Evaluation Of Economic Feasibility Research Articles

Recycling Pesticide Plastic Containers in Indonesia: An Evaluation of Technical, Economic, and Regulatory Impact Feasibility

This study explores the feasibility of recycling pesticide plastic packaging in Indonesia, focusing on technical, economic, and regulatory aspects. Technical feasibility analysis highlights challenges in material composition and pesticide residue removal, emphasizing the effectiveness of a cleaning process to ensure safety and quality of recycled materials. Economically, the study demonstrates significant cost savings when incorporating at least 40% recycled material into new packaging, enhancing market competitiveness. The regulatory analysis emphasizes the recommendation to the Indonesian government to reclassify waste pesticide containers from hazardous to non-hazardous materials following the validation of the triple rinsing trial’s effectiveness in removing pesticide residue. Reclassifying the containers as non-hazardous will reduce transportation costs from the source locations, such as plantations or farming areas, to the waste processing plant, thereby improving the economic feasibility of the pesticide plastic container recycling. Recommendations include conducting production trials with larger container sizes and adjusting the recycled material percentage, as well as exploring performance-enhancing additives for recycled plastics. Industries are advised to align with regulations by adopting best recycling practices and establishing robust compliance processes. Strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes and supporting advanced recycling infrastructure development are critical steps. These measures will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of recycling programs, ensuring regulatory compliance and promoting sustainable waste management. The study concludes that recycling pesticide plastic packaging is feasible and beneficial, provided that technical and economic challenges are effectively addressed with at least 40% recycled material content. The economic viability of recycling pesticide plastic containers will be further enhanced if the Indonesian government reclassifies the waste containers as non-hazardous, after triple rinsing process, thereby reducing transportation costs.

In-depth analysis of MgAl layered double oxide AC composite for sulfate removal from United Arab Emirates Ground Water: Synthesis optimization, fixed-bed performance, and economic feasibility

Excessive sulfate (SO42−) concentrations in groundwater pose health and environmental risks that require effective treatment strategies. This study focuses on optimizing the synthesis conditions of activated carbon doped MgAl layered double oxide (MgAl LDO/AC) and addresses the treatment of SO42− contamination in United Arab Emirates (UAE) groundwater. The study delves into key parameters such as the Mg/Al molar ratio and calcination temperature, unveiling optimal adsorption performance at a 3:1 M ratio and 500 ℃ calcination. The optimized MgAl LDO/AC(3:1/500 ℃) demonstrated notable selectivity for SO42− in the presence of NO3–, while exhibiting competition with H2PO4−, CO32−, HCO3−, and Cl−. In fixed-bed column studies, optimal performance was achieved with a lower influent concentration (50 mg/L), longer bed height (10 cm), and reduced flow rate (5 mL/min), resulting in a prolonged saturation time of 31.7 h, adsorption capacity of 429.5 mg/g, reduced axial dispersion coefficient, and enhanced mass transfer process. The real groundwater treatment demonstrated the composite's efficiency in reducing SO42− from 2606.6 to 817.5 mg/L, with additional removal of Cl− and NO3− ions, emphasizing its potential as an efficient pretreatment stage for highly contaminated and saline groundwater. Material characterization revealed the dominance of the chemical adsorption process of SO42− including surface complexation and ion exchange. Economic feasibility evaluation underscored the practicality of the composite, indicating its potential application in real plants with a cost below 20 US$/kg. Overall, MgAl LDO/AC(3:1/500℃) stands as a promising and cost-effective solution for removing SO42− in real-world water treatment scenarios, especially in regions facing water challenges.

