Evaluation Of Artifacts Research Articles

CBCT Artifact Evaluation in a Single Device: Insights and Limitations

Objective: To classify the types of artifacts in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate them according to age and gender. Methods: CBCT images of 1500 patients (766 males and 734 females) aged 5-92 (mean age: 40.89 ± 18.82 years) were retrospectively evaluated and the patients were categorized into 4 age groups: under 20 years old, 20-39 ages, 40-59 and over 60 years old. The types of artifacts encountered in CBCT images were classified. The relationship between the artifact types with age and gender were investigated. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the relationships between variables and distribution of parameters. Results: Of the cases, 284 (18.9%) were under the age of 20, 389 (25.9%) were between the ages of 20-39, 554 (36.9%) were between the ages of 40-59 and 273 (18.2%) were over the age of 60. Moire artifact was observed at the highest rate (100%), while motion artifact was determined at the lowest rate (19.5%), and no ring artifact was detected in the analyzed images. Metallic artifact, metallic artifact removal, streak artifact and presence of dark bands were found to be statistically significant in females (p = .002, p = .001, p = .002 and p = .002, respectively). There was no statistically significant correlation between cupping artifact, metallic artifact, metallic artifact removal, streak artifact, dark band and noise, and stitched artifact (p > .05). Conclusion: Both device and patient-based artifacts in CBCT images should be known, as well as the ways to prevent them.

A design science approach to manage spare parts distribution: combining design logic and Goldratt’s thinking processes

PurposeDesign Science (DS) is a relatively new paradigm for addressing complex real-world problems through the design and evaluation of artifacts. Its constituent methodologies are currently being discussed and established in numerous related research fields, such as information systems and management (Hevner et al., 2004). However, a DS methodology that describes the “how to” is largely lacking, not only in the field of OM but in general. The Theory of Constraints (TOC) and its underlying thinking processes (TP) have produced several novel artifacts for addressing ill-structured real-world operations problems (Dettmer, 1997; Goldratt, 1994), but they have not been analyzed from a DS research standpoint. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate how TOC’s thinking process methodology can be used for conducting exploratory DS research in Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM).Design/methodology/approachA case study of spare parts replenishment illustrates the use of TOC’s thinking processes in DS to structure an initially unstructured problem context and to facilitate the design of a novel solution.FindingsTOC’s thinking processes are an effective methodology for problem-solving DS research, enabling the development of novel solutions in initially unstructured and wicked problem situations. Combined with structured CIMO design logic TOC’s thinking process offers a systematic method for exploring wicked problems, designing novel solutions, and demonstrating theoretical contributions.Research limitations/implicationsThe implication for research is that TOC’s thinking process methodology can provide important elements of the lacking “how to” methodology for DS research, not only for the field of OM but in general for the field of management.Practical implicationsThe practical outcome of the research is a novel design for dynamic buffer-based replenishment that extends beyond organizational boundaries.Originality/valueThis work shows how the thinking processes can be used in DS research to develop rigorous design propositions for ill-structured problems.

Evaluation and Utilization of Flow Artifacts at CT.

Flow artifacts are commonly encountered at contrast-enhanced CT and can be difficult to discern from true pathologic conditions. Therefore, radiologists must be comfortable distinguishing flow artifacts from true pathologic conditions. This is of particular importance when evaluating the pulmonary arteries and aorta, as a flow artifact may be mistaken for a pulmonary embolism or dissection flap. Understanding the mechanics of flow artifacts and how these artifacts are created can help radiologists in several ways. First, this knowledge can help radiologists appreciate how the imaging characteristics of flow artifacts differ from true pathologic conditions. This information can also help radiologists better recognize the clinical conditions that predispose patients to flow artifacts, such as pneumonia, chronic lung damage, and altered cardiac output. By understanding when flow artifacts may be confounding the interpretation of an examination, radiologists can then know when to pursue other troubleshooting methods to assist with the diagnosis. In these circumstances, the radiologist can consider several troubleshooting methods, including adjusting the imaging protocols, recommending when additional imaging may be helpful, and suggesting which imaging study would be the most beneficial. Finally, flow artifacts can also be used as a diagnostic tool when evaluating the vascular anatomy, examples of which include the characterization of shunts, venous collaterals, intimomedial flaps, and alternative patterns of blood flow, as seen in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Comparative Analysis of Conductive Paste in Electroencephalography: Evaluation of Artifact and Satisfaction

