Historical Events Research Articles

Parallel patterns of genetic diversity and structure in circumboreal species of the Sphagnum capillifolium complex.

Shared geographical patterns of population genetic variation among related species is a powerful means to identify the historical events that drive diversification. The Sphagnum capillifolium complex is a group of closely related peat mosses within the Sphagnum subgenus Acutifolia and contains several circumboreal species whose ranges encompass both glaciated and unglaciated regions across the northern hemisphere. In this paper, we (1) inferred the phylogeny of subg. Acutifolia and (2) investigated patterns of population structure and genetic diversity among five circumboreal species within the S. capillifolium complex. We generated RAD sequencing data from most species of the subg. Acutifolia and samples from across the distribution ranges of circumboreal species within the S. capillifolium complex. We resolved at least 14 phylogenetic clusters within the S. capillifolium complex. Five circumboreal species show some common patterns: One population system comprises plants in eastern North America and Europe, and another comprises plants in the Pacific Northwest or around the Beringian and Arctic regions. Alaska appears to be a hotspot for genetic admixture, genetic diversity, and sometimes endemic subclades. Our results support the hypothesis that populations of five circumboreal species within the S. capillifolium complex survived in multiple refugia during the last glacial maximum. Long-distance dispersal out of refugia, population bottlenecks, and possible adaptations to conditions unique to each refugium could have contributed to current geographic patterns. These results indicate the important role of historical events in shaping the complex population structure of plants with broad distribution ranges.

A Coordinated Data Analysis of Four Studies Exploring Age Differences in Social Interactions and Loneliness During a Global Pandemic.

Examining loneliness and social isolation during population-wide historical events may shed light on important theoretical questions about age differences, including whether these differences hold across different regions and the timecourse of the unfolding event. We used a systematic, preregistered approach of coordinated data analysis (CDA) of four studies (total N = 1,307; total observations = 18,492) that varied in design (intensive repeated-measures and cross-sectional), region, timing, and timescale during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We harmonized our datasets to a common period within 2020-2021 and created a common set of variables. We used a combination of ordinary least squares regression and multilevel modeling to address the extent to which there was within- and between-person variation in the associations between social isolation and loneliness, and whether these associations varied as a function of age. Within- and between-person effects of social interactions were negatively associated with loneliness in one study; in follow-up sensitivity analyses, these patterns held across early and later pandemic periods. Across all datasets, there was no evidence of age differences in the within-person or between-person associations of social interactions and loneliness. Applying the CDA methodological framework allowed us to detect common and divergent patterns of social interactions and loneliness across samples, ages, regions, periods, and study designs.

Promoting historical empathy with a local history research project about the pandemic

PurposeWe examined how high school students demonstrated historical empathy through conducting local history place-based research to create an exhibit and companion book about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their community. The majority of existing historical empathy scholarship focuses on classroom-based inquiry of historical events, people and time periods. We contend that broader examination of how historical empathy can be promoted beyond school-based instruction can contribute to the field by examining how student analyses of historical contexts and perspectives, and making affective connections to historical topics of study are needed when engaging in placed-based local history projects.Design/methodology/approachQualitative case study methodology was implemented for this study. A Likert-scale survey with a questionnaire was distributed to 30 high school study participants. Thirteen students gave follow-up interviews. Students’ responses on the surveys, interviews and questionnaires were organized into three categories that aligned to the theoretical framework – identification of historical contexts of the sources that students collected, analysis of how contexts shaped the perspectives expressed in the collected sources and expression of reasoned connections between the students’ emotions and experiences during the pandemic. A rubric was used to examine how students’ writing samples and reflections reflected demonstration of historical empathy.FindingsStudents responded that their local history research about the pandemic contributed to their displays of historical empathy. Students displayed weaker evidence of historical empathy while examining archival resources to explain the historical contexts of the pandemic. Student demonstration of historical empathy was stronger when analyzing community-sourced documents for perspectives and making reasoned affective connections to what they learned about the historical significance of the pandemic. The place-based aspects of this project were strongly connected to the students’ engagement in historical empathy because the sources they analyzed were relevant to their experiences and identities as citizens in their community.Originality/valueDocumenting the diverse human experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to preserving the history of this extraordinary time. Every person around the globe experienced the pandemic differently, hence riding out the same storm in different boats. At some point, the pandemic will appear in historical narratives of the social studies curriculum. Therefore, now is an opportune time to ascertain whether place-based local history research about the contexts, perspectives and experiences of community members and children themselves, during the pandemic can foster historical empathy.