Evaluation of economic feasibility of rooftop solar energy systems under multiple variables

<p>Rooftop harvesting of solar energy is a promising method to provide a great portion of household energy requirements in many parts of the world. However, the cost of solar energy systems sometimes makes the exploration of rooftop solar energy systems not attractive to property owners. This study evaluates the economic factors that could affect the decision on whether to consider the installation of solar energy systems using the estimated time that the cumulative solar savings would become positive. The economic implication of increasing the micro-generation capacity of individual households, and the impact of varied interest rates, and subsidies were also evaluated. Among the three factors that were presented, the result showed that increasing the amount of electricity that is allowed to be generated from individual rooftops will result in the highest economic attractiveness for end-users. This is also expected to move the world closer to the goal of sustainable management of non-renewable resources for present and future generations. Increasing the micro-generation capacity of electricity from photovoltaic (PV) rooftops by individual households without increasing the electricity distribution fees results in a reduction of the time to reach positive solar savings. In addition, increasing the micro-generation capacity of electricity from PV rooftops is expected to contribute to a reduction in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the electricity grid for the entire community. This study recommends the encouragement of policies that allow for the maximization of electricity generation potential from rooftops of residential and industrial buildings.</p>

A comprehensive feasibility evaluation of salt cavern oil energy storage system in China

Large-scale underground oil storage has a great effect on national energy safety. China's oil dependency has exceeded 70% for four consecutive years, so it is necessary for China to build strategic oil storage. The salt cavern is a good medium to store oil, and it is widely used in foreign countries. China is rich in salt mines and has basic conditions for building salt cavern oil storage (SCOS). In this paper, the necessity and advantages of SCOS are analyzed, the salt rock mechanics experiments of SCOS are conducted, the geological feasibility evaluation model is built, the 3D numerical creep stability model in three working conditions (long-term, oil pressure dynamic, injection and production) is built, and the economic feasibility evaluation model is built. The results show that the implementation of SCOS in China is feasible, the earthquake (51%) and fault (28%) have a great effect on geological selection, the SCOS has good stability under three working conditions, the storage cost of SCOS is lower by 64.3% and 84.3% contrasted to rock cavern and storage tank in 2025. The study has a reference value for the development of SCOS in China.

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome and patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective: to assess the clinical and economic feasibility of ticagrelor in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in comparison with clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both those who underwent, and those who did not undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); and new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in combination with clopidogrel in comparison with warfarin in combination with clopidogrel and ASA in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent PCI; to identify the impact of the above strategies of antithrombotic therapy on the targets of the State Health Care Program of the Russian Federation (RF) “Development of Health Care” and the Federal Project “Cardiovascular Diseases Control”.Material and methods. The clinical and economic study (CES) of ticagrelor in combination with ASA in ACS patients was based on a costbenefit analysis. A combined model, including a decision tree and Markov model was developed. The horizon period of the analysis was 5 years. Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was used as an efficiency criterion and only the direct medical costs associated with the conditions identified in the modeling were taken into account. A discount rate of 5% was taken into account during the CES. The application of NOACs in combination with clopidogrel was studied in the CES using a cost minimization analysis considering the costs per patient characterized by the presence of AF regardless of the presence of ACS and a history of PCI.Results. We used a decision tree and Markov modeling in adult patients with ACS, who had or had not undergone PCI or CABG, in the horizon period of 5 years considering the discount rate of the added quality-adjusted life year (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY). The result for ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA was 605,199 rubles, which was significantly lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold (2,235,201 rubles). Assessment of the impact of the therapy regimen including ticagrelor in combination with ASA on the target indicators of the State Health Care Program of the RF “Development of Healthcare” and the Federal Project “Cardiovascular Diseases Control” showed that the use of this therapy regimen will reduce mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular causes by 2.45 cases per 100 thousand population provided that 100% of patients with MI and unstable angina in the RF are transferred from clopidogrel + ASA scheme to ticagrelor + ASA. The potential contribution of ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with ACS in achieving the target reduction of mortality from circulatory diseases will be 6.48% by 2023. In all simulated scenarios, in the group of patients with AF who had undergone PCI, pharmacotherapy regimens containing NOACs (dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban) were more costly than therapy regimens containing warfarin (with not significantly different effectiveness).Conclusion. The results of the evaluation of clinical and economic feasibility of antiplatelet therapy strategies demonstrated the costeffectiveness of ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with ACS, including those who had undergone PCI or CABG and those who had not. The strategy of ticagrelor + ASA showed a favorable effect on the rates of mortality from MI, as well as from circulatory diseases. The results of the clinical and economic evaluation of the four strategies of antithrombotic drug therapy in patients with AF who had undergone PCI showed higher costs of the regimens containing NOACs with a presumed zero effect on the mortality from circulatory diseases.

