Explosive Events Research Articles

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF STEAM EXPLODED STRAW WITH THE ADDITION OF ACETIC ACID

The effect of steam explosion on the enzymatic hydrolysis of straw was investigated in the presence of 5, 10, 15 and 20% wt. addition of acetic acid. Analysis was performed at temperatures of 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 210°C. The concentration of monosaccharides obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis was considered the main indicator of the increased availability of cellulose due to their release into the solution. The results indicate that the addition of acetic acid increases the concentration of monosaccharides, but only at lower temperatures. The temperature of 180°C corresponded to the most effective pretreatment by steam explosion in the presence of acetic acid with the highest concentration of 10%, which corresponds to the conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides of 74.78%. At high temperatures above 200°C, the addition of acetic acid results in a decrease in the concentration of monosaccharides due to the high severity factor in the range of 3.94 – 4.24.

A numerical investigation into the behaviour of cable-stayed bridges under deck explosions

This paper explores the behaviour of cable-stayed bridges (CSBs) when subjected to intentional explosion events. An example CSB was proposed and analysed using a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) model; a nonlinear time-history analysis taking into account the geometric and material nonlinearities was conducted. Six blast scenarios were considered; the explosion took place on the bridge deck. Response quantities, such as forces in cables, movements of deck and pylons, states of stress in main girders, and reactions on bearings and pylon foundations were examined. The critical blast scenario for each of these quantities was identified. Some design measures for mitigating cable failure were proposed and examined. The results of analyses showed that considering several blast scenarios for the design and evaluation of CSBs is mandatory. Non-symmetric (relative to the bridge longitudinal axis) blast loading scenarios are generally more critical than symmetric ones. Increasing the area of some long cables in the main span, and increasing spacing of the cables nearby the pylon together with strengthening the main girder nearby the pylon could be useful measures to reduce failure potential. This study may help better understand the response of CSBs to extreme events.

Computational analysis of submerged submarine bow hull dynamics subjected to torpedo blunt impact and warhead detonation events

In the maritime sector, ensuring the survivability of ships and submarines against diverse threats such as torpedo impacts, Underwater Explosion (UNDEX) events, and environmental factors is paramount. Comprehensive analysis of hull dynamics under various impact scenarios is essential. Numerical simulations of these impacts utilize different material models, ship grounding tests, impact modes, UNDEX simulations, and failure mechanisms. In the current study, the blunt impact of a torpedo on the submarine bow and the surface detonation effects of the torpedo warhead (at different distances from the hull) on the submarine bow structure were analyzed within an underwater enclosure. The torpedo design was based on the MK-48, with Ti6Al4V alloy used for the torpedo hull and HY-80 steel for the submarine hull. The impact simulations were conducted using ANSYS Explicit Dynamics® computational software. For the blunt impact scenario, a torpedo speed of 55 knots (102 km/h) was used. For the UNDEX studies, the warhead at the front end of the torpedo was modeled using PBX-9501 (a commonly used high explosive in warheads). The novelty of the current work was the employment of a water enclosure in the model to simulate the underwater impacts. The analysis focused on hull deformation, equivalent plastic and elastic strains, equivalent stress and damage profiles for the different impact scenarios. To effectively capture fluid–structure interactions, the study also examined pressure variations within the Eulerian domain. Among the scenarios analyzed, the near-field detonation of the warhead emerged as the most destructive, resulting in severe structural damage to the bow hull. In contrast, the blunt impact of the torpedo induced moderate plastic deformation, while the far-field detonation resulted in minimal damage.

Investigating the Effects of Remapping Method in Explosion

Using real explosives to detect explosion effects is a difficult and impractical method due to its danger and cost. Performing numerical analyses based on previously conducted experimental studies allows for the diversification of studies on this subject. Since the elaboration of numerical analyses causes an increase in the amount of processing, it requires the devices that need to perform these operations to be very advanced. It is an important optimization that the solutions are shorter and closer to reality, and this can be done with the remapping method. With this method, the explosion loads obtained from 1D analysis can be integrated into 2D and 3D analyses with certain methods, and the duration of these analyses is reduced and their accuracy is increased. Within the scope of this study, the methods and approaches for the application of this method are explained. As a result of this study, it will help those who want to perform explosion simulations to obtain more accurate results in a shorter time with less processing power, and it will pave the way for many scientific studies to be carried out.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Tools for Improving Early Warning Systems of Volcanic Eruptions: The Case of Stromboli.