Duke William’s 1066 campaign, the historical climatology

ABSTRACT A number of studies have examined historical climatological trends back to the Middle Ages. However, few have investigated these trends near important historical sites such as medieval battlefields. Most studies on medieval battles and battlefields focus almost exclusively on interpreting the written records from a literary standpoint and on knowledge of the site on which the battle took place, with rarely much consideration for other perspectives. While the written records are important, only focusing on them limits understanding and ignores the environment itself. A historical climatological perspective would contribute to the study of medieval warfare by exploring relevant long-term climatic proxies as well as mapping weather conditions around the time of the campaign and battle. As an example, this study will investigate the weather during Duke William’s voyage to England in 1066. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these techniques for applying weather analyses to other historical events.

CONTINUITY IN POLITICAL AUTHORITY OF THE PRC: FEATURES OF THE FIRST GENERATION FOREIGN POLICY

The issue of succession to political power in the People's Republic of China is a frequently discussed topic in academic research. The fifth generation of Chinese power, the Xi Jinping administration, without opposing the political views of previous generations, continues its political course adhering to the basic foreign policy principles since the time of Mao Zedong. Therefore, the issue of continuity of China's foreign policy concepts is of particular interest. The main goal of the work is to consider the conceptual foundations of the foreign policy of the first generation of Chinese power and its evolution of development associated with changes in international relations of that time. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that foreign policy concepts formed during the time of Mao Zedong create optimal conditions for rationalizing the foreign policy of today's China. Objectives include assessing certain historical events in Chinese foreign policy and diplomacy and determining how they influenced the subsequent development of Chinese foreign policy. The research topic was considered based on the theory of political realism using methods of historical-comparative, structural, content analysis, and systematization methods. These methods helped to consider the problem and systematize the research results comprehensively. The results of the study provide an opportunity to deeply understand the issues of succession of Chinese political power and China's current foreign policy positions in a historical context. In addition, the results of the study can be widely used in research in the field of international relations, political science, Chinese studies, and history.

Generational translation in the Jewish Museum, Berlin

Abstract This paper addresses the challenge museums of catastrophic history face, striving to translate between history and memory in creating a meaningful and sensitive experience for individual visitors, not only evoking the past but also impacting the present and future. This study focuses on the Jewish Museum Berlin and asks how the museum can impact individual visitor journeys and concurrently address the public demand for memory, the contradictions between museum mission and public perception, and the perceived distance of visitors from historical events. The study builds on memory and translation studies research and the concepts of history, story, and identity. An analysis of entangled memory (Feindt et al. 2014), here applied as an inspiration for generational translation, shows how the crossover between memory and translation studies provides insight into the work of memory museums. Previous research and the history, mission, identity, architecture, and conflicts of the Jewish Museum Berlin show that museums – as (unfinished) collective memories – allow the creation of space for individual reflection and the interpretation of past and present to create a narrative. The work of memory museums is complex, but the concepts of generational translation and entangled memory are valuable tools in provoking and enabling meaningful experience and reflection.

Death of the suicide law: A changing standard of liability for clinicians.

High rates of suicide continue to plague the modern world, with clinicians, researchers, and policymakers working urgently to ameliorate what has been recognized as a worldwide public health crisis. Under American Law, individuals- including health care providers, could generally not be held liable for causing the suicide of another person. This article presents a review of suicide law in the United States in the context of a recent civil case in which a physician with expertise in mental health was sued for the death of an ex-partner who committed suicide in his home. Historical events and landmark legal cases spanning the 15th century to now are examined and presented as a narrative review to inform society and mental health clinicians a-like towards interpreting the changing medical-legal landscape. As modern advances in science continue to discern the critical biopsychosocial factors that contribute to the act of suicide, there is an inevitably growing concern that suicide may no longer be an incomprehensible nor irrational event as has been assumed for centuries. Thus, it may be considered that individual with expertise and qualification to treat a group of individuals at higher risk of suicide (severe mental illness) may be subject to a different standard than the average individual. This article seeks to present a complex matter where no simple or broad-sweeping conclusions can yet be drawn, however remains a critically important matter for mental health clinicians.