Evaluation of Process and Economic Feasibility of Implementing a Topping Cycle Cogeneration

Industrial applications that require steam for their end-use generally utilize steam boilers that are typically oversized, citing operations flexibility. Similarly, gas turbine-based power plants corroborate a gas turbine system that may eventually relieve the usable exhaust into the atmosphere. This study explores the economic and technical feasibility of a topping cycle combined heat and power (CHP) system. It does so by leveraging a partially loaded boiler or gas turbine by increasing its unused load to generate steam and heat for subsequent usage. To this end, a decision support tool (COGENTEC) was developed, which emulates a given facility’s boiler or gas-turbine system, and its operational parameters with the application of steam turbines. The tool provides necessary insights into the most appropriate parameters that enable a CHP system to be technically and economically advantageous. Based on input variables such as boiler-rated capacity, steam pressure, steam temperature, and existing boiler load, among others, COGENTEC designs a topping cycle CHP system to inform a user whether this system is feasible in their facility or not. If applicable, the tool assists the user to realize the point of break-even (fuel cost incurred and cost savings) at the desired steam flow rate. It also conducts sensitivity analyses between energy usage, cost savings, and payback on the investment of the operating parameters to understand the relationship between relevant variables. By utilizing parameters from a pulp and paper manufacturing facility, the research determines that the fuel cost, electricity cost, and steam flow rate are the most important parameters for the feasibility of the system with a desirable payback on the investment.

Insights into the promotion of urine-diverting toilets based on the fertilizer efficiency of artificial phosphate ore recovered from source-separated urine

To recover nutrients from urine, the urine-diverting toilets play crucial role in collecting source-separated urine. However, the effects of urine dilution on the efficiency of nutrient recovery and properties of final products have not yet been paid adequate attention. Herein, an Mg-air fuel cell was applied to recover artificial phosphate ore (APO) from artificial fresh urine (AFU) with different dilutions. The APO recovered from undiluted AFU possessed the highest content of slow-release fertilizers (90.23%) and total primary nutrients (35.39%), meeting the quality requirements of compound fertilizer. The results of cultivating vegetable in pot trial verified that the fertilizer efficiency of such APO was superior to that of other counterpart fertilizers. The economic feasibility evaluation revealed that a net profit of $2.58 was also obtained by treating 1 m3 of undiluted urine. The findings indicate that the waterless urinal is worthy of being promoted for nutrient recovery from fresh urine.

RETRACTED: Centella asiatica extract in carboxymethyl cellulose at its optimal concentration improved wound healing in mice models

Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has reported to be one of the traditional herbal remedies, whereas poor water solubility leads to lower bioavailability thereby affecting it remedial efficacy. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate its efficacy through increased bioavailability by using high viscosity Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as solvent on methanol-based extract on wound healing, in vivo. The preparation was applied as 0.0% (control, CMC alone), 0.25. 0.5 and 1% concentrations of extract of C.asiatica. We evaluated the efficiency of preparations on wound healing progression as progression of wound contraction, tissue proliferation and cells deposition, and relative level of gene expression for genes associated with wound healing. The results showed that 0.5% extract in CMC had significantly higher (P < 0.05) wound contraction than control and other concentrations. The level tissue deposition and the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in groups treated with 0.5 % concentration preparation were higher than that other treatments and control. Similarly, the relative level of gene expression in 0.5% concentration treated group were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control. It is believed that the lower concentration of the extract would have lessor effect on wound healing, whereas higher concertation would be interfering the optimal inflammatory tissue deposition; and there by negatively affecting wound healing. The results indicated that C.asiatica can be optimally used at 0.5 % of extract in CMC for wound healing as indicated by speeding the progression of wound closure and by increasing the expression of collagen II and III together with reducing the expression of TGFβ1. However, higher concentrations of the crude extract of C.asiatica could paradoxically resulting in undesired effects. It is recommended that further evaluation should be performed on wider scale and the economic feasibility evaluation should be performed.

