Effect Of Interpretation Research Articles

Integration of input and expectations influences syntactic parses, not just sentence interpretation.

Interpreting a sentence can be characterized as a rational process in which comprehenders integrate linguistic input with top-down knowledge (e.g., plausibility). One type of evidence for this is that comprehenders sometimes reinterpret sentences to arrive at interpretations that conflict with the original language input. Does this reflect a reinterpretation of only the message, or also of earlier stages of linguistic representation such as the syntactic parse? The present study relies both on comprehension questions as a measure of the eventual interpretation (as in past work) and on syntactic priming as an implicit measure of the eventual parse of a sentence. Plausible dative sentences yielded a classic syntactic priming effect. Implausible dative sentences, for which a plausible alternative version corresponded to the alternate dative structure, not only tended to be interpreted as the plausible alternative, but also showed no priming effect from the perceived syntactic structure. These results suggest that the plausibility of a message can not only impact the interpretation of a perceived sentence, but also its underlying syntactic representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality by using water quality index (WQI) and GIS technique in meknes aquifer (Morocco)

ABSTRACT Assessment of groundwater quality is important for drinking water, especially for rural populations. The aim of this study was to assess the groundwater quality for human consumption by integrating the water quality index with geographic information system (GIS) for the eventual interpretation of Meknes area water quality. Eight wells and two springs were investigated between February 2013 and February 2014. In light of the analysis results, spatial distribution maps of chosen physico-chemical parameters such as pH, O2, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2−, NH4 +, NO3 −, NO2 −, PO4 3−, SO4 2− and HCO3 – were prepared using GIS. Water Quality Index (WQI) approach is utilized with the groundwater parameters and spatial distribution maps have been developed using GIS for the obtained indexes. The anthropogenic activities may be the likely cause of poor water quality. The north and north-west regions are influenced by anthropogenic inputs from the leaching of landfill and wastewater, whereas the south-west region is affected by agricultural runoff due to a quite high level of agricultural activity. The WQI values varied from 28.88 to 187.18. According to WQI classification, 30% of samples are unsuitable for drinking water purposes. These findings indicate the need for serious reflection on the part of the planners and decision-makers for efficient management of the groundwater resources.

Generation and Interpretation of Sculptural Ideas in Large Scale Stone Sculptures Placed in Outdoor Public Spaces: An Analysis of the Stone Sculptures of Gerald Motondi Oroo.

This paper presupposes that there is no artwork, in this case, large-scale outdoor sculptural work, that is undertaken without a defined ‘intent’; the extent and description of which depends on the individual artist and the visual impact of the work. In examining artwork, such intent is often relegated to the sidelines and yet it should constitute the first line of information as to why the work was created in the first place and can form a good basis for the eventual interrogation and interpretation of the work itself by the audience. This paper seeks to delve into the intent of the artist in order to determine the genesis of his motivation and the source of his inspiration and subsequently, also to determine the extent to which the work itself is effective in propagating this intent. Although there is a reference to the expression and expressiveness of artwork as an avenue of understanding how artwork is generally viewed and visually examined, the core purpose of the study gravitates around the intent of this particular artist, his motivation and inspiration. However, in this regard, questions still abound on whether the artist’s individual intent is ‘all encompassing’ or whether there are, indeed, other factors that spur multiple interpretations from the audience that point to new meanings and, therefore, make the work more interactive and engaging. The work featured in this paper makes these arguments even more significant because firstly, they are executed by the same individual and secondly, the pieces were conceived and executed on-site in different countries raising the prospect of intense contextual and cultural implications. The intriguing question that lingers is whether the artist’s personal creative intent is relevant or he is entangled by communal thematic expectations to which he must conform since the work is in the people’s space. This immediately raises questions about the role of ‘outsider’ artist in some instances, in the generation of subject matter and the role of outdoor sculpture placed in public spaces which are expected, in essence, to be in contextual resonance with the local community. The sculptures are large stone sculptures placed in outdoor spaces and done in various media such as marble, granite and soapstone. The work is located in different sites in various countries.