Explosive volcanic blasts can occur suddenly and without any clear precursors. Many volcanoes have erupted in the last years with no evident change in the eruptive parameters and with dramatic consequences for the population living nearby the volcano and the tourists visiting the active areas. In recent years, a big effort has been made to develop Early Warning systems to issue timely alerts to the population. At Stromboli volcano, the development of sensitive instruments to measure the deformation (tilt) of the ground has revealed that the volcano edifice is inflating tens of minutes before the explosion following a recurrent exponential ramp-like pattern. This scale-invariant of ground deformation has allowed the development of a quasi-deterministic Early Warning system which is operative since 2019. In this article we show how Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning can be successfully applied to improve the efficiency and the sensitivity of Early Warning systems, provided the availability of a comprehensive experimental data set on past explosive events. The approach presented here for the Stromboli case demonstrates promising results also in forecasting the intensity of explosive events, offering valuable insights and new perspectives into the potential risks associated with volcanic activities.

Three-dimensional peridynamic modeling of damage and penetration in composite plates exposed to localized explosive blasts

Localized failures in composites can lead to catastrophic consequences in some vehicles and systems, such as airplanes and submarines. The paper presents a new three-dimensional (3D) peridynamic model to explore the localized explosive effects on composite plates. The study utilizes the peridynamic method to simulate fractures and deformations in composite plates when exposed to localized explosive blasts. Accurate prediction of composites' performance during explosive blast events is crucial in the design process to avoid the deadly effects of their failures. This study highlights the following novelties: (1) We present, for the first time, a novel 3D mesh-free model to simulate the fracture and damage behavior of composite plates when exposed to explosive blasts; (2) The adopted numerical modeling technique enables highly efficient simulations of fractures and failures in composites when compared with other mesh-based numerical models; (3) We introduce a new mathematical framework to reflect the explosive pressure loads through different composite layers; (4) The study provides an accessible and efficient tool for engineers and researchers to enhance the design of composites in several industries instead relying on limited-access commercial software packages. In addition to the previous novelties, the paper presents a new parametric study that investigates the performance of several composite plates, such as titanium-aramid and aluminum-aramid composites, in explosive blast scenarios. Moreover, the roles of explosive mass and plate thickness in the failure mechanisms of composites are examined.

Ambient PM2.5 Orchestrates M1 Polarization of Alveolar Macrophages via Activating Glutaminase 1-mediated Glutaminolysis in Acute Lung Injury.

The temporary explosive growth events of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution during late autumn and winter seasons still frequently occur in China. High-concentration exposure to PM2.5 aggravates lung inflammation, leading to acute lung injury (ALI). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) participate in PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury. The polarization of AMs is dependent on metabolic reprogramming. However, the mechanism underlying the PM2.5-induced glutaminase-mediated glutaminolysis in AM polarization are still largely obscure. In his study, we found that PM2.5-treated mice exhibited pulmonary dysfunction and inflammation. The concentraions of glutamate and succinate were increased in PM2.5-treated lungs and AMs compared with the controls, whereas glutamine and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) levels were decreased, indicating that glutaminolysis in AMs was aberrantly activated as evidenced by increased mRNA and protein levels of GLS1 after PM2.5 exposure. Moreover, we deterimined that the GLS1/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway regulated M1 polarization of AMs upon PM2.5 exposure. Inhibition of glutaminolysis by GLS1 specific inhibitor CB-839 and GLS1 siRNA significantly decreased PM2.5-induced M1 macrophage polarization and attenuated pulmonary damage. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which a metabolic program regulates M1 polarization of AMs and suggest that GLS1-mediated glutaminolysis is a potential therapeutic target for treating PM2.5-induced ALI.