Comparative Analysis of Conductive Paste in Electroencephalography: Evaluation of Artifact and Satisfaction

Thin-slice 2D MR Imaging of the Shoulder Joint Using Denoising Deep Learning Reconstruction Provides Higher Image Quality Than 3D MR Imaging

This study was conducted to evaluate whether thin-slice 2D fat-saturated proton density-weighted images of the shoulder joint in three imaging planes combined with parallel imaging, partial Fourier technique, and denoising approach with deep learning-based reconstruction (dDLR) are more useful than 3D fat-saturated proton density multi-planar voxel images. Eighteen patients who underwent MRI of the shoulder joint at 3T were enrolled. The denoising effect of dDLR in 2D was evaluated using coefficient of variation (CV). Qualitative evaluation of anatomical structures, noise, and artifacts in 2D after dDLR and 3D was performed by two radiologists using a five-point Likert scale. All were analyzed statistically. Gwet's agreement coefficients were also calculated. The CV of 2D after dDLR was significantly lower than that before dDLR (P < 0.05). Both radiologists rated 2D higher than 3D for all anatomical structures and noise (P < 0.05), except for artifacts. Both Gwet's agreement coefficients of anatomical structures, noise, and artifacts in 2D and 3D produced nearly perfect agreement between the two radiologists. The evaluation of 2D tended to be more reproducible than 3D. 2D with parallel imaging, partial Fourier technique, and dDLR was proved to be superior to 3D for depicting shoulder joint structures with lower noise.

A Comparison and Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Metal Artifact Reduction Applications.

The angiography systems A (A) and B (B), both incorporated at our hospital, are equipped with metal artifact reduction (MAR) applications. In clinical practice, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of MAR in both systems given that endovascular treatments are occasionally administered with both. In this study, we compared the artifact reduction effects of MAR on equipment A and B and clarified the differences between the two systems. An artifact evaluation phantom was created using a cylindrical water phantom and an iodine contrast medium. The phantom was imaged, MAR processing was performed on the obtained images, and an isotropic quantitative evaluation of artifacts was performed by extreme value statistical analysis using the Gumbel distribution. The MAR reduction effects were approximately 45% and 40% for equipment A and B at concentrations of 8300 and 6000, respectively. The MAR reduction effect in both devices exhibited different trends depending on the concentration. In clinical procedures that make use of absorbents in medium concentrations of approximately 3000-5000, such as n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and Onyx, it is necessary to understand the MAR characteristics of both devices and consider the use of alternative devices as an option.

Deep learning-driven multi-view multi-task image quality assessment method for chest CT image

BackgroundChest computed tomography (CT) image quality impacts radiologists’ diagnoses. Pre-diagnostic image quality assessment is essential but labor-intensive and may have human limitations (fatigue, perceptual biases, and cognitive biases). This study aims to develop and validate a deep learning (DL)-driven multi-view multi-task image quality assessment (M2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}IQA) method for assessing the quality of chest CT images in patients, to determine if they are suitable for assessing the patient’s physical condition.MethodsThis retrospective study utilizes and analyzes chest CT images from 327 patients. Among them, 1613 images from 286 patients are used for model training and validation, while the remaining 41 patients are reserved as an additional test set for conducting ablation studies, comparative studies, and observer studies. The M2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}IQA method is driven by DL technology and employs a multi-view fusion strategy, which incorporates three scanning planes (coronal, axial, and sagittal). It assesses image quality for multiple tasks, including inspiration evaluation, position evaluation, radiation protection evaluation, and artifact evaluation. Four algorithms (pixel threshold, neural statistics, region measurement, and distance measurement) have been proposed, each tailored for specific evaluation tasks, with the aim of optimizing the evaluation performance of the M2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}IQA method.ResultsIn the additional test set, the M2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}IQA method achieved 87% precision, 93% sensitivity, 69% specificity, and a 0.90 F1-score. Extensive ablation and comparative studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and the generalization performance of the proposed method across various assessment tasks.ConclusionThis study develops and validates a DL-driven M2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^2$$\\end{document}IQA method, complemented by four proposed algorithms. It holds great promise in automating the assessment of chest CT image quality. The performance of this method, as well as the effectiveness of the four algorithms, is demonstrated on an additional test set.

