Everyday Lives Of Individuals Research Articles

Algorithmic Spaced Retrieval Enhances Long-Term Memory in Alzheimer Disease: Case-Control Pilot Study.

Spaced retrieval is a learning technique that involves engaging in repeated memory testing after increasingly lengthy intervals of time. Spaced retrieval has been shown to improve long-term memory in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it has historically been difficult to implement in the everyday lives of individuals with AD. This research aims to determine, in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, the efficacy and feasibility of a mobile app that combines spaced retrieval with a machine learning algorithm to enhance memory retention. Specifically, the app prompts users to answer questions during brief daily sessions, and a machine learning algorithm tracks each user's rate of forgetting to determine the optimal spacing schedule to prevent anticipated forgetting. In this pilot study, 61 participants (young adults: n=21, 34%; healthy older adults: n=20, 33%; people with MCI due to AD: n=20, 33%) used the app for 4 weeks to learn new facts and relearn forgotten name-face associations. Participation during the 4-week period was characterized by using the app once per day to answer 15 questions about the facts and names. After the 4-week learning phase, participants completed 2 recognition memory tests approximately 1 week apart, which tested memory for information they had studied using the app as well as information they had not studied. After using the mobile app for 1 month, every person with MCI due to AD demonstrated improvements in memory for new facts that they had studied via the app compared to baseline (P<.001). All but one person with MCI due to AD (19/20, 95%) showed improvements of more than 10 percentage points, comparable to the improvements shown by young adults and healthy older adults. Memory for name-face associations was similarly improved for all participant groups after using the app but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, for both new facts and name-face associations, we found no memory decay for any participant group after they took a break of approximately 1 week from using the app at the end of the study. Regarding usability, of the 20 people with MCI due to AD, 16 (80%) self-adhered to the app's automated practice schedule, and half of them (n=10, 50%) expressed an interest in continuing to use it. These results demonstrate early evidence that spaced retrieval mobile apps are both feasible for people with early-stage AD to use in their everyday lives and effective for supporting memory retention of recently learned facts and name-face associations.

Application of artificial intelligence in retail

In the context of the contemporary Industry 4.0 concept, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral component of human lifeʼs success, the impact of which is increa­singly difficult to overestimate today. With the advent of AI, the everyday life of individuals has noticeably transformed. Neural networks are capable of working in an algorithmic way, adapt, learn, and even generate new inven­tions within a short span of time. Since the concept of AI appeared, fervent debates have revolved around its advantages and opportu­nities for modern society, ethical frameworks of application, risks, and the negative impact of AI on various professional spheres. However, the revolutionary changes brought about by AI, enabling individuals to delegate routine tasks and freeing up time for creative endeavors, remain indisputable. Despite the high significance of previously conducted research, the state and potential opportunities of industrial application of AI remain insufficiently explored. The purpose of the study is to determine the current trends in the development of artificial intelligence, to assess the actual state of use and to justify recommendations for the future use of AI systems in the retail sector. It has been deter­mined that the introduction of AI technologies is a modern global trend and one of Ukraineʼs priorities. It has been proven that the complex realities of domestic retail development unveil opportunities for digital transformation and the intensification of AI implementation. The current state of AI development has been examined: the leading countries in artificial intelligence implementation have been identified, and the retail sector has been ranked fourth among industries with high potential for the application of advanced technologies. To gain an understanding of AI development in retail, a survey was conducted, the results of which delineated business processes where AI techno­logies are actually applied and specified the goals of their application. The priority opera­tional processes of retail enterprises for the implementation of advanced technologies have been identified and ranked by the significance of AI systems, which are most relevant to modern retail. A list of AI systems has been sorted according to their purpose and functional capa­bilities in retail.

Politics and Psychology

This article presents a discussion inspired by the invitation formed by Kevin Carriere’s book: “Psychology in Policy – Redefining Politics Through The Individual”. From a theoretical standpoint in culture psychology Carriere challenges the idea of politics as a particular practice carried out by mainly politicians. Instead, he attempts to anchor processes of politics in the everyday lives of individuals, directed at changing their worlds. In this article, we discuss how this ambition could evolve even further by relating it to other theoretical approaches working with similar ambitions.