Inferring diet, disease and antibiotic resistance from ancient human oral microbiomes.

The interaction between a host and its microbiome is an area of intense study. For the human host, it is known that the various body-site-associated microbiomes impact heavily on health and disease states. For instance, the oral microbiome is a source of various pathogens and potential antibiotic resistance gene pools. The effect of historical changes to the human host and environment to the associated microbiome, however, has been less well explored. In this review, we characterize several historical and prehistoric events which are considered to have impacted the oral environment and therefore the bacterial communities residing within it. The link between evolutionary changes to the oral microbiota and the significant societal and behavioural changes occurring during the pre-Neolithic, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution and Antibiotic Era is outlined. While previous studies suggest the functional profile of these communities may have shifted over the centuries, there is currently a gap in knowledge that needs to be filled. Biomolecular archaeological evidence of innate antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome shows an increase in the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes since the advent and widespread use of antibiotics in the modern era. Nevertheless, a lack of research into the prevalence and evolution of antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome throughout history hinders our ability to combat antimicrobial resistance in the modern era.

Efficacy and safety of niraparib in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: retrospective observational study in a tertiary hospital.

Niraparib has been authorized for maintenance treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer after first-line treatment with platinum, in partial or complete response. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of maintenance niraparib in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer (PSROC) patients in a tertiary hospital. This retrospective observational unicentre study included women diagnosed with ovarian adenocarcinoma who received niraparib. Eligibility criteria encompassed women with PSROC, in response to platinum chemotherapy, and not previously treated with other PARPis. Data on demographics, comorbidities, BRCA mutation status, disease stage, treatment history and adverse events were recorded. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A total of 33 patients were included, with a median age of 63.5 years. The majority of patients received niraparib at 200 mg/day based on Research on Adverse Drug Events and Report criteria. Median OS was 30 months (95% CI: 16.76-43.23), and median PFS was 8 months (95% CI: 2.48-13.52). Adverse effects were more frequent during the initial months of treatment, with most classified as CTCAE v5 grade 1-2. Dose reductions, interruption of treatment and discontinuations were observed due to haematologic toxicities primarily. This real-world study showed that maintenance niraparib in PSROC patients had effectiveness and safety profiles consistent with clinical trials and other observational studies. Median PFS and OS were comparable to previous reports, and most adverse events were manageable with dose modifications. The results support the use of niraparib as a maintenance therapy option in this patient population.

THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND KOREA: FROM WAR TO VASSALAGE

The purpose of the article is an in-depth analysis of the complex relationship between the Mongolian Empire and the Korean state from the period of military conflicts to the establishment of vassalage. The research is aimed at identifying the key factors determining the course and historical significance of these relations. The novelty of the study lies in an in-depth analysis of the numerous Mongol campaigns against Korea and the resistance of Korea. The main direction of the research is to study the impact of these events on the historical dynamics of the region and the development of society as a whole. Special attention is paid to the analysis of diplomatic and trade relations between the nomads of the Far East and Korea, as well as China's role in the fate of Korea as a traditional overlord. Despite the difficult times, the article emphasizes that Korea was able to maintain its autonomy and become a key hub on the Great Silk Road, which contributed to the development of handicraft production and increased its authority. The article represents an important contribution to historical science, enriching our understanding of the complex relationships in the Northeast Asian region. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of applying its results to a deeper analysis of modern geopolitical processes. The research methodology includes an analytical approach to data interpretation and a comparative analysis of historical events. The authors analyze the impact of the collapse of the clan system and the crisis of the central government on the military system of the Korean state, paying attention to changes in the mobilization system, which turned out to be one of the reasons for the deterioration of the political and social situation in the country. As a result of the research, the key factors determining the course of relations between the Mongolian Empire and the Korean state have been identified. The analysis allows us to conclude that these events are important for shaping the historical trajectory of both peoples and the region as a whole.