Determination of the Mathematical Theorems on Ancient Mosaics

The aim of this research is to examine and evaluate the reflection of mathematical knowledge on examples of ancient mosaic art. As a result of the comparison between history of mathematics and art of mosaics, a connection has been made between the well-known theorems and patterns through the nature of the forms. For this purpose, patterns like swastika, meander, spiral and cube forms, as well as the forms that can be produced from the graph related to the lunar area calculation of Hippocrates of Chios have been analyzed. In addition, analyzes, discussions and evaluations on the identification of the forms similar to the semi-regular solids of Archimedes and the hexagons of Pappus of Alexandria have been presented. It is thought that the methods used and the information obtained in this study will contribute to the research of mosaic art and history of mathematics, the documentation and evaluation of archaeological artifacts, the museology practices and conservation studies.

Humans as Creativity Gatekeepers: Are We Biased Against AI Creativity?

With artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly involved in the creation of organizational and commercial artifacts, human evaluators’ role as creativity gatekeepers of AI-produced artifacts will become critical for innovation processes. However, when humans evaluate creativity, their judgment is clouded by biases triggered by the characteristics of the creator. Drawing from folk psychology and algorithm aversion research, we examine whether the identity of the producer of a given artifact as artificial intelligence (AI) or human is a source of bias affecting people’s creativity evaluation of such artifact and what drives this effect. With four experimental studies (N = 2039), of which two were pre-registered, using different experimental designs and evaluation targets, we found that people sometimes—but not always—ascribe lower creativity to a product when they are told that the producer is an AI rather than a human. In addition, we found that people consistently perceive generative AI to exert less effort than humans in the creation of a given artifact, which drives the lower creativity ratings ascribed to generative AI producers. We discuss the implication of these findings for organizational creativity and innovation in the context of human-AI interaction.

Ultrasound multifrequency strategy to estimate the lung surface roughness, in silico and in vitro results

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an important imaging modality to assess the state of the lung surface. Nevertheless, LUS is limited to the visual evaluation of imaging artifacts, especially the vertical ones. These artifacts are observed in pathologies characterized by a reduction of dimensions of air-spaces (alveoli). In contrast, there exist pathologies, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which an enlargement of air-spaces can occur, which causes the lung surface to behave essentially as a perfect reflector, thus not allowing ultrasound penetration. This characteristic high reflectivity could be exploited to characterize the lung surface. Specifically, air-spaces of different sizes could cause the lung surface to have a different roughness, whose estimation could provide a way to assess the state of the lung surface. In this study, we present a quantitative multifrequency approach aiming at estimating the lung surface’s roughness by measuring image intensity variations along the lung surface as a function of frequency. This approach was tested both in silico and in vitro, and it showed promising results. For the in vitro experiments, radiofrequency (RF) data were acquired from a novel experimental model. The results showed consistency between in silico and in vitro experiments.