Dynamic risk analysis of fire and explosion domino accidents at hydrogen refueling stations using Dynamic Bayesian Network

Hydrogen is a promising energy source and hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) are the main hydrogen supply infrastructures. Unwanted hydrogen leaks and releases at the hydrogen station may cause serious explosion accidents and even induce domino effects due to intensive hazardous equipment in the station. However, scant attention has been accorded to the dynamic risks of fire, explosion, and domino effects at HRS, posing a threat to the safe functioning of HRS and the advancement of the hydrogen energy. This study thus first develops Dynamic Bayesian networks to model the primary fire and explosion accidents as well as domino effects at HRS. By the developed models, the critical factors that lead to accidents and the critical equipment that contributes to the initiation or propagation of domino effects can be identified. Moreover, the failure probability of different equipment exposed to possible accidents can also be obtained, supporting safety management of HRS.

Enhancement of calcium alginate and urea in gel-modified dry water inhibition of methane-air explosion

Methane has a wide range of applications in several industries. However, it also exhibits flammable and explosive properties, which pose a potential hazard. This study used calcium alginate to make ordinary dry water powder have a stable network gel structure, and urea was added to enhance further dry water powder’s chemical inhibition. A visual test system verified the explosion suppression effect of gel-modified dry water powder on the methane-air explosion. The results show that the optimal parameters for Ordinary dry water preparation were as follows: mass ratio of SiO2 to H2O = 9:100, stirring speed = 5000 r/min, stirring time = 240 s. The powder concentration for the best explosion suppression effect is 0.52 g/L. 10 mass% Urea-modified dry water, which achieves high explosion suppression efficiency in the methane-air explosion system by cooling and endothermic suppressing the explosion reaction. The spatial distribution of Calcium alginate gel urea modified dry water hinders the propagation of the flame. Urea continuously produces nitride at different temperatures, and nitride competes for O2 and OH· Free radicals, thus destroying the methane-air explosion chain reaction. Calcium alginate gel urea (10 mass%) modified dry water of 0.52 g/L has the best explosion suppression efficiency, which reduces the flame propagation velocity of methane-air explosion system by 42.48 %, the suppression efficiency of flame temperature reaches 40 %, and the suppression effect on explosion relief pressure reaches 16 %. Calcium alginate gel urea modified dry water, a new explosion suppression material, significantly improve the explosion suppression effect of methane-air explosions, which can not only improve the industrial safety of methane-containing processes, extend equipment life, and reduce production costs but also help improve environmental protection and resource utilization efficiency by inhibiting methane explosions. This study helps to promote the development of gas explosion suppression materials and has practical significance for safe energy utilization and industrial methane applications.

Investigating explosive events in a 3D quiet-Sun model: Transition region and coronal response

Transition region explosive events are characterized by the non-Gaussian profiles of the emission lines that form at transition region temperatures, and they are believed to be manifestations of small-scale reconnection events in the transition region. Traditionally, the enhanced emission at the line wings is interpreted as bi-directional outflows generated by the reconnection of oppositely directed magnetic fields. We investigate whether the 2D picture also holds in a more realistic setup of a 3D radiation magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quiet-Sun model. We also compare the thermal responses in the transition region and corona of different events. We took a 3D self-consistent quiet-Sun model extending from the upper convection zone to the lower corona calculated using the MURaM code. We first synthesized the Si iv line profiles from the model and then located the profiles which show signatures of bi-directional flows. These tend to appear along network lanes, and most do not reach coronal temperatures. We isolated two hot events (around 1 MK) and one cool event (order of 0.1 MK) and examined the magnetic field evolution in and around these selected events. Furthermore, we investigated why some explosive events reach coronal temperatures, while most remain cool. We also examined the emission of these events as seen in the 174 AA passband of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter and all coronal passbands of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The field lines around two events reconnect at small angles (i.e., they undergo component reconnection). The third case is associated with the relaxation of a highly twisted flux rope. All three events reveal signatures in the synthesized EUI 174 AA images. The intensity variations in two events are dominated by variations of the coronal emissions, while the cool component seen in the respective channel contributes significantly to the intensity variation in one case. In comparison, one hot event is embedded in regions with higher magnetic field strength and heating rates while the densities are comparable, and the other hot event is heated to coronal temperatures mainly because of the low density. Small-scale heating events seen in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) channels of AIA or EUI might be hot or cool. Our results imply that the major difference between the events in which coronal counterparts dominate or not is the amount of converted magnetic energy and/or density in and around the reconnection region.