An Inhomogeneous Weibull–Hawkes Process to Model Underdispersed Acoustic Cues

AbstractA Hawkes point process describes self-exciting behaviour where event arrivals are triggered by historic events. These models are increasingly becoming a popular choice in analysing event-type data. Like all other inhomogeneous Poisson point processes, the waiting time between events in a Hawkes process is derived from an exponential distribution with mean one. However, as with many ecological and environmental data, this is an unrealistic assumption. We, therefore, extend and generalise the Hawkes process to account for potential under- or overdispersion in the waiting times between events by assuming the Weibull distribution as the foundation of the waiting times. We apply this model to the acoustic cue production times of sperm whales and show that our Weibull–Hawkes model better captures the inherent underdispersion in the interarrival times of echolocation clicks emitted by these whales.

The Intersection of ‘Hindu’, ‘Independence,’ and ‘Sovereignty’ in the Nepali Public Discourse of the 1920s

This study analyzes the public discourse on Nepal around the 1923 treaty which rested on its central theme of reassuring Nepal’s independence and sovereignty in the comity of nation-states, studying Nepali national imaginative elements of statehood that unravels intricacies of history for the present discourse of Nepali state in a substantial way. The aim is to unpack the treaty’s reception and assess its consequences in shaping Nepali ‘state’ discourse, shedding fresh light on a historical event that has remained largely understudied. Once a treaty is signed, it becomes public property, capable of igniting change in the behavior of the signing nations or the lives of their citizens, or both. Examining how such changes manifested in the public discourse in Nepal and beyond after the 1923 treaty provides valuable insights into the formative democratic space in the country. For this, it employs a triangulation of primary sources from Nepal's domestic discourse as chronicled in the Gorkhapatra. The second set of data is drawn from the sporadic and emergent Nepali media landscape of the 1920s, primarily based in India. Furthermore, a third set of sources is assembled from English-language newspapers from India and the United Kingdom that reported on the 1923 treaty as it unfolded. This approach, hitherto unapplied in the study of this treaty, provides a comprehensive understanding of the public discourse surrounding it.

What predicts response to sertraline for people with depression in primary care? a secondary data analysis of moderators in the PANDA trial

Purpose Antidepressants are a first-line treatment for depression, yet many patients do not respond. There is a need to understand which patients have greater treatment response but there is little research on patient characteristics that moderate the effectiveness of antidepressants. This study examined potential moderators of response to antidepressant treatment. Methods The PANDA trial investigated the clinical effectiveness of sertraline (n = 326) compared with placebo (n = 329) in primary care patients with depressive symptoms. We investigated 11 potential moderators of treatment effect (age, employment, suicidal ideation, marital status, financial difficulty, education, social support, family history of depression, life events, health and past antidepressant use). Using multiple linear regression, we investigated the appropriate interaction term for each of these potential moderators with treatment as allocated. Results Family history of depression was the only variable with weak evidence of effect modification (p-value for interaction = 0.048), such that those with no family history of depression may have greater benefit from antidepressant treatment. We found no evidence of effect modification (p-value for interactions≥0.29) by any of the other ten variables. Conclusion Evidence for treatment moderators was extremely limited, supporting an approach of continuing discuss antidepressant treatment with all patients presenting with moderate to severe depressive symptoms.

Assessment of mothers’ satisfaction towards child vaccination service in South Omo zone, South Ethiopia region: a survey on clients’ perspective