Preservation evaluation method of Chinese traditional shadow puppet relics based on pixel lattice and membership function

The conservation and preservation of shadow puppet artifacts is an important task that requires accurate assessment of their preservation status. Currently, there are many shadow puppet artifacts in collections with varying degrees of deterioration, and an easy-to-use and accurate deterioration assessment method is urgently needed. To address this, this paper proposes a method to convert the color rendering characteristics of shadow puppet artifacts in two-dimensional images into digital information, which is used to create a pixel lattice in processing software Adobe Photoshop. The quantitative signal of the shadow puppet image is extracted and used to calculate the offset of the overall or local chromaticity of the shadow puppet relative to the average chromaticity, allowing for the assessment of the degree of cortical variation and risk of deterioration. A membership function is established based on the observed values of shadow puppet color in the pixel lattice, and the discrete fuzzy set and its scoring index are specified to assign corresponding weight values to the regions with different chromaticity attributes in the pixel lattice.The method of computing scores using the membership function involves ordinary mathematical operations, the overall scoring values are used to comprehensively evaluate the preservation status of the shadow puppet artifacts. This paper establishes a preliminary technical standard for the preventive conservation evaluation of shadow puppet artifacts using pixel lattice and membership function, providing an important guideline for the quantitative and standardized virtual restoration of shadow puppets. The proposed method provides a new approach to quantitatively assess the preservation status of shadow puppets, which is essential for their efficient scientific conservation.

Impact of list-mode reconstruction and image-space point spread function correction on PET image contrast and quantitative value using SiPM-based PET/CT system.

We evaluate the effects of list-mode reconstruction and the image-space point spread function (iPSF) on the contrast and quantitative values of positron emission tomography (PET) images using a SiPM-PET/CT system. The evaluation is conducted on an NEMA body phantom and clinical images using a Cartesion Prime SiPM-PET/CT system. The signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of the phantom is set to 2, 4, 6, and 8, and all the PET image data are obtained and reconstructed using 3D-OSEM, time-of-flight, iPSF (-/ +), and a 4-mm Gaussian filter with several iterations. The evaluation criteria include % background variability (NB,10mm), % contrast (QH,10mm), iPSF change in QH,10mm (ΔQH,10mm) for edge artifact evaluation, profile curves, visual evaluation of edge artifacts, clinical imaging for the standardized uptake value (SUV) of lung nodules, and SNRliver. NB,10mm demonstrates no significant difference in all SBRs with and without iPSF, whereas QH,10mm is higher based on the SBR with and without iPSF. ΔQH,10mm indicates increased iterations and a larger rate of change (> 5%) for small spheres of < 17mm. The profile curves portrayed almost real concentrations, except for the 10-mm sphere of SBR2 without iPSF; however, with iPSF, an overshoot was observed in the 13-mm sphere of all SBRs. The degree of overshoot increased with increasing iteration and SBR. Edge artifacts were detected at values ≥ 17-22mm in SBRs other than SBR2 with iPSF. Irrespective of the nodal size, SUV and SNRliver improved considerably after iPSF adjustment. Therefore, the effects of list-mode reconstruction and iPSF on PET image contrast were limited, and the overcorrection of the quantitative values was validated using iPSF.

Artifact Evaluation for ACM TRETS Papers Submitted from the FPT Journal Track

Authors of papers that were accepted to ACM TRETS via the FPT 2022 journal track had the option of participating in Artifact Evaluation (AE). Four papers from this track volunteered to participate in the AE process. All of these papers have been awarded badges from ACM as described below.

TBench (BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks, Standards and Evaluations) Calls for Papers

BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks, Standards and Evaluations (TBench) is an open-access journal dedicated to advancing the field of benchmarks, data sets, standards, evaluations and optimizations. This journal is a peer-reviewed, subsidized open-access journal where The International Open Benchmark Council (BenchCouncil) pays the open-access fee. Authors do not have to pay any open-access publication fee. However, at least one of the authors must register BenchCouncil International Symposium on Benchmarking, Measuring and Optimizing (Bench) (https://www.benchcouncil.org/bench/) and present their work. It seeks a fast-track publication with an average turnaround time of one month.We invite submissions covering a wide range of topics from various disciplines, with a particular emphasis on interdisciplinary research. Whether it pertains to computers, AI, medicine, education, finance, business, psychology, or other social disciplines, all relevant contributions are welcome.At TBench, we prioritize the reproducibility of research. We strongly encourage authors to ensure that their articles are prepared for open-source or artifact evaluation before submission. The journal website is https://www.benchcouncil.org/tbench.