Luthieria digital: Empreendedorismo no negócio musical

Objective of the study: to connect the needs of musicians and practitioners of musical instruments, with those of luthiers and suppliers of tools and accessories of luthiery (production, regulation, repairs and restoration of musical instruments), through a digital platform. Methodology: starting from indications of an opportunity, information was gathered about the Brazilian luthiery market and research was carried out to understand the needs of musicians, luthiers and suppliers, which resulted in the proposal, with the definition of resources, action plan, economic feasibility analysis, implementation and evaluation. Main results: Its implementation started with the development of the platform, and the incubation of the startup in the lab of a São Paulo consultancy was negotiated. Methodological contributions: the method of problem solving and taking advantage of opportunities allowed the elaboration of a viable project to be implemented, for dealing with issues of the reality of a business, such as the startup object of work. Relevance / originality: The proposed business model is innovative, as it is unprecedented in the country, since there is still no application in this market connecting musicians, luthiers and suppliers. Contributions to management: The complexity in preparing the work was high, as it required the support of several companies and professionals for the development of software in language for mobile devices, which allowed the integration with electronic payment solutions, , care with data protection and privacy, hosting services and support of the post-implementation solution, in addition to business disclosure and administration services.

Life cycle assessment of integrated bioelectrochemical-constructed wetland system: environmental sustainability and economic feasibility evaluation

The sustainability of the integrated bioelectrochemical-constructed wetland system (ECW) is still debatable. In this study, the environmental impact and economic performance of the conventionally constructed wetland (CW) and ECW were conducted using the life cycle assessment method. The results showed that both CW and ECW had significant impacts on the aquatic environment, especially on marine aquatic ecotoxicity. Although the application of the electrode module, especially the power supply, increased 118.0% of the environmental impacts from construction materials due to the massive use of plastics and metals, the overall environmental impact of ECW was 49.2% lower than that of the CW and the total global warming potential of ECW were mitigated by 69.1% compared with the CW. In terms of cost, the ECW could reduce 61.8% of the total cost when reaching the same effluent standard with the CW, indicating that ECW was environmentally and economically feasible.

Energy-efficient electrochemical treatment of paracetamol using a PbO2 anode based on pulse electrodeposition strategy: Kinetics, energy consumption and mechanism

The purpose of this research is to study the pulse electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol (PCT) using a novel PbO2 anode based on pulse electrodeposition strategy (PbO2-PE). The pulse electrodeposition strategy used to prepare a PbO2 anode resulted in rougher surface, higher directional specificity of β(101) and more redox couples of Pb4+/Pb2+. Additionally, the oxygen evolution potential (OEP) and charge transfer resistance were also improved. When compared to direct current electrochemical oxidation process, pulse electrolysis in had a slightly higher PCT removal efficiency and active species (·OH and active chlorine) production, while 72.04% of energy consumption was saved. The effects of operating parameters on PCT degradation efficiency and specific energy consumption were studied. The findings suggested that the pulse electrochemical oxidation of PCT followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with PCT removal reaching 98.63% after 60 min of electrolysis under optimal conditions. Possible mechanisms describing reaction pathways for PCT were also proposed. Finally, combinating with the economic feasibility and safety evaluation, we could conclude that pulse electrolysis with a PbO2-PE electrode was a promising option for improving the practicability of electrochemical treatment for refractory organic wastewater.

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of the Use of Wind Microgenerator in Multifamily Building in Southern Brazil

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of the Use of Wind Microgenerator in Multifamily Building in Southern Brazil

A Review on the Research and Development of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump for Buildings in China

The building sector accounts for over 40% of global energy consumption. The utilization of renewable energy systems such as the solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) in buildings has been shown to improve building energy efficiency and achieve carbon neutrality. This paper presents a review of the research and development of solar-assisted heat pumps for buildings in China. It firstly introduces the different stages of solar-assisted heat pump research. Secondly, the research on different types of heat pumps, the core components of heat pumps, the computer software used, and the economic feasibility evaluation of solar-assisted heat pumps are presented. Thirdly, the application of SAHPs in practical projects is examined and relevant regulations, standards, and policies for solar-assisted heat pump development in China are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for the future development of solar-assisted heat pumps in China are suggested.