BackgroundEven though childhood vaccination is a common and cost-effective public health intervention in preventing and reducing childhood disease and death, significant numbers of children do not complete vaccination within the first year of life. Studies indicated that user satisfaction influences service utilization and used as a key indicator of quality care. However, evidence on the level of mothers’ satisfaction with immunization service are limited in urban and accessible places and not well investigated among remote and pastoral communities. As such, this study aimed to address this gap and investigated mothers’ satisfaction towards child vaccination in a pastoralist and agrarian community of the South Omo zone in Southern region of Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1221 randomly selected mothers with children eligible for childhood vaccination using a structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Maternal positive evaluations of the overall vaccination service were measured using 5-point Likert scale questions. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.5.1 and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical package version 25. Exploratory factor analysis was used for Likert scale questions to extract factor scores which facilitate treatment of variables as continuous for further analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. A P-value < 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI respectively were used to declare statistical significance and degree of association.ResultA total of 849 (69.53%) study participants were satisfied with the vaccination care provided for their children. Factors associated with mother’s satisfaction with child vaccination care include maternal age less than 30 years (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.61–2.79), infants age between 8 and 12 months (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.28, 2.62), not having history of adverse events following immunization (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.01–2.45), having 1 child under the age of 5 years (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.02–1.76), waiting 30 min or less to get the service (AOR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.05–1.85), traveling 30 min or less to the vaccination center (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.08–1.98), having poor knowledge about the importance of vaccination (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.06–2.16), and having moderate knowledge about the importance of vaccination (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.06–2.18).ConclusionInterestingly, mothers’ satisfaction with their children’s vaccination service was relatively higher in a predominantly pastoral community compared with most of previous studies conducted in Ethiopia. Maternal and child age, number of children under the age of 5 years, history of adverse events following immunization, distance to the vaccination center, waiting time to get service and maternal knowledge were factors significantly associated with mothers’ satisfaction. Proactive measures with focus on increasing access to vaccination service, improving waiting time and raising awareness among mothers were recommended.

Transmission Line Fault Classification Using Conformer Convolution-Augmented Transformer Model

Ensuring a consistently reliable power supply is paramount in power systems. Researchers are engaged in the pursuit of categorizing transmission line failures to design countermeasures for mitigating the associated financial losses. Our study employs a machine learning-based methodology, specifically the Conformer Convolution-Augmented Transformer model, to classify transmission line fault types. This model processes time series input data directly, eliminating the need for expert feature extraction. The training and validation datasets are generated through simulations conducted on a two-terminal transmission line, while testing is conducted on historical data consisting of 108 events that occurred in the Taiwan power system. Due to the limited availability of historical data, they are utilized solely for inference purposes. Our simulations are meticulously designed to encompass potential faults based on an analysis of historical data. A significant aspect of our investigation focuses on the impact of the sampling rate on input data, establishing that a rate of four samples per cycle is sufficient. This suggests that, for our specific classification tasks, relying on lower frequency data might be adequate, thereby challenging the conventional emphasis on high-frequency analysis. Eventually, our methodology achieves a validation accuracy of 100%, although the testing accuracy is lower at 88.88%. The discrepancy in testing accuracy can be attributed to the limited information and the small number of historical events, which pose challenges in bridging the gap between simulated data and real-world measurements. Furthermore, we benchmarked our method against the ELM model proposed in 2023, demonstrating significant improvements in testing accuracy.

A fine-scale genetic map of the Japanese population.

Genetic maps are fundamental resources for linkage and association studies. A fine-scale genetic map can be constructed by inferring historical recombination events from the genome-wide structure of linkage disequilibrium-a non-random association of alleles among loci-by using population-scale sequencing data. We constructed a fine-scale genetic map and identified recombination hotspots from 10 092 551 bi-allelic high-quality autosomal markers segregating among 150 unrelated Japanese individuals whose genotypes were determined by high-coverage (30×) whole-genome sequencing, and the genotype quality was carefully controlled by using their parents' and offspring's genotypes. The pedigree information was also utilized for haplotype phasing. The resulting genome-wide recombination rate profiles were concordant with those of the worldwide population on a broad scale, and the resolution was much improved. We identified 9487 recombination hotspots and confirmed the enrichment of previously known motifs in the hotspots. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Japanese genetic map improved the haplotype phasing and genotype imputation accuracy for the Japanese population. The construction of a population-specific genetic map will help make genetics research more accurate.

