivity at the Intersection of Scientific, Tacit and Situated Knowledges

The aim of this essay is to address the challenges and problems in communicating with horses and interpreting their communication in everyday handling and training situations. We seek ways to learn more about equine communication and agency in the prevention of cruelty against animals and in enhancing animal welfare. We ask how it would be possible to learn to read the subtle signs of equine communication and agency in a sensible, sensitive, and ethical way to increase the health and wellbeing of horses that humans interact with. We have placed this theoretical examination in a multidisciplinary framework that consists of humananimal studies, feminist posthumanities, cultural and literary studies, and equine social science, as well as applied insights from, for example, discussions on power, ethics, and politics. Our emphasis is on the need for situated knowledges, among scientific and tacit knowledges, in order to ‘become with’ a horse in a relationship based on mutual communication and trust. These different types of knowledges are central to an ‘animal politics’ that is organised politically on behalf of animals and motivated by an ethics of care and responsibility, echoing recent requests for a relational ethics in interactions with animals in multispecies societies and more-than-human worlds.

Integrating mental skills into your coaching: A practical approach

Competitive tennis places a number of unique psychological demands on players. This article discusses some basic theoretical frameworks that coaches can use to underpin a practical approach to training mental skills as part of everyday squad training. The exercises outlined are specifically aimed to improve concentration, confidence, control of emotions and commitment.

Accuracy of optical heart rate measurement and distance measurement of a fitness tracker and their consequential use in sports

The possibilities of continuously monitoring everyday training have become more varied and precise. Fitness trackers are common devices used for collecting training data. The aim of this study was to validate the optical heart rate (HR) and global positioning system (GPS) distance measurements under real conditions. In total, 30 moderate endurance-trained adults (15 males/15 females) completed a running test battery, 3 km of walking and running and 1.6 km of interval running, with optical HR measurement. The distance measurement test battery consisted of swimming for 500 and 1000 m, biking for 4.3 and for 36.7 km, stadium running for 3 km, walking and running for 1.6-km intervals, and off-road running for 3 and for 7.1 km. The criterion measurements consisted of HR measurement via chest strap and distance measurement via map in a 400‑m stadium and 50‑m pool. The differences between the measured HR/GPS distance data and the criterion measurement were calculated using several statistical methods. The t-test analysis of HR measurements showed significant differences during the 1.6 km of interval running (p 0.67; RestHR d > 1.12). The t-test analysis of distance showed significant differences in biking (p = 0.000) and running test results (p 0.72, respectively. The median absolute percentage error (MAPE) was <2.75% for biking and running and <4.50% for swimming. This study showed significant inaccuracies in optical HR measurements during rapidly changing HRs in real field testing for the first time. The GPS measurements also showed significant differences, but MAPEs were negligible. Therefore, optical HR measurement should be used on a limited basis, while distance/speed control can be used without restrictions.