A Comparison of Affective-Cognitive States in Daily Life Between Emerging Adults With and Without Past-Year Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Although the literature suggests trait-like differences in affective and cognitive vulnerabilities between individuals with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), little is known about how these dispositional differences are experienced in the natural environment. The present study compares the intensity, inertia, interaction, and variability of affective (negative and positive affect) and cognitive states (rumination, self-criticism) in the everyday lives of individuals who do and do not engage in NSSI. Using experience sampling methodology (ESM), 60 emerging adults (ages = 18–22 years) with and without past-year NSSI (equally distributed) completed eight questionnaires per day for 12 days (in total, 96 questionnaires per participant), resulting in 4,587 assessments (median compliance = 83.3%; IQR = 71.9–91.7). In a dynamic structural equation modeling framework, dynamic parameters (i.e., mean intensity, carryover effects, spillover effects, and within-person variability) were evaluated using multilevel vector autoregressive models. Emerging adults who engage in NSSI experience higher intensity and greater variability of negative affect, rumination, and self-criticism, whereas those who do not engage in NSSI experience higher intensity and lower variability of positive affect. In addition, past-year NSSI predicted stronger affective-cognitive interactions over time, with stronger spillover effects of negative and positive affect on subsequent rumination and self-criticism in individuals who engage in NSSI. Depressive symptoms and trait levels of emotion dysregulation and self-criticism partially negated these differences. Our findings provide evidence that emerging adults who self-injure experience more negative affective-cognitive states in daily life and point to the potential relevance of boosting positive emotions to buffer negative cognitions.

Assessment Practices for Teaching and Learning of Mathematics: The Perception of Pre-service Teachers in District Khairpur, Sindh Pakistan

Mathematics plays a vital role in academics as well as in the everyday lives of individuals. Moreover, it is considered the most complicated and tough academic subject among students due to its complexity. Whereas, in terms of teaching and assessment strategies, mathematical conceptualization is also one of the most challenging aspects among teachers. In the classroom, mostly pedagogical and traditional assessment practices develop students' negative attitudes towards mathematics. Similarly, assessment in mathematics is an integral part of teaching and learning, but it is usually viewed as a problematic part of the instructional task. There is considerable evidence that teachers' beliefs about mathematics assessment impact their teaching of mathematics. This study aims to identify the perceived approaches to assessment in the mathematics classroom and analyze the effective domains of assessment in the mathematics classroom by pre-service teachers in Khairpur. Therefore, to explore this perspective, this study has been conducted with pre-service teachers to analyze their perceptions regarding assessment practices for mathematics. The qualitative research methods employed in this study and the qualitative data collected through a structured interview protocol. The sample of study comprises five pre-service teachers from district Sukkur, Sindh. In an effort to address the research questions, thematic analysis has been used. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicated that the different perceptions of pre-service teachers about assessment in mathematics range from traditional to constructive, which highlights the importance of teaching approaches that focus on formative assessment in the math classroom along with summative assessment in a constructive way. It is recommended that formative assessment be used during the teaching and learning process of mathematics because formative assessment is more effective than summative assessment.Moreover, the study suggests that teachers should adopt some effective strategies for assessment of mathematics.

Thirty-Five Years of Antiterrorist Policies in France

The current era is characterized by an unprecedented multiplication of legal standards. This multiplication is unanimously denounced as a source of complication in everyday life for individuals and as a cause of paralysis for administrations themselves.

Stavovi mladih u Republici Srpskoj o braku, porodici i roditeljstvu

The subject of this paper involves the attitudes of the student population in Republic Srpska about marriage, family and parenthood. Changes in family domain in modern society directly affect not only the everyday lives of individuals, but also society as a whole. Negative demographic trends, structural problems of the Republic Srpska society, as well as the spread and acceptance of value orientations from the West also affect changes in marriage and family in our society. This paper analyses data from a survey of young people's attitudes about marriage, family and parenthood, and their relations with some basic sociodemographic characteristics. Moreover, young people's plans for their future life, forming their own families and having children, have also been analysed.

