Everyday Stress Research Articles

Witnessing their mother’s acute and prolonged stress affects executive functioning in children

Stress can detrimentally affect physical and mental health, especially during childhood. During this critical period, parental bonds can foster resilience or amplify stress. This study explored whether mothers’ everyday stress can act as a source of childhood stress, affecting children’s executive functioning. 76 healthy mother-child dyads participated, with mothers assigned to a stress-inducing or stress-free condition. Children observed their mothers and were subsequently tested for cognitive flexibility and working memory. Subjective stress, heart rate, and cortisol were measured repeatedly in mothers and children, alongside everyday stress perceptions. Linear mixed models showed that children’s acute stress response was associated with impaired cognitive flexibility. Maternal stress, both acute and past-month, was a better predictor of children’s cognitive performance than children’s own stress. Quadratic relationships indicated the highest error rates at very low and high maternal stress. We found no evidence that children’s working memory was impaired by their own or their mothers’ stress. Although expected covariations of acute or prolonged stress between mothers and children were not observed, an interaction between maternal past-month stress and acute stress condition provided insights into adaptive mechanisms in children. These findings underscore the significant impact of maternal stress on children’s executive functioning, illustrating how parental experiences shape children’s everyday outcomes.

Is it worth it? A comparison study of medical students’ aspirations for gaining the Health Care Certificate following employment as Healthcare Assistants

Background Medical students seek early patient contact but their curriculum starts with scientific knowledge. We integrated the Healthcare Assistant (HCA) course into semester one for early patient-facing clinical contact. This study compares students’ aspirations for this learning with the realities of employed work as HCAs. Methods This sequential mixed-methods study used pre-post-scored questionnaire data, followed by post-course focus groups, and interviews a year later. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and the qualitative data using thematic analysis. Results The learning was highly valued with early perceptions challenged. The learning both accelerated and advanced their medical skills. Their naivety of nurses’ work within team-based practice quickly eroded; they symbiotically linked their clinical and non-clinical learning; they acclimatised to the hospital environment while future gazing in preparation for clinical learning. Early anxieties for starting employment were overcome, building resilience. Conclusions HCA training offers a practical patient-facing set of competencies on which to build medical capability. Student text-book scientific knowledge was validated through their experiences with recognition of the importance of empathetic patient-centred care. They quickly learnt and absorbed ward function; experienced good and poor teamworking; highly valued the nursing role; and experienced the every-day stresses of being a front-line practitioner.

The HIV Environmental Riskscape: The Roles of HIV Sexual Risk and Resilience Factors among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: Findings from the Real Talk Project.

Black and African American men who have sex with men (Black MSM) experience the greatest proportion of new HIV infections in the United States. To address this challenge, a better understanding of the HIV environment riskscape including both risk and resilience factors is warranted among Black MSM. Research indicates that stress is associated with increased HIV sexual risk behaviors. Further, behavioral factors such as serosorting and community level factors including social support and community connection are resilience factors that protect against risk behaviors. The present study examines whether everyday stress is associated with HIV sexual risk behavior, as well as the role of risk and resilience factors among 125 Black MSM recruited in the Real Talk study. The Real Talk project examined the relationships between resilience, HIV risk behaviors, and HIV prevention strategy among a sample of Black MSM. Using generalized estimating equations, our results indicate a positive association between everyday stress and engaging in condomless anal intercourse only after adjusting for risk, resilience, and correlate variables. Similarly, having multiple sex partners and using substances during sex also show positive associations with condomless anal intercourse. Resilience factors of engaging in serosorting and being connected to both the Black and gay communities were negatively associated with condomless anal intercourse. Future prevention research and programming should focus on both risk and resilience factors to mitigate new HIV infections among Black MSM.