Understanding Mosquito Surveillance Data for Analytic Efforts: A Case Study

Mosquito surveillance data can be used for predicting mosquito distribution and dynamics as they relate to human disease. Often these data are collected by independent agencies and aggregated to state and national level portals to characterize broad spatial and temporal dynamics. These larger repositories may also share the data for use in mosquito and/or disease prediction and forecasting models. Assumed, but not always confirmed, is consistency of data across agencies. Subtle differences in reporting may be important for development and the eventual interpretation of predictive models. Using mosquito vector surveillance data from Arizona as a case study, we found differences among agencies in how trapping practices were reported. Inconsistencies in reporting may interfere with quantitative comparisons if the user has only cursory familiarity with mosquito surveillance data. Some inconsistencies can be overcome if they are explicit in the metadata while others may yield biased estimates if they are not changed in how data are recorded. Sharing of metadata and collaboration between modelers and vector control agencies is necessary for improving the quality of the estimations. Efforts to improve sharing, displaying, and comparing vector data from multiple agencies are underway, but existing data must be used with caution.

Evento Coacción de la Construcción ¨Nombre + posposición temporal¨ en chino y estudio comparativo con el español: una perspectiva de la Estructura de Qualia extendida

El presente trabajo, basado en la Teoría del Lexicón generativo (TLG) (Pustejovsky, 1995), procura aportar una interpretación detallada y profunda de los fenómenos del Tipo Discordancia (Type Mismatch) y el Tipo Transición (Type shift) en la construcción ¨Nombre + Posposición temporal¨. Para ello, se realizará un análisis de los casos más representativos, en este caso, las posposiciones temporales后hou/之后zhihou/以后yihou(HOU). Se tomarán a su vez como referencia, sus equivalentes en español, como es el conector adverbial temporal después de (Vanderschueren 2013), con el fin de indagar cómo opera el mecanismo generativo semántico Evento coacción en chino. La construcción canónica (Chomsky 1986) ¨Nombre + posposición temporal¨ tiene la función de localizar un evento dentro de un eje temporal, donde se requiere que el complemento sea un sustantivo del tiempo, como: un punto de tiempo (el momento del evento), un punto de tiempo de referencia (el momento de referencia), o bien, un punto de tiempo de la enunciación (el momento de la enunciación). Cuando en la posición del complemento se presenta un nombre eventivo o no eventivo, la posposición temporal exigirá que dicho nombre sea o se convierta en un delimitado, del cual se pueda derivar un punto en el tiempo. En tal proceso del tipo transición, el nombre eventivo atípico estará coaccionado por su determinante, y pasará de nombre eventivo no delimitado a delimitado. El nombre no eventivo, está directamente coaccionado por la posposición temporal, y pasará de nombre no eventivo, a eventivo delimitado, para satisfacer el requisito de las posposiciones temporales como Hou. Sin embargo, no todos los nombres no eventivos pueden usarse en la construcción coaccionada ¨Nombre + posposición temporal¨. Solamente los nombres secuenciales (Ma 1991) pueden aparecer en la posición del complemento en dicha construcción, gracias a que, el rasgo sub-léxico [Temporalidad contextual] ([TC]) (Liu 2004) les posibilita a obtener la interpretación eventiva. Finalmente, el presente estudio deduce una formal lógica del proceso sintáctico en chino, en el que funciona la coerción de tipos. Dicha lógica forma favorecería una perspectiva dinámica de las relaciones léxicas entre los diferentes tipos de nombres y posposiciones temporales, y a su vez, permite ver claramente las etapas en las cuáles se ha experimentado el Tipo Transición. Los resultados permiten observar, que la propuesta de la TLG puede explicar cómo opera el mecanismo generativo Evento coacción en la construcción ¨Nombre + posposición temporal¨, no obstante, es necesario ampliar la perspectiva del análisis de la Estructura Qualia (EQ) a la Estructura Qualia Extentida (EQE) (Yuan 2014).