Thomas Davis’ “The Sack of Baltimore”: A Literary-Historical Perspective

This article is an attempt to read Thomas Davis’ poem “The Sack of Baltimore” (1845) from a literary-historical perspective. It explores Davis’ representation of the sack of Baltimore village, West Cork, Ireland as a historical event depicted from a literary angle. A typical nineteenth-century historical Irish ballad, “The Sack of Baltimore” has not only remained at the margins of literary studies, but even where it has received attention, it has mainly been treated as a historical source material on an Algerian piratical raid that has come to be called “the sack of Baltimore”. This paper proposes that we need to reread the Irish poet’s narrative poem with a stronger interest both in its literary composition and historical contexts. Only in this way would it be possible to do justice and draw more sustained attention to this hitherto understudied lyrical narrative poem.

Hand in hand: Consuming symbols, language and identity in post‐ETA Basque society

AbstractThis study examines the evolution of ethnic symbol consumption in the Basque Country following the end of ETA's violent activities in 2011. It delves into the shifting political and cultural context of the Basque provinces during this period, underscoring the impact that terrorism and its cessation have had on creating distinct patterns of cultural consumption. The focus then turns towards the case of the ‘Hand of Irulegi’, an Iron Age relic discovered in 2022 that allegedly contains the oldest inscription in an ancestor of Euskera—the Basque language. The paper argues that the rapid adoption of the Hand of Irulegi by Basque society as an ethnic symbol is directly related to transformations in the conception of Basque identity in the aftermath of ETA's dissolution. These transformations include, mainly, the intentional forgetting of recent historical events by a large segment of Basque citizens and the emergence of Euskera as the main fulcrum of contemporary Basque cultural identity. The Hand, due to its chronological remoteness and its exclusive association with the Basque language, seems to be custom‐made to serve as a symbol for this new type of identification.

Performance gap and the timing of corporate social responsibility disclosure‐A trust repair perspective

AbstractBased on the theory of firm behavior, we explain the voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure behavior of firms from the perspective of trust repair and regard the process of firms' response to the CSR institution as an important way to trust repair for firms' management. We adopt an event history approach with a sample of Chinese firms listed on the A‐share market from 2008 to 2020 and find that faster engagement in CSR disclosure is one of the important trust repair methods for management when firms face performance gaps, and performance gaps positively incentivize firms to voluntarily engage in CSR disclosure. In addition, managers consider the total costs, risks, and benefits of different trust repair methods, there is a substitution effect between different trust repair methods, and the disclosure of internal audit reports and philanthropic donations negatively moderates the relationship between performance gap and CSR disclosure. Our study has important implications for understanding how firm performance affects CSR strategic decisions.

Inbuilt age, residence time, and inherited age from radiocarbon dates of modern fires and late Holocene deposits, Western Transverse Ranges, California

AbstractRadiocarbon dates from alluvial sections provide maximum deposit ages because of the time lag between formation of the dated material and deposition at the sample site, potentially producing decade‐ to century‐long biases in the dates of historic events, paleoclimatic change, fire histories, and paleoearthquakes. This bias, called the inherited age, combines the inbuilt age distribution, which reflects the age composition of the vegetation of the source area, and the residence time distribution, which includes transport and interim storage prior to final deposition. We tackle inherited age and its components by comparing charcoal dates from two modern fires in southern California, the 2020 Bobcat Fire and the 2013 Grand Fire, with a well‐dated late Holocene terrace deposit in the Pallett Creek watershed. Fifty‐six radiocarbon dates from the modern fires provide an inbuilt age distribution with a median of 25 years pre‐fire (320‐year 95% range). An inherited age distribution calculated from 175 terrace deposit dates is older, with a median age of ~90 years (850‐year 95% range). Comparing inherited ages calculated from organic‐rich versus clastic terrace deposits reveals a slight facies dependence suggesting longer residence times in clastic deposits. We develop a modeled inherited age that incorporates larger calibration uncertainties in pre‐1950s samples by combining the modern fire sample distribution with the pre‐bomb portion of the calibration curve. The modeled inherited age is younger than the terrace deposit inherited age by only 21 years, indicating inbuilt age, not long residence times, dominates inherited age in this setting. The results imply that paleoearthquakes and climatic event age estimates in the Western Transverse Ranges are up to a century too old. More broadly, dating charcoal from modern fires can constrain inherited age and the resulting distributions can improve the accuracy of dates of past environmental and tectonic events.