Discrimination and the Proliferation of Stressors: A Social Network Analysis

This study offers one of the few investigations into the role of discrimination in the stress proliferation process. Using a community-based sample of adults and actor-partner interdepended models, our findings reveal an intra-personal spillover effect, wherein individuals experiencing direct discrimination also report heightened secondary stressors across various life domains (i.e., general life, romantic partnerships, employment, social and recreational activities, and the health of family/friends). We further demonstrate an inter-personal crossover effect, indicating that individuals whose close network members experience high levels of discrimination reported an increased number of secondary everyday stressors across various life domains. Notably, the stress proliferation stemming from vicarious discrimination is primarily confined to intimate partner ties and does not extend to kinship or non-family ties. This study extends the stress process research by advancing our understanding of discrimination's pivotal role in stress proliferation and illuminates the potential ripple effects of discriminatory experiences across social networks.

Daily stress and emotions in relation to fear of negative and positive evaluation

Fear of negative (FNE) and positive (FPE) evaluation constitute distinct components of social anxiety and relate to altered affectivity. It is unclear whether individuals with strong FNE/FPE overreact to social stressors only or to more unspecific ones as well. The present set of three studies (n = 109 and n = 97 healthy individuals in study 1/2, n = 49 patients with social anxiety disorder in study 3) assessed whether reactivity to various daily stressors and non-specific momentary stress/emotions assessed through ecological momentary assessment depend on individuals’ level of FPE/FNE. Almost all relationships with FPE/FNE were explained by depressive symptoms, except for a unique association of FNE with reactivity to stressors from the distant social network. Relationships of FNE with momentary global stress and emotions were mixed, but again explained by depressive symptoms. More depressive symptoms were associated with higher stress, negative affect, and most stressor types as well as lower positive affect in all studies. These results show that for social stressors from the distant social network, FNE has explanatory power. They further document the role of depressive affect for reactivity to a wide range of everyday stressors and question the need for specific instruments assessing FPE/FNE unless stressors are explicitly social-evaluative in nature.

Стресс и стратегии совладания у студенческой молодежи: обзор исследований

<p>Global socio-economic crises, new pandemics, climate disasters, and other large-scale factors create an unfavorable background for humanity, often involving painful processes that lead to significant changes in personality and the social situation of development. Students, as they navigate personal and professional development during their university education, determine their life prospects and societal roles for many years to come. A normative age crisis, combined with everyday and global stresses, can lead to adverse consequences such as high anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorders, other emotional and behavioral problems, and social maladjustment. The issue of coping strategies that help students effectively manage stress becomes increasingly relevant. The review included 75 full-text Russian and English papers, mainly from 2019–2024, sourced from bibliographic databases such as Elibrary, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The analysis included articles where the participants were aged 17–25, primarily students. The analysis of theoretical and empirical studies allowed us to systematize the types of students' stressors and the specifics of coping strategies. It is important to distinguish whether coping is a response to a specific stressor (situational coping) or if its use is related to an individual's personality traits (dispositional coping). Additionally, it is informative to consider socio-demographic characteristics such as the gender of participants, year, and field of education, which help to identify additional factors associated with the use of different coping strategies. The choice of effective or ineffective coping strategies is characterized by different relationships between stress, existing emotional problems (such as anxiety and depression), and mental toughness (adaptive resource). Thus, a scientifically based approach to effective coping strategies for students, with detailed consideration of perceived stress, mental toughness, the level of emotional problems, and demographic factors, can be considered the most relevant theoretical model.</p>

Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance following acute stress.

Effective regulation of emotions is essential in coping with everyday stressors. Although cognitive reappraisal and acceptance are both commonly employed to downregulate negative emotions, they differ in many aspects. Their effectiveness in real-life situations can also be influenced by prior stress or a person's trait preferences for certain emotion regulation (ER) strategies. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of both ER strategies in a laboratory setting, while focussing on the effect of stress and trait moderators. Ninety-eight healthy participants aged 18-40 were randomly divided into three groups with instructions to use reappraisal, acceptance, or nothing while viewing distressing pictures from the IAPS database. Half of the participants in each group underwent a laboratory stressor (socially evaluated cold pressor test) 20-30min before the ER task. The effectiveness of ER was measured subjectively on the visual analog scale, and by measuring heart rate, skin conductance, and pupil responses. The data show that cognitive reappraisal lowered subjectively experienced negative emotion, while acceptance did not. These group differences were however not supported by psychophysiological indicators. Secondly, although the laboratory stressor elicited cortisol stress responses in our participants, we did not find any effect on ER. Furthermore, the data has not supported the moderation effect by trait reappraisal and acceptance. The present findings show that deliberate usage of ER strategies when viewing emotionally charged pictures leads to a decrease in experienced emotion. On the other hand, the effects of stress and trait moderators were not supported, therefore they may be smaller and more variable than expected.