Experimental and LES Study of H2/CH4 Premixed Gas Deflagration Under Different Obstacle Conditions

To study the influence of obstacles on the premixed gas explosion process and provide a theoretical basis for the safe use of fuel and the space configuration within weakly constrained structures, experimental and numerical simulation studies were conducted to investigate the explosion behavior of H2/CH4 premixed gas under different obstacle conditions. According to the angle and position of obstacles, 12 explosion working conditions were set up, and the flame kinetic behavior under the combined influence was obtained. The results show that increasing the direct contact area between the obstacle and the flame near the ignition source can effectively reduce the explosion effect. The explosion consequence is most serious when the obstacle is located in the middle position of the weakly constrained structure. When the obstacle is close to the vent, the later the flame reaches the vent, the more the explosion pressure peaks, and the explosion impact decreases as the angle of the obstacle decreases. In the numerical simulation, it was also found that when the flame passes through the obstacle near the ignition source, it takes on a special “jellyfish” shape toward the vent. In conclusion, the results of the study are useful for making reasonable assumptions about the location of the ignition source and the presence of obstacles based on the degree of damage to the weakly confined structure caused by the premixed gas explosion.

Study on stress wave propagation and failure characteristics of key parts in tunnel under blasting load

To investigate the propagation mechanisms of stress waves and the characteristics of crack distribution in tunnel structures subjected to explosive effects, an experimental model simulating rock mass using cement mortar was employed. Blasting experiments were conducted at various vertical locations relative to the tunnel. Utilizing ultra-dynamic strain monitoring alongside high-speed digital image recognition, we captured in real time the dynamic evolution of stress waves as well as the precise initiation and expansion paths of cracks. A comprehensive analysis was performed on both stress wave propagation and damage patterns within the refuge structure. Furthermore, the reliability of our numerical simulation algorithm was validated through an examination of fluid-structure coupling algorithms. The results indicated that peak strains at monitoring points within the tunnel increased as detonation points approached it, leading to heightened structural damage. Numerical simulations demonstrated a strong correlation between observed peak strains at critical locations and corresponding damage data from our experimental model. Additionally, it was found that decreasing height between detonation points and the tunnel resulted in increased dynamic response parameters—such as overpressure, velocity, and acceleration—at monitoring sites within the tunnel, thereby exacerbating damage to key areas including vaults and footwall structures. To mitigate potential structural instability within refuges, a full-section molded concrete lining support system was implemented along with supplementary anchor (mesh) spraying in critical regions to ensure long-term operational safety.

A mechanism model and data-driven fusion approach for rapid consequence prediction of explosion accidents in chemical clusters

Explosions are considered as a major hazard for chemical cluster safety because they can cause catastrophic disasters. The rapid explosion consequence prediction is critical for emergency response to prevent such disasters. Traditional modeling methods, such as experiment and numerical simulation, provide insights into the explosion mechanism but require high time overhead, thus challenging for real-time predictions. This paper proposes a mechanical model and data-driven fusion method for promptly predicting consequences of potential explosions in the specific chemical cluster. It exploits machine learning (ML) for explosion modeling of specific scenes. Numerical model validated by experiment is employed to provide high-quality benchmark data. Meanwhile, a zoning modeling and progressive-learning strategy is designed for enhancing data-driven model’s accuracy and efficiency. As a result, potential consequence of any explosion occurring in this specific scene can be quickly predicted by using the developed data-driven model. The proposed method is applied to vapor cloud explosion (VCE). Two data-driven models were developed to predict peak overpressure and time-varying overpressure, respectively. The results from numerical data show that our model exhibits high efficiency and strong generalization. Finally, a case study is presented to showcase the utilization of the proposed method. This research provides a reliable tool for achieving risk warning and effective response of explosions in chemical clusters.