Comparison of REV size and tensor characteristics for the electrical and hydraulic conductivities in fractured rock

The representative elementary volume (REV) is a critically important concept in fractured rock investigations as it tells us at what scale the fractured domain can be represented by an anisotropic tensor as opposed to requiring the details of each individual fracture for modelling purposes. Whereas the REV size and corresponding tensor characteristics for the hydraulic conductivity (K) in fractured rock have been the subject of numerous previous investigations, no studies to date have focused on the electrical conductivity (σ). This is despite the fact that geoelectrical measurements are arguably the most popular means of geophysically investigating fractured rock, typically via azimuthal resistivity surveying where the observed electrical anisotropy is commonly used to infer hydraulic characteristics. In this paper, we attempt to fill this void and present a systematic numerical study of the impacts of changes in fracture-network properties on the REV size and equivalent tensor characteristics for both the electrical and hydraulic conductivities. We employ a combined statistical and numerical approach where the size of the REV is estimated from the conductivity variability observed across multiple stochastic fracture-network realizations for various domain sizes. Two important differences between fluid and electric current flow in fractured media are found to lead to significant differences in the REV size and tensor characteristics for σ and K; these are the greater importance of the matrix in the electrical case and the single power instead of cubic dependence of electric current flow upon aperture. Specifically, the REV for the electrical conductivity will always be smaller than that for the hydraulic conductivity, and the corresponding equivalent tensor will exhibit less anisotropy, often with notably different principal orientations. These findings are of key importance for the eventual interpretation of geoelectrical measurements in fractured rock, where we conclude that extreme caution must be taken when attempting to make the link to hydraulic properties.

European integration through ‘soft conditionality’. The contribution of culture to EU enlargement in Southeast Europe

This article discusses how the European Commission employs cultural policy to facilitate EU enlargement processes. Since 1989 the European Commission has funded cultural programs in accession states as a ‘soft’ complement to its ‘hard’ conditionality. It reflects a more general trend in which the EU employs alternative modes of governance to deal with resistance against EU interference in national affairs. By investing in culture, the EU hopes to stimulate transnational cooperation, economic growth, social cohesion and identification with the EU. However, the outcomes of these investments cannot be predicted. Characteristic for soft policy programs is that participating states are responsible for their eventual interpretation and implementation. By comparing the policies and practices of EU cultural investments in accession states Southeast Europe, and particularly in Serbia, this paper discusses the limits and possibilities of EU funded initiatives to enlargement revealing an increasing governing through soft conditionality.

Septuagintas betydning for udfoldelsen af nytestamentlig teologi

The old Greek translation of the sacred books of Judaism, the so-called Septuagint, became the first Bible of the Christian Church. Among other things, this meant that much of the vocabulary and many of the theological concepts of the Jewish sacred texts were already available in a Greek form. On the other hand, this fact also had the consequence that the understanding of the underlying Hebrew text and its eventual interpretation by the translators were taken over by the New Testament authors, beginning with the apostle Paul. The first part of this article summarizes parts of the discussion of the role of the Septuagint as the ‘Bible’ text of the New Testament and its impact on the formation of New Testament theology