Does Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness Contribute to Reducing Perceived Stress in Women Who Practice Yoga and Are Physically Active?

(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate whether yoga practice and physical activity level play an essential role in trait mindfulness and perceived stress reduction. Moreover, the study examined the differences in trait mindfulness and perceived stress between women who practiced yoga and those who engaged in other physical activities or were physically inactive, taking into account the time spent on physical activity in accordance with the World Health Organization recommendations. (2) Methods: A sample of 201 women participated in a cross-sectional online-based study, including 96 yoga practitioners and 105 non-practitioners of yoga (including physically active and inactive individuals). The average age of the participants was 36 years (range, 18-72 years; M = 36.19, SD = 11.64). Respondents completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). (3) Results: Women who practiced yoga and were physically active had a significantly higher level of trait mindfulness and lower perceived stress levels than women who did not practice yoga and were physically inactive. An indirect effect of physical activity on perceived stress through mindfulness was shown only for women practicing yoga for at least 150 min per week. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the importance of frequent yoga practice in reducing perceived stress and improving mindfulness traits. These findings may serve as a basis for implementing preventive actions in women experiencing high levels of everyday stress.

The gratitude and mental health of student in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

PurposeHigh levels of mental health disorders in students can affect their academic activity. Students should think positively to control the mental health disturbances they experience. This study aims to address the mental health problems of students by increasing their gratitude because gratitude is the key to facing the problems that a person faces. Therefore, the study focuses on finding the influence of gratitude on student mental health disorders.Design/methodology/approachThe subjects in this study were 420 students in Eastern Kalimantan using quantitative methods with gratitude scales GQ-6 and DASS-21. Data collection method with online questionnaires to be analyzed with regression analysis.FindingsThe findings of this study empirically show that gratitude has a significant and positive effect on mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress). This shows that gratitude has an important effect on mental health in students. If gratitude is higher, then anxiety and stress decreases significantly. This study aims can serve as a foundation for student mental health improvement programs.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was cross-sectional, which makes it impossible to conclude a causal relationship between the variables. Therefore, future research should use more advanced research methods, including longitudinal and experimental studies. Another potential limitation that could bias the results is the fact that the data were based solely on self-reports. Then, the study group included a larger proportion of female students than male students.Practical implicationsThis study provides a deeper understanding of the importance of gratitude in maintaining mental health. Gratitude has been shown to have a positive correlation with increased psychological well-being, decreased levels of depression and increased resilience in the face of everyday stress and challenges in college students at private univesity and state university.Originality/valueThis research changes students' mindset to always be grateful by thinking positively during the teaching and learning process at university. Many students complain about the current conditions, especially related to study assignments, differences in the teaching and learning process at school. This study is useful for students to reduce mental health disorders at university.

“It’s been a hard year”: How families who have children with disabilities and chronic health conditions experience the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundFamilies of children with disabilities and chronic health conditions experience unique challenges associated with school, therapies, and social supports. However, little is known about the COVID-19 pandemic’s influence on these families. AimsTo understand the lived experiences of families with children with disabilities and chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and ProceduresWe gathered narrative accounts from 25 mothers of children with disabilities and chronic health conditions using individual interviews (n = 19) and one focus group (n = 6). A phenomenological approach was used to analyze the data. Outcomes and ResultsThree overarching themes were identified: isolation, connection, and thriving. Families experienced isolation due to the pandemic causing stress and poor mental health; maintained social connections with other family members, friends, and care providers using virtual platforms; and discovered unexpected benefits from the pandemic including a better understanding of their children and a slower pace of life. Conclusions and ImplicationsTherapy and support for children with disabilities and their families should prioritize reducing everyday stress, developing social connections that leverage existing networks and identify potential new ones, implementing approaches that build on children’s strengths, and maintaining choice in delivery of professional and peer-led support.

