Evaluation Of New Ideas Research Articles

Supporting Creativity with Virtual Reality Technology

AbstractThis contribution includes the development and validation of a Virtual Reality (VR) supported creativity technique: “Sensory Stimulus Environment Technique”. Key elements of this technique are the creativity process, a VR tool and the support of the tool (Virtual Creative Environments). The creativity process consists of phases for individual and group-based work. The VR tool “Virtual Creativity” includes functions to support the preparation of Virtual Creative Environments (VCE), the generation and evaluation of new ideas. For the generation of VCE, the tool possesses an environment configurator. Users of this function are supported by Design Rules for VCE.For the validation of the creativity technique, it was used in a product engineering project. The project members procedure two phases of the creativity process (Preparation and Individual Idea Generation) and used “Virtual Creativity” to generate VCEs and ideas to solve their tasks. By questionnaires, functions of “Virtual Creativity” were assessed for generating VCEs and ideas.

Navigating the Future of Work: Ratings, Algorithms, and Digital Platforms

Continued advances in technology have spurred a vociferous debate about how technology impacts, and is impacted by, work and organizations. While researchers have begun to estimate the economic impact of these changes, sorely lacking amidst this discussion is empirical analysis of how the continued shift from stable, direct employment to contingent, market-mediated forms of employment is impacting how people work and organizational processes unfold. In this symposium, we present three empirical studies and one conceptual framework to offer new ways of thinking and ignite discussions on some of the opportunities and challenges central to the debate on the future of work. We focus on two major themes. First, we explore how the rapid proliferation of algorithmic management, namely performance evaluations or ratings, impact career trajectories, customer service interactions, and sensemaking within digital work environment. Second, we turn to the evaluation of new ideas, exploring how the adoption of digital platforms shapes how innovations are assessed and implemented in organizations. We intend for this symposium to spark a continuing discussion about how workers, technology, and organizations navigate the emerging changes that are becoming increasingly prevalent in our economy and society. Career Growth in Online Gig Labor Markets: A New Path Forward Presenter: Kimberly K. Merriman; U. of Massachusetts, Lowell Who Made the Stars?: Ratings Construction and Consequence in Platform-Mediated Labor Markets Presenter: Lindsey Cameron; U. of Michigan Algorithmic Fluidity: Sensemaking in Online Labor Markets Presenter: Hatim A. Rahman; Stanford U. Opening Up the Innovation Process Within the Firm Through a Digital Platform Presenter: Tristan L. Botelho; Yale School of Management

Concepts of music and copyright

‘A book may be good for nothing; or there may be only one thing in it worth knowing; are we to read it all through?’ (Samuel Johnson) This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. What is a musical work? At first sight, the answer to this question seems obvious, but the more one studies it, the more difficult and subtle it becomes. Take two common examples, one from classical music and one from pop music. In the first example, a musicologist and performer produces a performing edition of a Baroque composer's work from several manuscript sources, none of which is identical to the other and each of which may be corrupt in different ways. Aiming faithfully to reflect the composer's intentions, the editor decides which source is the best, what emendations to the notes to make, what performing indications (such as a figured bass) to add and how to translate the score into modern notation. The resulting edition is the product of a deep knowledge of the composer, of period manuscripts and of period performance practice as well of many hours of work. But is the performing edition itself a musical work? In the second example, one member of a band A devises the outlines of a song: the lyrics, main melody and supporting chords. Together, all four members of the band, A, B, C and D, then arrange the song for their instruments. Finally, another member of the band, B, adds an instrumental solo, say a saxophone solo. Is the musical work what A devised? Or what A, B, C and D produced? And if it is the latter, does it include B's solo or is that a separate music work?

An excellent legal authority on parallel imports in the EU

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. According to the back cover, ‘this book is the first study to examine the issue of the legality of parallel imports of trademarked goods under the most important legal systems on an international level’. As such, I had very high expectations when I started reading it. Would this book achieve the same status in the area of parallel imports as Kerly in relation to trade marks or Terrell on patents? The book is divided into five parts, containing 15 individual chapters. Part I (which only has one chapter) discusses a general approach to the phenomenon of parallel importation and of a presentation of the theories that have been suggested to resolve the issue of the legality of parallel imports of trade marked goods. While slightly repetitive in parts, the chapter explains, in clear language that is accessible to all audiences with an interest in this subject matter, what parallel importation is and why it exists. It also reminds the audience of why trade marks exist generally and what they are meant to protect, as well as highlighting the tensions inherent between the rights of a trade mark owner to control his goods and the principles of free trade.

Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance, Novelty, and Resource Allocation in Science.