Lewy- and Alzheimer-type pathologies in midbrain and cerebellum across the Lewy body disorders spectrum.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are pathologically characterized by intraneuronal α-synuclein aggregates and thus labelled as Lewy body disorders (LBD). Conjoint cortical α-synuclein, tau and amyloid-β (Aβ), and striatal Aβ aggregates, have been related to dementia in LBD. Interpretation of current and emerging in vivo molecular imaging of these pathologies will need of precise knowledge of their topographic distribution. We aimed to assess these pathologies further down the encephalon across the LBD-spectrum. Semiquantitative rating of α-synuclein, Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in midbrain (and cerebellum in the case of Aβ as it represents the last β-amyloidosis stage) sections from cases representative of the LBD-spectrum (PD non-dementia, PD-dementia, DLB; n = 10 each) compared to controls (n = 10) and Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 10). α-synuclein midbrain scores rose from controls to AD and then LBD irrespective of dementia. Aβ and tau were more prominent in the tectum/tegmentum, increasing from controls to LBD (mostly in dementia cases in the case of Aβ), and then peaking in AD. By contrast, cerebellar Aβ scores were marginal across the LBD-spectrum, as opposed to AD, only showing a trend towards greater involvement in LBD cases with dementia. Frequency and severity of Aβ and tau pathologies in the midbrain across the LBD-spectrum were midway between controls and AD, with Aβ in the tectum/tegmentum being associated with dementia. These findings might have potential implications in the eventual interpretation of regional uptake of in vivo molecular imaging of these pathologies.

Gagueira: uma questão discursiva

Este artigo propõe um dispositivo para teorizar a gagueira. Supõe-se que a gagueira emergiria na terceira posição do processo de aquisição de linguagem, quando podem ser observadas, nas produções das crianças, pausas, reformulações e autocorreções. Essas pausas, reformulações e autocorreções assemelham-se às repetições e hesitações que caracterizam a gagueira, gerando movimentos de estranhamento no Outro (Termo definido por Lacan como sendo o lugar do "tesouro dos significantes" ou o lugar do outro simbólico que afasta da cena o outro encarnado). Esse estranhamento pode levá-Lo a atribuir a essas repetições, pausas e hesitações, o estatuto de gagueira, ou seja, a cristalizar o manifesto, aprisionando-o ao patológico. Para dar sustentação a essa hipótese, entrevistaram-se as mães de quatro crianças gagas, cujos dizeres foram analisados alçando-se o dispositivo da Análise de Discurso de Linha francesa. Os achados apontam para os efeitos da interpretação do Outro sobre o gago e a urgência de se levar em conta a submissão da criança a um discurso, predominantemente autoritário. Concluindo, ao pensar a gênese da gagueira, seria primordial levar em conta: a) a interpretação que o Outro faz da fala da criança; b) como a criança ouve sua própria fala e c) a sobre determinação simbólica da linguagem - re-significando repetições e hesitações como inerentes ao processo de aquisição da linguagem pela criança.

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Pragmatics: From Theory to Experiment and Back Again

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Pragmatics: From Theory to Experiment and Back Again

Surface Ozone Measured at GLOBE Schools in the Czech Republic: A Demonstration of the Importance of Student Contribution to the Larger Science Picture

Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is a worldwide, hands-on, primary and secondary school-based education and science program, which is developed to give students a chance to perform real science by making measurements, analyzing data, and participating in research through collaboration with scientists. As part of the GLOBE Surface Ozone Protocol, and with the assistance of the TEREZA Association in the Czech Republic, schools in the Czech Republic have been making and reporting daily measurements of surface ozone and surface meteorological data since 2001. Using a hand-held ozone monitor developed for GLOBE, students at several Czech schools have generated multiyear data records of surface ozone from 2001 to 2005. Analysis of the data shows that surface ozone levels were anomalously high during the summer of 2003 relative to other summers. These findings are consistent with the measurements of the European Environment Agency, which highlight the summer of 2003 as having exceptionally long-lasting and spatially extensive episodes of high surface ozone, especially during the first half of August. Further analysis of the summers prevailing meteorology shows not only that it was one of the hottest on record, a finding also seen in the student data, but the conditions for production of ozone were ideal. Findings such as these increase student, teacher, and scientist confidence in the utility of the GLOBE data for engaging budding scientists in the collection, analysis, and eventual interpretation of the data for inquiry-based education.