Operational Definitions of Treatment Response and Remission in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Capture Meaningful Improvements in Everyday Life

Introduction: The operational definitions of treatment response, partial response, and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are widely used in clinical trials and regular practice. However, the clinimetric sensitivity of these definitions, that is, whether they identify patients that experience meaningful changes in their everyday life, remains unexplored. Objective: The objective was to examine the clinimetric sensitivity of the operational definitions of treatment response, partial response, and remission in children and adults with OCD. Methods: Pre- and post-treatment data from five clinical trials and three cohort studies of children and adults with OCD (n = 1,528; 55.3% children, 61.1% female) were pooled. We compared (1) responders, partial responders, and non-responders and (2) remitters and non-remitters on self-reported OCD symptoms, clinician-rated general functioning, and self-reported quality of life. Remission was also evaluated against post-treatment diagnostic interviews. Results: Responders and remitters experienced large improvements across validators. Responders had greater improvements than partial responders and non-responders on self-reported OCD symptoms (Cohen’s d 0.65–1.13), clinician-rated functioning (Cohen’s d 0.53–1.03), and self-reported quality of life (Cohen’s d 0.63–0.73). Few meaningful differences emerged between partial responders and non-responders. Remitters had better outcomes across most validators than non-remitters. Remission criteria corresponded well with absence of post-treatment diagnosis (sensitivity/specificity: 93%/83%). Using both the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale yielded more conservative results and more robust changes across validators, compared to only using the Y-BOCS. Conclusions: The current definitions of treatment response and remission capture meaningful improvements in the everyday life of individuals with OCD, whereas the concept of partial response has dubious clinimetric sensitivity.

Advanced Cognitive Algorithm for Biomedical Data Processing: COVID-19 Pattern Recognition as a Case Study.

Automated disease prediction has now become a key concern in medical research due to exponential population growth. The automated disease identification framework aids physicians in diagnosing disease, which delivers accurate disease prediction that provides rapid outcomes and decreases the mortality rate. The spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a significant effect on public health and the everyday lives of individuals currently residing in more than 100 nations. Despite effective attempts to reach an appropriate trend to forecast COVID-19, the origin and mutation of the virus is a crucial obstacle in the diagnosis of the detected cases. Even so, the development of a model to forecast COVID-19 from chest X-ray (CXR) and computerized tomography (CT) images with the correct decision is critical to assist with intelligent detection. In this paper, a proposed hybrid model of the artificial neural network (ANN) with parameters optimization by the butterfly optimization algorithm has been introduced. The proposed model was compared with the pretrained AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and the SVM to identify the publicly accessible COVID-19 chest X-ray and CT images. There were six datasets for the examinations: three datasets with X-ray pictures and three with CT images. The experimental results approved the superiority of the proposed model for cognitive COVID-19 pattern recognition with average accuracy 90.48, 81.09, 86.76, and 84.97% for the proposed model, support vector machine (SVM), AlexNet, and GoogLeNet, respectively.

Relational Dynamics of Treatment Behavior Among Individuals with Tuberculosis in High-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.