Experiences of Discrimination and its Impact on the Intensity of Pain: A Study in the Elderly Brazilian Population

Background: The experience of pain is multifactorial and may be exacerbated by everyday stressors like discrimination leading to a poor quality of life. Perceived discrimination has been associated with the presence and increased intensity of pain. The elderly population may be more likely to experience discrimination making them vulnerable to external stress factors that can make managing pain more difficult. We aimed to explore the influence of discrimination and stress on pain intensity in an elderly Brazilian population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study design, we analyzed the data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) in which participants answered the revised everyday discrimination questionnaire stating their pain intensity and perceived stress level. The effect of discrimination and stress on pain intensity was assessed using a multivariable-adjusted ordinal logistic regression. Sensitivity analysis with multiple imputations for missing data was also conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. Results: In the elderly Brazilian population, discrimination and perceived stress had a significant association with pain intensity. The odds of experiencing strong intense pain were 7% higher in an adult experiencing everyday discrimination (OR= 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03-1.11, p<0.001). Stress was also significantly associated with pain intensity (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.05 - 1.06). This finding emphasizes the need to address the influence of such societal factors on the psychological and physical aspects of pain. Conclusion: Our study found that there is a significant association between experiences of discrimination and stress with pain intensity in a large population from Brazil in accordance with previous studies despite differences in population demographics and cultural contexts. These findings provide evidence of the generalizability of these associations and underscores the detrimental health consequences associated with perceived discrimination.

Опросник повседневных стрессоров для подростков

<p>The article presents the results of the development and testing of psychodiagnostic tools designed to study adolescents’ perception of everyday stress. Everyday stress is an integral part of life in the modern world, and teenagers can be especially vulnerable to everyday stressors. Despite a growing body of research, there is a lack of necessary tools to identify stressful areas in adolescents' daily lives. The article presents research materials obtained from a sample of 555 adolescents, 339 girls and 216 boys aged 13 to 17 years. Validization included a preliminary survey of adolescents, compiling a list of stressors in the everyday life of adolescents, factoring stressors and identifying zones of stress intensity, interpreting the data obtained, assessing zones of everyday stress and convergent validity. As a result, a questionnaire on daily stress for adolescents was developed and tested; zones of everyday stress were identified, including both spheres of the external environment and internal life: “Loneliness, health”, “Self-attitude”, “Rejection”, “Fears, anxieties”, “School, study”, “Communication with elders”, “Affairs, planning”, “Finance”, “Mystical fears”. The results of the analysis showed high consistency of the Questionnaire factors.</p>

Mental health and academic achievement of secondary students in west Bengal

A condition of mental health is characterized by an individual's self-awareness, ability to manage everyday stressors, productivity at work, and capacity to give back to the community. One of the most researched social effects of mental health issues is academic achievement. The purposes of this study how mental health related with academic achievement. In this study the researcher used descriptive type survey method and used mixed sampling method for data collection. Uses analysis by ‘t’ test and ‘co-efficient correlation’. 600 sample were selected for this study. Researcher developed the tool of mental health scale. The finding of this study is · there is mean difference between Academic Achievement and Mental Health among secondary level students. · Finding of the present study reveals that there is no mean difference between Male and Female Secondary Students in Mental Health · In the present study, the researcher found mean difference between Rural and Urban Secondary Students in Mental Health. · There is positive relationship between Academic Achievement and Mental Health among secondary level students.

WOMEN, STRESS AND COPING WITH TIKTOK

Abstract: This research paper delves into women’s consumption of TikTok to cope with everyday stress by examining the significant meanings of TikTok to women as a coping tool, exploring women’s motivations for engaging with TikTok for stress and emotion management, and finally, investigating the relationship between women’s social and economic conditions and their consumption of TikTok for coping. Using the Media Dependency Theory, we conducted semi-structured interviews with six women from lower-income (B40) backgrounds. Our findings identified two themes: Characteristics of Stress and Coping via Consumption. These findings suggest that TikTok has several positive outcomes in women’s coping processes and emotional well-being; as such, we found that TikTok positively affects women’s moods and emotions through its various media content. TikTok is also used as a tool for women to comprehend the nature of their stressors, including gaining mutual emotional support through online discussions. Additionally, TikTok encourages women to seek self-betterment and practice healthy, effective coping strategies. The implications of this paper can help us understand the nature of stress women face in this current era, and how social media is capable of becoming an effective tool for coping.