The semantics/pragmatics interface from an experimental perspective: the case of scalar implicature

In this paper I discuss some of the criteria that are widely used in the linguistic and philosophical literature to classify an aspect of meaning as either semantic or pragmatic. With regards to the case of scalar implicature (e.g. some Fs are G implying that not all Fs are G), these criteria are not ultimately conclusive, either in the results of their application, or in the interpretation of the results with regards to the semantics/pragmatics distinction (or in both). I propose a psychologically relevant criterion, that of the primary or secondary role of context. This criterion applies to sub-personal processes that derive the interpretation of a scalar term rather than to the eventual interpretation of the term, and there exist well-established experimental paradigms that can generate quantitative data. I present recent studies on scalar implicature which employ such off-line and real-time paradigms, aiming to demonstrate how research on the semantics/pragmatics distinction can benefit from experimental investigation.

Local lymph node assay (LLNA) for detection of sensitization capacity of chemicals

The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a murine model developed to evaluate the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. The LLNA is an alternative approach to traditional guinea pig methods and in comparison provides important animal welfare benefits. The assay relies on measurement of events induced during the induction phase of skin sensitization, specifically lymphocyte proliferation in the draining lymph nodes which is a hallmark of a skin sensitization response. Since its introduction the LLNA has been the subject of extensive evaluation on a national and international scale, and has been successfully validated and incorporated worldwide into regulatory guidelines. Experience gained in recent years has demonstrated that adherence to published procedures and guidelines for the LLNA (e.g., with respect to dose and vehicle selection) is critical for the successful conduct and eventual interpretation of the data. In addition to providing a robust method for skin sensitization hazard identification, the LLNA has proven very useful in assessing the skin sensitizing potency of test chemicals, and this has provided invaluable information to risk assessors. The primary method to make comparisons of the relative potency of chemical sensitizers is to use linear interpolation to estimate the concentration of chemical required to induce a stimulation index of three relative to concurrent vehicle-treated controls (EC3). In certain situations where there are available less than optimal dose response data a log-linear extrapolation method can be used to estimate an EC3 value which can reduce significantly the need for repeat testing of chemicals. The LLNA, when conducted according to published guidelines, provides a robust method for skin sensitization testing that not only provides reliable hazard identification information but also data necessary for effective risk assessment and risk management.

Improving missing value estimation in microarray data with gene ontology

Gene expression microarray experiments produce datasets with frequent missing expression values. Accurate estimation of missing values is an important prerequisite for efficient data analysis as many statistical and machine learning techniques either require a complete dataset or their results are significantly dependent on the quality of such estimates. A limitation of the existing estimation methods for microarray data is that they use no external information but the estimation is based solely on the expression data. We hypothesized that utilizing a priori information on functional similarities available from public databases facilitates the missing value estimation. We investigated whether semantic similarity originating from gene ontology (GO) annotations could improve the selection of relevant genes for missing value estimation. The relative contribution of each information source was automatically estimated from the data using an adaptive weight selection procedure. Our experimental results in yeast cDNA microarray datasets indicated that by considering GO information in the k-nearest neighbor algorithm we can enhance its performance considerably, especially when the number of experimental conditions is small and the percentage of missing values is high. The increase of performance was less evident with a more sophisticated estimation method. We conclude that even a small proportion of annotated genes can provide improvements in data quality significant for the eventual interpretation of the microarray experiments. Java and Matlab codes are available on request from the authors. Available online at http://users.utu.fi/jotatu/GOImpute.html.

Putting Environmental Interpretation to Work for Conservation in a Park Setting: Conceptualizing Principal Conservation Strategies

Environmental interpretation has its roots in conservation. Today most interpreters recognize its importance in conserving natural and cultural resources. Nonetheless the field has invested little in contemplating how interpretation can be a mechanism for conservation. Meanwhile in the biological conservation field, the Conservation Measures Partnership has been designing guidelines for the development and management of effective conservation programs. A principal step in designing interpretation-based conservation programs is to conceptualize relationships of conservation strategies using interpretation. This article presents four major strategies and recommends ways in which the interpretation field can continue to improve interpretation's effectiveness as a conservation strategy. [interpretation, conservation, Conservation Measures Partnership, preservation, stewardship, concept model, environmental education]