How to Detonate a Semiotic Bomb: The Dynamics of Lotmanian Explosion in the Semiosphere

Abstract Lotmanian cultural dynamics involve change through textual interaction. Texts, offering vehicles for information, play a central role in this, with cultural change happening in two modes: gradual and explosive instances of texts that alter the semiosphere. This paper focuses on the process of explosion–an unpredictable mode of change in Lotmanian theory–through a metaphorical methodology, by introducing the concept of semiotic bomb. A semiotic bomb works here as a theoretical object that tries to harness the effect of explosion within the semiosphere. The concept of semiotic bomb serves as both a way to examine what is necessary for explosion to happen and as a theoretical exercise in attempting to predict the unpredictable in culture. We contend that cultural change must be understood in terms of sign configurations and information transmission through Charles Morris’s behavioral semiotics, and that this basis works as a complement of Juri Lotman’s cultural dynamics by grounding textual information on behavioral change and resignification. Taking a note from information and semiotic warfare, we look at what it takes for culture to foster change through the prism of Lotman’s theory, and how we could conceptualize intentional change through information manipulation and presentation. The paper offers a novel look into the logic of explosion within the semiotic theory of Juri Lotman and proposes conceptual avenues for exploring, analyzing and tentatively implementing the concept of explosion by the proposed idea of a semiotic bomb.

Protection of construction sites from unmanned aerial vehicles using mesh fences

Introduction. During a special military operation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are actively used by the enemy to attack industrial and energy facilities of the Russian Federation. One of the most effective ways to protect objects from UAVs is the use of enclosing structures using trapping nets. They make it possible to prevent the UAV from contacting the enclosing structures of a building or structure and minimize the consequences of an explosive charge explosion. Research methods. Calculation methods based on the formulas of M.A. Sadovsky were used to determine the permissible distances from the UAV-trapping grids to the enclosing structures of the object. The deflection of the grids was determined by the calculation method by solving a partial differential equation describing the transverse vibrations of the membrane. Objective: To determine the possibility of using mesh structures to prevent damage to industrial, energy and civil facilities by damaging explosive explosion factors carried by UAVs. Tasks. Selection and justification of calculation methods for assessing the degree of damage by an explosive charge to the protected object and the magnitude of the deflection of the grids during an attack of the UAV; calculation of the permissible distance from the trapping mesh structures to the enclosing structures of a building or structure; assessment of the deflection of the grids under the dynamic influence of the UAV. Results. Calculations performed within the framework of the study made it possible to determine the permissible distances from the trapping mesh structures to a building or structure with different explosive masses; the deflection values of the grids under the dynamic influence of UAVS on them. Conclusions. The calculations of the distance from the trapping mesh structures to the protected objects made it possible to identify the effectiveness of this method of ensuring security in the event of a UAV attack. The materials of grids and structures of supporting elements used in construction make it possible to implement physical (passive) protection against UAVS in practice.

Reawakening of Voragine, the Oldest of Etna’s Summit Craters: Insights from a Recurrent Episodic Eruptive Behavior

Paroxysmal explosive activity at Etna volcano (Italy) has become quite frequent over the last three decades, raising concerns with the civil protection authorities due to its significant impact on the local population, infrastructures, viability and air traffic. Between 4 July and 15 August 2024, during the tourist season peak when the local population doubles, Etna volcano gave rise to a sequence of six paroxysmal explosive events from the summit crater named Voragine. This is the oldest and largest of Etna’s four summit craters and normally only produces degassing, with the previous explosive sequences occurring in December 2015 and May 2016. In this paper, we use thermal images recorded by the monitoring system maintained by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV–OE), and an automatic procedure previously tested in order to automatically define the eruptive parameters of the six lava fountain episodes. These data allowed us to infer the eruptive processes and gain some insights on the evolution of the explosive sequences that are useful for hazard assessment. Specifically, our results lead to the hypothesis that the Voragine shallow storage has a capacity of ~12–15 Mm3, which was not completely emptied with the last two paroxysmal events. It is thus possible that one or two additional explosive paroxysmal events could occur in the future. It is noteworthy that an additional paroxysmal episode occurred at Voragine on 10 November 2024, after the submission of this paper, thus confirming our hypothesis.