Youth homeless shelter staff perceptions of a mobile recreation program

ABSTRACT Youth homelessness is a complex social issue and accounts for the fastest growing demographic of individuals living without a home. Though it is well established that recreation can support youth socially, physically, and emotionally, the community partner perspective is rarely incorporated. The purpose of this study was to incorporate the perspectives of supportive housing staff about the importance of a mobile recreation program in the lives of youth experiencing homelessness. Five participants participated in a group interview and a reflexive thematic analysis approach was utilized. The findings indicate that RoW filled a necessary gap in supportive programming; that RoW provided a context to support youth to become more comfortable participating in recreation; and that RoW offered a break from everyday stressors through encouraged play and self-expression. Findings suggest that the recreation program offered various opportunities for the youth to feel connected and to engage in meaningful activities.

#1962 Development of triple-whammy induced pre-renal AKI is highly dependent on the hydration status

Abstract Background and Aims The concomitant use of diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and angiotensin system inhibitors is known as Triple Whammy (TW) and significantly increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Maintenance of hydration contributes to correct kidney perfusion, and effective renal haemodynamic regulation allows the kidneys to cope with everyday stressors and challenges, such as TW therapy. Interference with these adaptive mechanisms frequently occurs due to extrinsic (environmental conditions, lifestyle, drugs) or intrinsic (comorbidities, ageing) factors and may lead to dehydration, a negative body liquid balance with a high impact on health. Identifying modifiable risk factors that pose individuals at high risk of AKI following TW therapy is key for the search and prescription of preventive strategies in a personalized manner. The aim of this work was to study the role of hydration status on the renal effect of TW. Method Two-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into 3 experimental groups: Blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected at basal state (B), two days after water deprivation (D0), and two days after TW therapy (D2). Body weight was monitored during the experiment. Haematocrit was assessed from blood samples, and osmolality, concentration of creatinine (Jaffe reaction), and urea (Jung method) were determined in plasma. Urinary flow was recorded, and specific gravity, osmolality and creatinine concentration were measured in urine samples. Results Dehydration was observed after 48 h water deprivation, evidenced by a 12% weight loss and significant increases in haematocrit and plasma osmolality. As expected, during this dehydrated state rats excreted a very reduced volume of a highly concentrated urine with elevated levels of specific gravity and osmolality. No changes in renal function were observed after 48 h water deprivation, nor after TW treatment in fully hydrated rats. Administration of TW triggered significant alterations of the renal function, indicative of AKI, only in rats previously deprived of water for 48 h. These alterations were markedly increased when dehydration was partially sustained during the TW treatment by a 60% water restriction. Conclusion TW-induced AKI in young Wistar rats is facilitated when the hydration status worsens. In this sense, assessing hydration and implementing (re)hydration strategies may help to reduce or prevent TW-induced AKI. This study was supported by Project PI21/01226, funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union, and a grant from the Conserjería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León (IES160P20), Spain, co-funded by FEDER funds. Noelia Diaz-Morales is recipient of a Juan de la Cierva-Formación postdoctoral contract (FJC2020-043205-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union “NextGenerationEU/PRTR”.

Association of Perception, Interest, and Barriers of Learning and Practicing Yoga with Levels of Stress in Life among Residents Living in Saudi Arabia.