Although tuberculosis (TB) incidence has significantly declined in high-income, low-incidence (HILI) countries, challenges remain in managing TB in vulnerable populations who may struggle to stay on anti-TB treatment (ATT). Factors associated with non-adherence to ATT are well documented; however, adherence is often narrowly conceived as a fixed binary variable that places emphasis on individual agency and the act of taking medicines, rather than on the demands of being on treatment more broadly. Further, the mechanisms through which documented factors act upon the experience of being on treatment are poorly understood. Adopting a relational approach that emphasizes the embeddedness of individuals within dynamic social, structural, and health systems contexts, this scoping review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on experiences of being on ATT and mechanisms through which socio-ecological factors influence adherence in HILI countries. Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published in English between January 1990 and May 2020. Additional studies were obtained by searching references of included studies. Narrative synthesis was used to analyze qualitative data extracted from included studies. Of 28 included studies, the majority (86%) reported on health systems factors, followed by personal characteristics (82%), structural influences (61%), social factors (57%), and treatment-related factors (50%). Included studies highlighted three points that underpin a relational approach to ATT behavior: 1) individual motivation and capacity to take ATT is dynamic and intertwined with, rather than separate from, social, health systems, and structural factors; 2) individuals’ pre-existing experiences of health-seeking influence their views on treatment and their ability to commit to long-term regular medicine-taking; and 3) social, cultural, and political contexts play an important role in mediating how specific factors work to support or hinder ATT adherence behavior in different settings. Based on our analysis, we suggest that person-centered clinical management of tuberculosis should 1) acknowledge the ways in which ATT both disrupts and is managed within the everyday lives of individuals with TB; 2) appreciate that individuals' circumstances and the support and resources they can access may change over the course of treatment; and 3) display sensitivity towards context-specific social and cultural norms affecting individual and collective experiences of being on ATT.

Promoting physical activity in everyday life of people with intellectual disabilities: An intervention overview.

People with intellectual disabilities show significantly lower levels of physical activity than the general population in respect to all consequences for health. A positive effect of physical activity on health preservation has been proven, but interventions for physical activity in everyday life seem to be rare for people with intellectual disabilities. Based on a previously conducted scoping review the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist was prepared. This article describes and compares physical activity interventions in everyday life for individuals with intellectual disabilities with the aim to of identifying successful strategies and areas for improvement. The 12 included interventions are heterogeneous, but commonalities and similarities can be identified. There are suggestions for successful strategies to implement physical activity interventions. However, much information could not be found. The promotion of healthier lifestyles is important to improve the overall health in this population.

Mediatization of Social Reality and Media Experience of Seniors

&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-GB"&gt;The demographic changes taking place in the most developed countries in Europe show a dynamic process of aging societies. Seniors (i.e. according to WHO, people over 65 years of age) are sometimes affected due to the limiting conditions of constantly progressing social changes. One of the most significant transformations is the presence of media in the everyday life of individuals. Development of technology and media communication lead to the spread of the mediatization of social reality. Many media recipients build their idea of the world based on what they learn from the mass media. It then influences their understanding of themselves and their role in the world. The purpose of this article is to analyse mediatization as a social process and to explain how it affects older people's experience of the media.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Changes of Gambling Patterns during COVID-19 in Sweden, and Potential for Preventive Policy Changes. A Second Look Nine Months into the Pandemic.

Gambling has been suggested as one of the potential mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In earlier self-report studies, increased gambling has been reported by a limited proportion of respondents characterized with a high degree of problem gambling. The present study, carried out with the same methodology and in the same geographical setting, around seven months later in the pandemic, aimed to repeat and to extend the understanding of potential gambling changes in the population during COVID-19. An anonymous sample of web panel members was assessed, altogether 2029 individuals (52% women, 10% moderate-risk or problem gamblers). Results indicated that 6% reported increased gambling, and 4% reported decreased gambling during the pandemic. Having increased gambling was associated with more severe gambling problems (OR 2.78, 95% confidence interval 2.27–3.40), increased alcohol consumption (OR 2.92, 1.71–4.98), and psychological distress (OR 3.38, 1.83–6.23). In the group reporting increased gambling during COVID-19, moderate-risk/problem gambling was very common (62%). Recent governmental policy interventions in the area were known to a minority (30%) of respondents, but awareness of the regulations was markedly more common in individuals with at least moderate-risk gambling (56%) and in self-excluders (78%). Reporting of any perceived influence from policy changes was low (3%), and divided between those reporting an increasing and decreasing effect, respectively. Increased gambling may be a consequence of COVID-19-related changes in everyday lives of individuals with problematic gambling patterns. Thus, a vulnerable group demonstrates higher rates of gambling migration and psychosocial problems, and may require particular attention in screening and treatment contexts, and further scientific evaluations.