Selecting among alternative projects is a core management task in all innovating organizations. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of frontier scientific research projects. We argue that the “intellectual distance” between the knowledge embodied in research proposals and an evaluator’s own expertise systematically relates to the evaluations given. To estimate relationships, we designed and executed a grant proposal process at a leading research university in which we randomized the assignment of evaluators and proposals to generate 2,130 evaluator–proposal pairs. We find that evaluators systematically give lower scores to research proposals that are closer to their own areas of expertise and to those that are highly novel. The patterns are consistent with biases associated with boundedly rational evaluation of new ideas. The patterns are inconsistent with intellectual distance simply contributing “noise” or being associated with private interests of evaluators. We discuss implications for policy, managerial intervention, and allocation of resources in the ongoing accumulation of scientific knowledge.

International investment agreements in the spotlight

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. In the past two years the media coverage of investment disputes has grown exponentially. New concepts, such as the independent investment court system, which would be implemented within the framework of the TTIP, have grabbed the public's attention and spurred heated debates. In parallel, academic interest in the subject matter has blossomed. This new book, Intellectual Property Rights as Foreign Direct Investments by Lukas Vanhonnaeker, brings international investment agreements (IIAs) into the spotlight, broaching the topic of the protection of intangible assets through international investment instruments and, in particular, intellectual property rights (IPRs). If IIAs have been primarily designed for tangible investments such as the setting up of factories in a host country, international investment standards may also regulate the specific nature of intangible assets such as IPRs. The book deftly examines the extent of the protection granted by international investment law to these specific assets, underlining the issues that may emerge from the gradual overlap of international intellectual property law and international investment law.

The relationship between patents, human rights and access to medicine

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. In her book A Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property, Innovation and Access to Medicine, Joo-Young Lee comprehensively and thoughtfully examines the relationship between patents, human rights and access to medicine. At its simplest, Lee's argument is that ‘[t]here is a need to rebalance the relationship between the patent holder and people who rely on the patented knowledge by evaluating and adjusting the patent rights in light of basic human values’ (p. 67). While it is not new to suggest that access to medicines is a human right, or to consider the relationship between patents and access to medicines,1 Joo-Young Lee proposes that two key problems for people in developing countries are that ‘patent-holding pharmaceutical companies may negatively affect people's right to life and health, for instance by imposing excessively high prices’ (p. 148) and that ‘[m]edicines are inherently different from other commodities in that “the consumers or prescription drugs are often a captive rather than a willing market”’ (pp. 148–149).2 The result, according to Lee, is a need to discuss, review and implement patents—and other intellectual property—through a human rights framework.

Innovative, global and original multi-disciplinary scholarship

A book may be good for nothing; or there may be only one thing in it worth knowing; are we to read it all through?′ (Samuel Johnson) This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. As editors of The SAGE Handbook of Intellectual Property, Matthew David and Deborah Halbert have arranged a collection of innovative, global and original multi-disciplinary scholarship on the issue of intellectual property (IP). Professor Matthew David teaches sociology at Durham University and some of his recent work has examined sharing and digital media, in particular file-sharing, music and new media. Deborah Halbert's focus, as Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawai'i, is on the intersections of future studies, public policy, law and society within the study of political science. Both David and Halbert bring these interests to their roles as co-editors of The SAGE Handbook of Intellectual Property, where global intellectual property is explored beyond the traditional confines of copyright, patents, trade marks and designs. This examination takes the reader beyond the post-cold war expansion of intellectual property, and illustrates how the expansion of intellectual property law, policy, theory and practice has reached every corner of our lives.

How special is intellectual property?

‘A book may be good for nothing; or there may be only one thing in it worth knowing; are we to read it all through?’ (Samuel Johnson) This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. An interesting phenomenon of contemporary legal publishing is the themed collection of articles in book form. Such collections are often, although not always, the product of an academic conference. The hope is that an interesting topic will stimulate both thought-provoking presentations and lively debate which will feed through into the subsequent articles. Much depends on the selection of the topic, the approaches taken by the contributors and the ability of the conference organizer(s) and book editor(s) to keep control of the project, not least with regard to timing. A hazard which is not always avoided is that, by the time the volume appears, the law and the literature have moved on.