Proposition of cost-effective industrial grade medium for synthesis gas fermentation through evaluation of economic feasibility

This work aims to construct a cost-effective medium for industrial application using sludge filtrate obtained from a sewage treatment plant, instead of yeast extract (which is conventionally used in laboratory media) for synthesis gas fermentation using the acetogenic strain, Eubacterium limosum KIST612. Synthesis gas fermentation using the developed medium was successfully without significant deterioration in product formation or a lack of essential minerals, despite not using yeast extract. The economic feasibility of using sludge filtrate-containing medium, compared with that of using yeast extract-containing medium was analyzed; the cost of the medium reduced by 84 % and the acetate titer increased by 130 %. The results revealed that sludge filtrate is a cost-effective industrial-grade medium for syngas fermentation using E. limosum KIST612, and can replace yeast extract.

Comparative Analysis on AC and DC Distribution Systems for Electric Propulsion Ship

Decarbonization is an ongoing issue in the shipping industry, and electric propulsion systems are being proposed as alternative solutions to satisfy this requirement. To answer the fundamental questions of “Are electric propulsion systems the green solution?” and “Can DC distribution systems contribute to the decarbonization in shipping?”, this paper analyzed DC distribution system electrical characteristics, economic feasibility, and environmental evaluation for a full-scale AC-DC hybrid distribution electric propulsion system facility. By applying the actual ship’s operating profile as inputs, a DC distribution system with an active front end rectifier and a variable speed generator engine was proven to guarantee the same electric stability as the conventional AC distribution system. The life cycle assessment results achieved economic and life cycle environmental benefits of about 10% (8.9% for Case 1 and 12.4% for Case 2). These research findings offer meaningful insights into the DC distribution system to minimize fuel consumption and emissions toward cleaner shipping.

Engineering Properties and Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Rainwater Detention System with Red Clay Water-Permeable Block Body

An integrated rainwater management system is necessary due to the frequent occurrence of localized torrential rainfall and heat waves caused by an abnormal climate. It is necessary to develop a rainwater detention system that can implement rainwater infiltration and detention simultaneously. In this study, the safety, durability, and eco-friendliness of an eco-friendly rainwater detention system developed using an eco-friendly inorganic binder, which involves red clay, were evaluated and its economic feasibility was compared with that of the existing detention system. After 14 days, analysis of the maximum compression load and computational finite element analysis confirmed that the strength standard was satisfied and the structure was safe. No heavy metals or organic compounds were detected in the leaching test. Thus, the eco-friendly rainwater detention system is structurally safe and eco-friendly with no impact on the soil and groundwater environment, and is economically feasible because the construction cost and life cycle cost are approximately 30% and 58% lower, respectively, than those of the existing polyethylene infiltration detention tank system. These results indicate that improved safety, eco-friendliness, and economic feasibility can be achieved, compared to those of the existing system, if the eco-friendly rainwater detention system is applied in the field.

Growth and yield assessment of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): an economic feasibility and performance evaluation of capillary wick irrigation system

The study assessed the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in order to evaluate the performance and economic feasibility of capillary wick irrigation system. Unlike any other capillary rise-based systems that uses the matric potential of the soil to dictate the amount of water to be drawn, this system aimed to continuously supply water imitating a full-time drip irrigation system but cheaper in terms of materials and operating cost. A 5 mm-width, cotton fabric strip was used as a wick material based from the results of the preliminary testing to verify several literature claims. In order to determine number of wicks to optimally supply the water demand of lettuce, treatments namely, T1= 1 wick, T2 = 2 wicks, T3 = 3 wicks and a control treatment T4 which uses manual irrigation method, were tested and compared against each other. Significant results were in terms of the volume of water applied, and the water use efficiency in which T1 showed a better performance among other treatments. However, it does not imply that T1 had produced a supreme yield output. Instead, this can be attributed to the efficient application of irrigation water to an optimal level. This means that T1 or the use of 1 wick material minimizes irrigation water losses through evaporation and percolation. An economic analysis was performed and has resulted to a return on investment of 41.92% or 41.92% of the investment cost will be returned after three cropping, which is an attribute of the particular set-up cost of the study.