AGEING WITH SMARTPHONES ‘FROM BELOW’: INSIGHTS FROM JAPAN, UGANDA, AL-QUDS AND IRELAND

AGEING WITH SMARTPHONES ‘FROM BELOW’: INSIGHTS FROM JAPAN, UGANDA, AL-QUDS AND IRELAND This session examines new ways to theorize the smartphone, based on a comparative study of smartphone use amongst older people in four different fieldsites for a period of 16 months ethnographic fieldwork. Along with gender, age is one of the primary parameters by which societies throughout history have structured and governed themselves (Spencer, 1990). Since the 1960s, however, we have lived with an unprecedented modern consciousness that has presented an increasingly powerful challenge to this hegemonic principle by placing a high value on youth culture (Hodkinson, 1999). As a result, there is a new uncertainty about the meaning of age (Degnen, 2007). In addition, age has also extended class discrepancies, as those around the world between the ages of 45–70 have become a class that has settled its children and can now capitalize upon the new choices of consumer culture (Blaikie, 1999). Yet, these ageing populations increasingly face problems of loneliness linked to a loss of authority of seniority (Hazan, 1994), though this may be alleviated by contact through digital devices and networked platforms, mainly smartphones. Focusing on populations in their sixties, seventies and eighties is one of the panel’s major contributions, as mostly up until now smartphones have been associated with the idea of a youth technology and many of their attributes associated with that age group (Jenkins et al., 2016). Hence, we wish to release the smartphone from its earlier connections, allowing us to theorise it more broadly as part of the life of ‘non-digital natives’. The four papers in the panel show how understanding smartphones is more than simply addressing the culture of ‘apps’ or the ‘culture of connectivity’. Rather, the smartphone presents an ecology of digitization tailored to the specific configurations of the individual user which is best understood through the ethnographic method of holistic contextualization. This approach links smartphone usage with all aspects of offline life and creates a role for digital anthropologists who are well placed to tackle fundamental questions about smartphones because they can gain access to this intimate and mainly private configuration and processes of personalization within their social and cultural contexts. Using Pype’s (2019) concept of `smart from below’ we provide illustrations showing how it is the users who actually create smartphones. To follow normative contemporary theory, this would require situating our findings in relation to established theoretical debates about new communications media. The nuance given by comparing four fieldsites with a vast variety of smartphone usage ties us to the initial context of difference and comparison, thus providing novel conceptualizations of the smartphone. These include concepts such as ‘screen ecology’, ‘the transportal home’, ‘beyond anthropomorphism’, ‘social ecology’, ‘perpetual opportunism’, ‘contradiction and ambivalence’, ‘the control hub’, ‘multifaceted connectivity’ and others. Each of these may help us to visualise, understand, and explain what people do with their smartphones and why. But where this subsumes Uganda, al-Quds, alongside Japan and Ireland there is a danger of creating neo-imperial homogenisations based on citing de-contextualised critiques. Our panel strives to describes an alternative path that could allow for theoretical development of the contemporary smartphone, while avoiding these betrayals of either substance or original insight. Three papers provide more extended examples of what we have achieved ‘the transportal home’ through fieldwork in Japan, ‘care transcending distance’ through fieldwork in Uganda, and we explore ‘contradiction, ambivalence and multifaceted connectivity’ though fieldwork in al-Quds. The fourth paper is more theoretical, aiming to link between the presented ethnographies and exemplify the grounding of theory of the smartphone. We hope that our panel will encourage global discussion of the role of the smartphones in the everyday lives of individuals from all age groups, not just the young. Such an expansion would allow for a deeper understanding of this device which, as we demonstrate, is so central to many people’s experience of social life, home, and care. References Blaikie, A. (1999). Ageing and popular culture. Cambridge University Press. Degnen, C. (2007). Minding the gap: The construction of old age and oldness amongst peers. Journal of Aging Studies, 21(1), 69-80.‏ Hazan, H., &amp; Ḥazzān, Ḥ. (1994). Old age: Constructions and deconstructions. Cambridge University Press. Hodkinson, P., &amp; Bennett, A. (Eds.). (2013). Ageing and youth cultures: Music, style and identity. A&amp;C Black.‏ Jenkins, H., Shresthova, S., Gamber-Thompson, L., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., &amp; Zimmerman, A. (2018). By any media necessary: The new youth activism (Vol. 3). NYU Press. Pype, K. (2017). Smartness from below: variations on technology and creativity in contemporary Kinshasa. What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa, 97-115. Spencer, P. (1990). Anthropology and the Riddle of the Sphinx: Paradoxes of Change in the Life Course. Routledge.‏