Dealing with investment protection: an overview through the unfair competition glass

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. This book under review deals with some borderline areas in the protection of intangibles—usually the subject matter of intellectual property—and conflicting interests within that field. It starts with an introduction which provides the reader with a clear synopsis of the book's contents. Determining the extent to which a legal system protects (or should protect) investment is at the heart of intellectual property law. Although unfair competition (UC) law is not intellectual property (the former is a conduct-based regulation, whereas IP is a rights-based solution), it nonetheless plays an important role in the protection of intangibles, such as reputation or aesthetic beauty. The domain of laws governing UC allow appropriation of value in these intangibles was often where solutions to certain market failures were first developed. That was the case of neighbouring rights in certain jurisdictions, which were first protected under a general UC clause before being established as full property rights. The meaningful relationship between these two areas (IP and UC) is also evidenced in the fact that UC laws are used somewhat interchangeably with IP rights. For instance, a demanding threshold of originality in copyright is usually compensated by robust protection of investment at the unfair competition level. Conversely, a low threshold of copyright protection (such as that which existed pre-Infopaq in the UK) allows for a restrictive or dismissive attitude towards unfair competition. It is safe to conclude that, to a certain extent, IP and UC are functional equivalents. Naturally, when applied simultaneously, they might pose additional risks to competing interests, such as freedom of expression, creation, and competition, thereby endangering the public domain.

Software licensing and IP law: opening up a source of uncertainty?

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. The use of open-source software (OSS), whereby a program's source code is made available to the community to be studied, changed and improved,1 is significant and growing. While open-source software development relies upon and utilizes the tools of intellectual property law, it does so in novel ways which pose interesting legal issues and cause some level of uncertainty in the legal framework. Open Source Software and Intellectual Property Rights provides a thorough exploration of open-source software licences and the ways in which they interact with intellectual property laws. In addition, the author, Dr Vikrant Vasudeva, argues that the existing legal protection for software is unsuitable, and in the final chapters proposes and defends a sui generis model software law to address its perceived inadequacies.

How does IP impact economic development?

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. This book contains a series of articles whose aim is to decide if the protection granted by intellectual property rights (IPR) promotes innovation or slows down catch-up by emerging countries by delaying the diffusion of innovation. The Korean Development Institute prepared the book. This is significant since Korea rose as an emerging country to become a developed country member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and one of the major countries in respect of the number of patents filed. The book includes 12 chapters, arranged as an introduction followed by three parts. The introduction raises the issue of the relation between IPR protection and the development or hindrance of innovation and explains that the studies included in the book are initially theoretical but then examine the situation in various Asian and South American countries.

Not just for academics …

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. ‘Are you an academic?’, a gentleman asked when he saw me reading Intellectual Property, Trade and Development: Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era (2nd edn). But this book is not just for academics. This engaging and critical look at the actual effects on the development of global intellectual property laws, norms and pressures is an important read for those working in IP or trade policy, and may even have some useful tidbits for legal practitioners. This is not a history; it's a road map of where international IP policy is heading. Those who are not paying attention to the map may find themselves lost alone on the wrong path.

A timely historical review of transatlantic copyright policy

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. The release of Peter Baldwin's Copyright Wars seems almost perfectly timed, as the European Union has announced plans to reform copyright policy, meaning that we may find history repeating itself sometime in the next few years. The book is an account of three hundred years of the struggles between authors, disseminators (such as employers or publishers) and the audience. To what extent should authors be rewarded at the expense of the public? Should publishers be able to alter works without obtaining the creator's permission? Such questions are dealt with in a survey of transatlantic copyright laws—chiefly the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. The on-going ‘war’ referred to throughout Baldwin's book is between the Anglophone and ‘Continental’ (ie French and German) approaches to copyright. On the one hand, the Americans and British have traditionally supported a ‘pro-copyright’ approach, favouring commercial interests in the short-term and enriching the public domain thereafter. On the other, the Continental approach has been imbedded in what Baldwin refers to as ‘author's rights’—protection of the author's reputation, honour and right of withdrawal, even after he has dispensed with any economic interest in the work.

An exciting and well-written overview of China's patent law

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. This book on patent law in China is outstanding and it is hoped that it will enjoy regular updates in this rapidly developing legal field. The book, written by experienced practitioners and scholars, provides a comprehensive and helpful insight into patent law and practice in China. The editors, Stefan Luginbuehl, a long-standing member of the legal department of the European Patent Office and a publisher on Chinese patent law, and Peter Ganea, who has published work on Japanese and Chinese law over many years, formerly at the Max-Planck Institute in Munich and currently at the University of Frankfurt, have gathered a number of China-experienced authors who provided in-depth information on patent-related topics concerning China.