Creating space and time for innovation - a methodology for building adaptation design appraisal using physics-based simulation tools and interactive multi-objective optimization

PurposeIt is crucial to consider the multitude of possible building adaptation design strategies for improving the existing conditions of building stock as an alternative to demolition.Design/methodology/approachIntegration of physics-based simulation tools and decision-making tools such as Multi-Attribute Utility (MAU) and Interactive Multi-objective Optimization (IMO) in the design process enable optimized design decision-making for high-performing buildings. A methodology is presented for improving building adaptation design decision making, specifically in the early-stage design feasibility analysis. Ten residential building adaptation strategies are selected and applied to one primary building system for eight performance metrics using physics-based simulation tools. These measures include energy use, thermal comfort, daylighting, natural ventilation, systems performance, life cycle, cost-benefit and constructability. The results are processed using MAU and IMO analysis and are validated through sensitivity analysis by testing one design strategy on three building systems.FindingsQuantifiable comparison of building adaptation strategies based on multiple metrics derived from physics-based simulations can assist in the evaluation of overall environmental performance and economic feasibility for building adaptation projects.Research limitations/implicationsThe current methodology presented is limited to the analysis of one decision-maker at a time. It can be improved to include multiple decision-makers and capture varying perspectives to reflect common practices in the industry.Practical implicationsThe methodology presented supports affordable generation and analysis of a large number of design options for early-stage design optimization.Originality/valueGiven the practical implications, more space and time is created for exploration and innovation, resulting in potential for improved benefits.

Subjectivity Analysis of Underground Incinerators: Focus on Academic and Industry Experts

Recently, incinerators have been shifted to underground complexes because of concerns regarding environmental pollution and declining land prices. In Korea, an underground waste incinerator has been built for the first time, with additional construction being expected in the near future. Therefore, a perception survey was conducted to acquire responses from South Korean experts regarding the impact of underground complex incinerators. The Q-methodology was used in the survey to examine various viewpoints. Academicians showed concerns regarding environmental effects of ground incinerators, and environmental and economic effects of underground complex incinerators; conversely, industrialists were concerned about civil complaints and administrative processing, indicating that the academicians were more concerned about scientific issues, whereas the industrialists were more concerned about democratic issues. Furthermore, both groups expressed concerns regarding land value and civil complaints of ground incinerators, safety issues and resultant social distrust of underground incinerators. The findings suggest that, to address the safety issues involving underground incinerator construction, governance by local experts is required for a holistic evaluation of environmental issues and economic feasibility of underground incinerators. To establish a link between science and democracy, measures for transparently sharing information are necessary.

Experimental study on phase change heat storage floor coupled with air source heat pump heating system in a classroom

In order to study the heat storage and release performance of phase change floor, an experimental platform of phase change heat storage floor (PCHSF) coupled with air source heat pump (ASHP) was designed and built in a classroom of Sichuan University in Chengdu, China. Firstly, the thermal response process of complete melting and solidification of phase change material (PCM) layer was investigated to explore the thermal storage capacity of PCHSF. Meanwhile, different operation schemes were set to the 10 h daytime or 14 h night ASHP operation scheme, and the circulating water flow rate of 0.76 m3/h, 0.96 m3/h and 1.19 m3/h. The changes of indoor temperature, measuring point temperature, PCM temperature and ASHP COP were analyzed and discussed, and the economic analysis and feasibility evaluation of different operation schemes were performed. The results show that the PCHSF can effectively slow down the decrease of indoor temperature and keep the indoor temperature above required temperature of winter radiant heating when the ASHP heating system is closed. And when the heating system is turned on, the change of circulating water flow rate under the night operation scheme has little influence on the room temperature and the normal operation of ASHP. Therefore, the night operation scheme with the appropriate circulating water flow rate can ensure the heat storage effect, effectively reduce the operating cost and achieve the purpose of peak regulation and energy saving.