Reproducibility as a service

AbstractRecent studies demonstrated that the reproducibility of previously published computational experiments is inadequate. Many of these published computational experiments never recorded or preserved their computational environment, including packages installed in the language, libraries installed on the host system, and file locations. Researchers have created reproducibility tools to help mitigate this problem, but these tools assume the experiment currently executes. Thus, these tools do not facilitate reproducibility of the large number of published experiments. This situation is not improving; researchers continue to publish without using reproducibility tools. We define a framework to distinguish between actions taken by a researcher to facilitate reproducibility in the presence of a computational environment and actions taken by a researcher to enable reproduction of an experiment when that environment has been lost to clarify the gap between what existing reproducibility tools are capable of and what is required to reproduce published experiments. The difference between these approaches lies in the availability of a computational environment. Researchers that provide access to the original computational environment perform proactive reproducibility, while those who do not enable only retroactive reproducibility. We present Reproducibility as a Service (RaaS), which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reproducibility tool explicitly designed to facilitate retroactive reproducibility. We demonstrate how RaaS fixes many common errors found in R scripts on Harvard's Dataverse and preserves a recreated computational environment. Finally, we discuss how a retroactive reproducibility service such as RaaS is also helpful as an ‘artifact evaluation assistant’ in a journal's publication pipeline.

Virtual monochromatic imaging with projection-based material decomposition algorithm for metal artifacts reduction in photon-counting detector computed tomography.

Metal artifacts present a major challenge to computed tomography (CT) because they reduce the image quality in medical diagnosis and treatment. Several metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods have been proposed to address this issue in previous studies. This study aimed to synthesize a virtual monochromatic image for MAR in CT images using projection-based material decomposition (MD) algorithms. We developed a spectral micro-CT prototype system equipped with a photon-counting detector (PCD) and PCD-CT imaging simulator to assess the performances of different MAR methods. Two projection-based MD algorithms were implemented and evaluated for their MAR performances in CT images and compared with conventional sinogram inpainting MAR methods. Different parts of digital 4D-extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantoms with metal implants were designed to simulate various real scenarios. A homemade metal artifact evaluation (MAE) phantom was used to evaluate the MAR performance in experiments. The simulated results of the XCAT phantom indicated that the projection-based virtual monochromatic CT (VMCT) images provided better image quality than the conventional MAR images without blurring the normal tissues at the position of the metal artifacts. Various quantitative indicators support this conclusion. Additionally, the experimental results of the MAE phantom reveal that projection-based VMCT images can avoid image distortion caused by metal artifacts, unlike conventional MAR methods. In regards to the projection-based VMCT images, the simulated and experimental results demonstrated that using the linear maximum likelihood estimators with an error correction look-up table algorithm yielded better MAR performance compared to that obtained using a polynomial algorithm. Furthermore, projection-based VMCT images can not only reduce metal artifacts effectively but also simultaneously prevents object blurring at the metal artifact position and image distortion of the metal implants. Hence, the CT image quality can be further improved to increase the abilities for both preoperative and postoperative assessment of metal implants.

Artifacts’ Detection for MRI Non-Metallic Needles: Comparative Analysis for Artifact Evaluation Using K-Means and Manual Quantification

Interventional biopsy needles need to be accurately localized to the target tissue during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interventions. In this context, severe susceptibility artifacts affect the visibility of structures in the MR images depending on the needle’s material composition. In particular, standard needles for the spinal cord made of nickel-titanium alloys (NiTi) generate massive susceptibility artifacts during MRI. Consequently, this does not allow the precise placement of the needle to the target. The aim was to prove that using a non-metallic material for the needle can significantly reduce the appearance of artifacts. Hence, this work used a new combination of non-metallic materials based on an enforced fiber bundle as an inner core with different outer hollow sheets to fabricate seven prototypes of interventional spinal needles to optimize their visualization in MRI scans. Susceptibility artifacts for the non-metallic needles were evaluated in MRI images by an automatic quantification based on a K-means algorithm and compared with manual quantification. The width and length of the artifacts were measured for each needle. The non-metallic needles showed significantly lower artifacts in comparison to the standard needle. K-means provided the capability for detecting needle artifacts in MRI images, facilitating qualitative and quantitative assessment of MRI artifacts.