A welcome addition to the literature on the economics of copyright

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. Although there were some early pioneers of the study of the economics of copyright, such as Arnold Plant, the subject only really began to develop in the 1980s. Now there is a substantial literature on the subject, and it is of increasing importance. As this collection reveals, the subject is a multi-faceted one. I would divide it into three main branches. The first is the study of copyright markets: analysis of the functioning of markets in subject matter protected by copyright (and related rights, such as performers' rights). This includes such matters as the earnings of authors, the impact of infringement and the efficiency of collecting licensing. Practitioners in this branch face huge difficulties in obtaining data for analysis, but persistent efforts have enabled some useful work to be done. The second main branch is the study of copyright law from an economic perspective: what are the economic consequences of such matters as copyright term and copyright scope? Much of the past work in this branch has focused on term, including term extensions, but practitioners are now starting to look at the harder question of scope, such as the effect of particular limitations and exceptions. The third main branch is the study of copyright policy from an economic perspective: how, informed by an economic understanding of copyright, should we frame legislation? Much of this work is concerned with the purposes of conferring copyright protection, and involves trying to understand how those purposes are served, or disserved, by particular policies. The first branch is largely empirical, while the other two are more theoretical.

No riddles or ambiguities

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. There are some books everyone seems to own. The UK trade mark practitioners Amanda Michaels's and Andrew Norris's Practical Approach to Trade Mark Law certainly belongs to this category. Already in its fifth edition, the book offers 496 pages of UK (and EU) trade mark law and passing off for the interested reader's continued appreciation. Indeed, such is the ubiquity of this well-established textbook that most owners of its previous editions will not ask whether they should buy the next edition but merely wonder when it is going to be published. Written by two seasoned and well-known practitioners, this has always been a book for practitioners: Amanda Michaels, a barrister and an Appointed Person at the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO), is known for, among other things, her trade mark expertise. Andrew Norris is a barrister and a law tutor. The authors have changed neither their winning format nor their concise and non-pompous writing style. There are ‘no riddles or ambiguities’ as Robin Jacob puts it in the book's foreword. Even though the 5th edition appears at first glance to be somewhat more voluminous than the 4th edition, the page count has only increased by about 30 pages overall. It is obvious that the authors have tried to keep the book as compact and digestible as possible—and they have been successful.

An accessible guide to EU law and practice of geographical indications

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. Geographical indications (GIs) are signs (mostly, but not exclusively, geographical names,1 such as Parma or Roquefort) that identify a product as originating in the territory of a particular country, or a region or locality in that country, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is linked to its geographical origin. GIs have an economic value. A study2 prepared for the European Commission and published in 2012 showed that the worldwide sales value of GI products registered in the European Union was estimated at €54.3 billion in 2010 at wholesale stage in the region of production. Unsurprisingly, the leading member states were France and Italy, with €20.9 billion and €11.8 billion respectively. With such commercial value, it comes as no surprise that GIs are exposed to misuse and counterfeiting practices which, in the end, hurt both producers and consumers and that, as a consequence, the European Union has decided to adopt specific legislative acts to protect GIs.

This much is true

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. It's 1982. Members of the British musical group Spandau Ballet are in Nassau, the Bahamas, at Compass Point Studios, recording their third album. The group's songwriter, Gary Kemp, wrote a love song to singer Clare Grogan of the band Altered Images, whom he met while both were performing on Top of the Pops. The backing tracks are in place and the time has come for the newest member of the band, Steve Norman, to record his solo. Though Norman has only been playing saxophone for a year, the musical statement he's about to create will play a significant role in launching the song ‘True’ to the number one spot on the UK charts, the number four spot on the US charts and into heads of innumerable listeners for years to come.

An exploration in local and international factors in balancing wealth and health

This section is dedicated to the review of ideas, articles, books, films and other media. It will include replies (and rejoinders) to articles, the evaluation of new ideas or proposals, and reviews of books and articles both directly and indirectly related to intellectual property law. Balancing Wealth and Health is not, as a young coffee shop attendant thought, a how-to guide on being rich in body and pocket. It is rather an in-depth look at the progress of Latin American countries in their quest to balance intellectual property rights with the needs of their people to access medicines. Each of the countries and regions profiled in the book's six country studies has seesawed through different circumstances to arrive at its current tilt of the scales. Some of these circumstances are things we have come to expect in the discourse on access to medicines, such as the effect of making health a constitutional right, discussed by Mônica Steffen Guise Rosina and Adelina de Oliveira Novaes in their chapter on Brazil. Others are the sorts of intertwining of life that it is sometimes easy to forget about when hunkered down in one niche of the world. For example, César Rodríguez-Garavito's chapter on Colombia discusses the collateral damage to Colombia's patent law autonomy caused by the tight relationship Colombia forged with the United States in the war on drugs.