Yoga as a mind-body activity and clinical studies on yoga's effects on physical and mental health have produced encouraging results. However, there is little research done on the population's perception and interest toward practicing yoga in KSA. Thus, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the perception, interest, and barriers of learning and practicing yoga with levels of stress in life among residents of Saudi Arabia. This is an observational, cross-sectional study in which people were polled using questionnaires. The study included people of both genders aged 18-70, and Google Forms were distributed through various online platforms. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The study included 906 subjects in total. Participants were mostly female (64%) and non-Saudi residents (70.9%) between the ages of 31 and 51 years, with moderate levels of stress in life. About 58.6% of the study participants were aware of the benefits of yoga. The Chi-square analysis shows low-stress subjects (67.5%) knew more about yoga and meditation, whereas no-stress subjects (35.7%) practiced yoga. About 14.9% of high-stressed people consulted a yoga therapist. The majority of high (15.3%), medium (12%), and no-stressed (19.6%) did yoga for mental health and focus, whereas the low-stressed (19.3%) did it for physical health. C. Most of the study population knew yoga's physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. The study found a relationship between the everyday stress levels of Saudi Arabian citizens and their opinions about, interest in, and obstacles to taking up yoga. More experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

EmoVis: exploring data-enabled analogue journaling to promote self-reflection for mental wellness among college students

ABSTRACT College students are known to face many stressors, making them one of the most vulnerable groups to mental disorders. To tackle such an issue, this paper presents a design study that investigated data-enabled analogue journaling (DEAJ) to help college students improve their mental wellness through paper-based self-reflection aided by automatic self-tracking. Specifically, based on several design iterations we developed a DEAJ tool, called EmoVis, which could generate a printed visualisation based on daily physiological data and event tags to support doodling or structured writing in analogue journaling for everyday stress management. We conducted a six-day mixed methods field study with 32 college students to evaluate the effectiveness and user experience of EmoVis. Results suggested that EmoVis can significantly improve the engagement and need for self-reflection due to context-based reflection and data-enabled exploratory journaling. Furthermore, the doodling canvas was experienced as a joyful tool for mindfulness and creative DEAJ, while reflecting with a writing template was perceived as efficient. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of DEAJ approaches for daily stress coping in students’ college life.

Moderating role of menstrual cycle on the interrelation of salivary cortisol and perception of everyday stress in female late adolescents from croatia

Moderating role of menstrual cycle on the interrelation of salivary cortisol and perception of everyday stress in female late adolescents from croatia

The Leuven Prolonged Acute Stress Test (L-PAST): A novel paradigm to induce a subjective and glucocorticoid stress response for at least ninety minutes

Laboratory stress tests typically administer stress acutely, ranging from 3 to 15 minutes. However, everyday stressors usually last longer than ten minutes (e.g., examination stressors, work stressors, and social stressors. Moreover, in some studies, it may be relevant to induce stress for a longer period to affect certain psychological or physiological parameters. To this end, we developed a novel stress test that intends to induce psychosocial stress for 90 minutes. The Leuven Prolonged Acute Stress Test (L-PAST) combines physical (hand immersion in cold water), cognitive (mental arithmetic), and psychosocial (social evaluation and feelings of failure) stress elements of two well-known laboratory stress tests, the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) and the Montreal Imaging Stress Test (MIST). Fifty healthy women were subjected to both the L-PAST and a sham (control) test in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. The stress response was determined by salivary cortisol measurements and assessment of subjective stress ratings at regular time points during the time preceding the stress period (5 min), the stress period (90 min), and the recovery period (35 min). Cognitive reactivity to failure and subjective pain levels were also assessed at various time points. The childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the perceived stress scale (PSS) were administered prior to the testing phase. As expected, linear mixed models revealed that the stress response was significantly higher during the L-PAST as indicated by a significant time point by condition interaction effect for both the cortisol response (F(10,450)=12.21, p < 0.0001, ηp2=0.11) and the subjective stress response (F(13,637)=13.98, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.12). Moreover, there was a significant time point by condition interaction effect for cognitive reactivity to failure (F(13,637) = 7.97, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.07) and subjective pain (F(13,637) = 38.52, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.27), indicating that the levels were higher during the L-PAST at most stress induction time points. Lastly, higher CTQ scores were associated with higher subjective pain levels during the L-PAST (F(1,44)=6.05, p = 0.02). Collectively, our results confirm the efficacy of the L-PAST in inducing a prolonged subjective as well as cortisol stress response.