Interventions as experiments: Connecting the dots in forecasting and overcoming pandemics, global warming, corruption, civil rights violations, misogyny, income inequality, and guns

This essay applies the “ultimate broadening of the concept of marketing” for designing and implementing interventions in public laws and policy, national and local regulations, and everyday lives of individuals. The ultimate broadening of the concept of marketing: Marketing is any activity, message, emotion, or behavior by someone, firm, organization, government, community, or brand executed consciously or nonconsciously that may stimulate an observable or non-observable activity, emotion, attitude, belief, or thought by someone else, group, organization, firm or community. The broadening definition applies to the current interventions by national and state/provincial governments as well as healthcare facilities, medical science facilities, firms, and individuals to mitigate and eliminate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Framing interventions as experiments is helpful in improving the quality of their designs, implementing them successfully, and validly interpreting their effectiveness. In January and February 2020, a few nations were exemplars for accurately forecasting the coming disaster of COVID-19 as a cause of illness and death and in designing/implementing effective mitigating strategies: Denmark, Finland, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, and Vietnam. While the COVID-19 prevention intervention tests now being run for several promising vaccines are true experiments, the researchers analyzing the data from these interventions may need prompting to examine the efficacy of each vaccine tested by modeling demographic subgroups for the members in the treatment and placebo groups in the randomized control trials.

"Temporal associations between sleep quality and paranoia across the paranoia continuum: An experience sampling study": Correction to Kasanova et al. (2020).

Reports an error in "Temporal associations between sleep quality and paranoia across the paranoia continuum: An experience sampling study" by Zuzana Kasanova, Michal Hajdúk, Viviane Thewissen and Inez Myin-Germeys (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2020[Jan], Vol 129[1], 122-130). In the article, the affiliation for Inez Myin-Germeys should have included the School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University. In addition, the following acknowledgment of funding was missing from the author note: "This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 777084." The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-42677-001.) Sleep disturbances are prevalent among individuals with a psychotic disorder and have been linked to symptoms of paranoia across the entire psychosis continuum. Emerging evidence suggests that rather than a secondary symptom, poor quality of sleep may contribute to elevated paranoid ideation. We investigated the temporal dynamics of sleep quality and paranoid ideation using the experience sampling method in 42 acutely paranoid individuals with a psychotic disorder, 32 nonparanoid individuals with psychotic disorder, and 41 individuals with high schizotypy traits. We applied time-lagged mixed multilevel modeling to tease apart the effect of poor sleep quality on morning paranoia and negative affect, and the impact of evening paranoid ideation and negative affect on subsequent sleep quality. In the whole sample, poor subjective sleep quality predicted elevated paranoia the following morning, a relationship that was fully mediated by morning negative affect. No significant association between evening paranoia and poor sleep the following night emerged. In the everyday lives of individuals on the paranoia continuum, low quality of sleep appears to drive paranoia through its impact on negative affect. These findings identify sleep quality as an important target of transdiagnostic interventions for psychotic and affective symptomatology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Comorbid Suffering: Breast Cancer Survivors in South Africa.