Humor and the search for relevance

In this paper, Sperber and Wilson's Relevance theory is analyzed as to its explanation of how humorous interpretations are produced. The main foundation of this cognitive theory is the hypothesis that human beings rely on one single interpretive principle, which they invariably use in their attempt to select the interlocutors’ intended interpretation. This principle states that the first interpretation which provides an optimal balance of interest—cognitive effects–and mental effort, is the one that the speaker possibly intends to communicate, and hence it is the one selected, and interpretation stops at this point. As will be shown in the article, this theoretical claim is valid for any type of ostensive communication (in which communicators intend to make mutually manifest to the addressee some information), humorous utterances included. Besides, the steps involved in this interpretive procedure may be predicted to a greater or lesser extent, which provides communicators with the key to the necessary control over the eventual interpretation of their humorous discourse.

Creative Writing as Resistance and Discovery in an Analysis

This paper was originally written as a graduation paper for the completion of adult analytic training. In this paper I trace and explore multiple uses of creative writing in my personal analysis, illuminating the development of analytic phases and process. The creative writing used in this paper is primarily from the first three and a half years of my analysis, well before entering analytic training. It is an eventual interpretation on the part of my analyst, as well as the rest of my analysis and analytic training, that allow me to realize that while my writing felt like self-discovery, it also served as resistance, defense against the entirety of my affective world and internal conflicts. A poem written much later in the analysis is included, as it reveals the integration of struggled with concepts, as well as the pain of the inevitable separation of termination.

Insulin-Transferrin-Selenous Acid in Growth Medium Alters the Expression of PKC Isoforms in Mesangial Cells

Glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) have been used as an in vitro model for glomerular disease. The culture conditions used for these cells vary and include the use of insulin or insulin-transferrin-selenous acid (ITS) in the growth medium. We studied the effect of ITS in the growth medium containing either normal or high glucose on the expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in MCs. In the presence of ITS in the medium, MCs expressed lower levels of both PKC isoforms in their cytosol in comparison to MCs grown in medium without ITS. Upon stimulation with PMA, both isoforms were translocated to the particulate (nucleus/cytoskeleton) compartment in MCs grown in presence of ITS. However, in the absence of ITS in the growth medium, both PKC isoforms were primarily translocated to the membrane compartment upon PMA stimulation. These results indicate that insulin in the growth medium may activate MCs resulting in translocation of PKC from the cytosol to other subcellular compartments. This effect is even evident in MCs grown in normal glucose concentration. Our data indicate that the use of ITS in growth medium and eventual interpretation from such experiments involving primary mesangial cells grown in culture needs careful evaluation.

One step further in assessing how interpretations influence the process of psychotherapy

The question of how interpretations take effect is among the most important in psychotherapy research. In a landmark study, Silberschatz, Fretter, and Curtis (1986) developed a method to assess the compatibility between an interpretation and a patient's psychology (the patient's unconscious plan), and demonstrated that this factor-plan compatibility-may contribute substantially to an interpretation's effect. However, they did not consider the following possibility: An interpretation might be plan compatible in terms of content, but incompatible in terms of process (e.g., an interpretation accurately identifying a patient's fear of acting independently may be delivered in a controlling way), or vice-versa. In a reanalysis of data provided by Silberschatz et al. (1986), we demonstrate that raters can reliably distinguish content from process in evaluating plan compatibility. We demonstrate, further, that a distinction between content and process plan compatibility may increase the amount of explained variance in Patient Experiencing scores. Of particular interest is an analysis of interpretations in which the aspects of plan compatibility (content or process) differed, which showed that the aspect of plan compatibility most highly correlated with Experiencing varied across the cases. This finding suggests that attention to the distinct contributions of content and process to plan compatibility may help further our understanding of how individual patients listen to and utilize therapist interventions.