Experimental Measurements of Explosion Effects Propagating in the Real Geological Environment—Correlation with Small-Scale Model

This research focuses on comparing small-scale and full-scale measurements of wave propagation from explosions by using scaling relationships to find significant correlations between the two. The study investigates how seismic waves generated by explosions behave in the geological environment. The research covers various aspects such as the development of the model, the explosive materials used, measurement methods, evaluation techniques, and relevant software. A scientific approach based on the principle of backward Fourier transform was used to process and evaluate the data, which helps to filter the frequencies. One of the important calculations discussed is the determination of the attenuation coefficient, which helps to describe how waves attenuate as they pass through a material. The research also deals with dynamic scaling, using the dynamic exponent as a scaling factor to provide a better understanding of the behavior of waves at different scales. By comparing real in situ data with results from small-scale models, the study provides a robust framework for predicting the effects of explosions in complex geological environments. The research results show a high correlation coherence of the statistical data files of up to 4.1%. For dynamic tasks and model scaling, an important result can be pointed out, namely the approximately fourfold decrease in the exponents of the dependence on the distance from the excitation source and the amplitudes between P-waves (0.4316) and R-waves (0.1219). Conclusions are targeted at the possibility of correlating three types of results: small-scale simulations, numerical simulations, and a real full-scale experiment.

Recent Experimental Advances in Solid–Liquid Composites for Impact and Blast Mitigation

The development of high-performance composites for mechanical energy dissipation during impact or explosive events is of vital importance for the safety of personnel and infrastructures. Solid–liquid composites are an emerging class of energy absorbers where a liquid-phase filler is seamlessly integrated into a solid matrix to enhance the impact resistance of the protection target. This innovative approach leverages the distinct properties of both phases and the unique interactions between them to achieve superior performance under high-impact conditions. This paper aims to review the liquid-phase materials used in solid–liquid composites, ranging from neat liquids to complex fluids, including liquid nanofoam and shear-thickening fluids, to provide an in-depth analysis of the fundamental physics underpinning the resulting solid–liquid composites, and to explore how their unique properties contribute to enhanced impact resistance and energy absorption. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the advantages and limitations of these solid–liquid composites and offers insights into future directions for the development of solid–liquid composites in various fields, including personal protective equipment, automotive safety systems, and structural protection.

Research on combined damage characteristics of underwater armor-piercing and explosion based on supercavitating projectile

Recent studies of supercavitating projectiles primarily focus on the formation and evolution of the cavity, as well as its underwater ballistic characteristics, while neglecting the terminal damage effects. Little attention has been given to exploring the combined damage effects of armor-piercing-explosion supercavitating projectiles (APESP). Therefore, this study comparatively analyzes the response processes and failure modes of an underwater aluminum alloy cylindrical shell target under the action of three different types of loads: armor piercing, explosion, and combined armor-piercing and explosion. This study investigates the underwater combined damage mechanisms of the APESP, clarifies each damage phase under the combined effect, discusses the advantages of damage resulting from the combined armor-piercing and explosion effect based on the target responses and damage modes, and explores the reasons for dissipation of explosion energy. The results show that: the APESP combines localized point damage characteristics of armor piercing with overall surface damage features of underwater explosion. Depending on load stages and target responses, the target response process under the action of the APESP can be divided into the hydrodynamic ram phase, penetration phase, shock wave phase, stable vibration phase, and bubble pulsation phase. The entire physical system can be abstracted as a low-frequency series spring system (equivalent to bubble pulsation frequency) with high-frequency external energy input, based on the energy relationship of the medium and the structure. The concept of the 'blower effect' is proposed based on target behavior during the stable vibration phase. Following the application of different loads, the plastic deformation of the target in a stable state is ranked as: underwater explosion > combined armor-piercing and explosion > underwater armor piercing. Supercavity, shell casing and penetration hole will cause the dissipation of explosion energy.

Single-cell proteomics delineates murine systemic immune response to blast lung injury

Victims of explosive events frequently suffer from blast lung injuries. Immune system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, systemic immune responses underlying the progression and recovery of injury repair remain poorly understood. Here, we depict the systemic landscape of immune dysregulation during blast lung injury and uncover immune recovery patterns. Single-cell analyses reveal dramatic changes in neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and eosinophils after a gas explosion, along with early involvement of CD4 T, CD8 T, and Th17 cells. We demonstrate that myeloid cells primarily exert functions during the acute phase, while the spleen serves as an alternative source of granulocytes. Granulopoiesis is initiated in the bone marrow at a later stage during blast lung injury recovery, rather than at the acute stage. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and provide valuable insights for potential immune interventions in blast lung injury.