Comparison of Threshold Energy Calibrations of a Photon-Counting Detector and Impact on CT Reconstruction

Photon-counting detectors (PCDs) require a more complicated calibration process than the standard energy-integrating detectors. The first step of a PCD calibration is the threshold energy calibration. This step determines the linear pixel-by-pixel relationship between the output voltage of a PCD and the incoming photon energy. It can be performed in several ways. Three different methods were implemented, requiring only a standard X-ray source, or an X-ray source combined with K-edge materials or a PCD response model. The three resulting calibrations were first evaluated on monoenergetic and projection measurements. The impact of the threshold calibration on computed tomography (CT) images was also studied. The calibration method fitting a detector response model to polyenergetic measurements presented the best spectral accuracy when estimating monoenergetic peaks. This calibration also produced a better pixel homogeneity in an air projection. However, no significant improvement was observed in the noise power spectrum (NPS) and ring artifact evaluation of a conventional CT image for this calibration compared to a calibration providing lower spectral accuracy or lower pixel homogeneity.

Infectious Pneumonia and Lung Ultrasound: A Review.

The application of thoracic ultrasound examination has not long been developed because ultrasound's interaction with the lung does not generate an anatomical image but an artifactual one. Subsequently, the evaluation of pulmonary artifacts and their correlation to specific diseases allowed the development of ultrasound semantics. Currently, pneumonia still represents one of the main causes of hospitalization and mortality. Several studies in the literature have demonstrated the ultrasound features of pneumonia. Although ultrasound cannot be considered the diagnostic gold standard for the study of all lung diseases, it has experienced an extraordinary development and growth of interest due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This review aims to provide essential information on the application of lung ultrasound to the study of infectious pneumonia and to discuss the differential diagnosis.

Evaluation of Artifacts and Misinterpretation in 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography Caused by Three-Dimensional Resistive Structures of Regular or Irregular Shapes

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a well-known geophysical method applied to geological, hydrogeological and geoenvironmental research. To date, 2D ERT is still used much more than 3D ERT, thanks to its greater immediacy, survey speed and lower complexity in processing and inversion. However, the assumption of two-dimensionality of the underground structures can mean that the effects of 3D structures on the 2D ERT can sometimes lead to gross errors in interpretation. This work aims to evaluate these effects by testing synthetic and experimental models. Numerical simulations are performed starting from different resistivity models, and from the results, 2D data sets are derived to study and quantify the effects of 2D inversion on 3D structures. Tests simulating prismatic resistive blocks with a vertical square section are presented. Prisms extend orthogonally to the survey line. Depending on their length, they range from a minimum equal to the length of the section (cubic resistive block) to infinity (2D prism). On these models, 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys are simulated. The results show that resistive blocks with a limited extension orthogonal to the profile are not effectively resolved by 2D ERT. Additionally, resistivity values obtained from a 2D ERT inversion on a 3D resistive prism are underestimated more than those obtained on the corresponding 2D prism when compared with the true value. This underestimation increases with the three-dimensional characteristics. Furthermore, resistive blocks located near the survey line but not crossed by it create artifacts that can lead to erroneous interpretations. A field test performed on a calcarenite quarry, of which the three-dimensional geophysical model was reconstructed, confirmed the results obtained by the synthetic tests, highlighting that the effects of three-dimensionality can lead to the identification of artifacts in the vertical section or produce strong errors in the estimation of depth and size, thus causing misleading statements.