Cycles of chronic illness are unpredictable, especially when multiple conditions are involved, and that instability can transform "normal" everyday life for individuals and their families. This article employs a theory of "comorbid suffering" to interpret how multiple concurrent diagnoses produce webs of remarkable suffering. We collected 50 life stories from breast cancer survivors enrolled in the South Africa Breast Cancer Study. We present three women's narratives who grapple with comorbid suffering and illness-related work, which arise interpersonally when comorbid illnesses affects social interactions. We found that women strive to create a balance between living with comorbid suffering and continuously performing routine activities amid treatment. Discrimination and isolation were underpinned by women's fear of being rejected by their families or how their illnesses created social distance between family members and the wider community. This study therefore illustrates how comorbid suffering requires intensive family commitments amid and beyond illness.

Depersonalization and derealization in embarrassing social interactions: an experience sampling study in social phobia, major depression and controls

ObjectiveThe study explored the duration and frequency of depersonalization (DP) and derealization (DR) in embarrassing social interactions in the everyday life of individuals with social phobia (SP), major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls. MethodsExperience sampling was used (seven days, five surveys per day). A total of N = 165 patients (n = 47 SP, n = 118 MDD) and n = 119 controls were included. DP/DR were assessed whenever an interaction has been indicated as embarrassing. ResultsIndividuals with SP and MDD experienced more embarrassing social interactions than controls and, accordingly, more DP/DR. The frequency of DP in embarrassing social interactions was, compared to controls, only significantly higher in MDD (no difference between SP and MDD). Regarding DR, there were no between-group differences. The groups also did not differ regarding duration of DP/DR. ConclusionsThe study is the first to demonstrate in an ecologically valid manner that DP/DR regularly occur in relation to feelings of embarrassment in controls and in individuals suffering from SP or MDD. DP and DR might be responses to strong emotions, like embarrassment, or might be attempts at coping. The higher emergence of embarrassment itself might be viewed as an indicator of maladaptation. Treatment interventions correcting for these misinterpretations might reduce DP/DR.

Conceptualising Human-centric Cyber Security in the Arctic in Light of Digitalisation and Climate Change

The following article revisits existing scholarship on human-centric approaches to security in cyberspace and argues that a holistic understanding of cyber security in the Arctic must include discussion of the use of cyber technology in the everyday lives of individuals and communities, addressing both the ways such tools enable and undermine human security. Simultaneously, the article contextualises the Arctic as a region undergoing rapid change as a result of climate change and increased digitalisation and seeks to understand the consequent implications for human security. In light of these considerations, the article analyses the existing constraints and possibilities that cyber security and digitalisation pose for human security and revisits them from a humancentric perspective of cyber security. It also seeks to contextualise such security influences in relation to the role of climate change and its influence on the region. Finally, several examples are discussed to underline the interdependent implications of digitalisation and climate change from a human-centric perspective of cyber security in the Arctic.

Temporal associations between sleep quality and paranoia across the paranoia continuum: An experience sampling study.

Sleep disturbances are prevalent among individuals with a psychotic disorder and have been linked to symptoms of paranoia across the entire psychosis continuum. Emerging evidence suggests that rather than a secondary symptom, poor quality of sleep may contribute to elevated paranoid ideation. We investigated the temporal dynamics of sleep quality and paranoid ideation using the experience sampling method in 42 acutely paranoid individuals with a psychotic disorder, 32 nonparanoid individuals with psychotic disorder, and 41 individuals with high schizotypy traits. We applied time-lagged mixed multilevel modeling to tease apart the effect of poor sleep quality on morning paranoia and negative affect, and the impact of evening paranoid ideation and negative affect on subsequent sleep quality. In the whole sample, poor subjective sleep quality predicted elevated paranoia the following morning, a relationship that was fully mediated by morning negative affect. No significant association between evening paranoia and poor sleep the following night emerged. In the everyday lives of individuals on the paranoia continuum, low quality of sleep appears to drive paranoia through its impact on negative affect. These findings identify sleep quality as an important target of transdiagnostic interventions for psychotic and affective symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).